Browsing by Subject "Water quality"
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Item Aquatic Phytodiversity and Macro-invertebrates in Water Bodies of Setikhola Watershed, Kaski, Nepal(Department of Botany, 2020) Upadhyay, Kanchan DeviWater quality and other physical environmental factors determine considerable variations in distribution and composition of aquatic species in freshwater ecosystems. This study determined the Aquatic Phytodiversity (Phytoplanktons and Macrophytes), Macroinvertebrates and Physico-chemical Characteristics of water in water bodies of Setikhola watershed, Kaski, Nepal. Among all studied water characteristics, conductivity was found most important influencing factor for causing variations in species composition of macrophyte, phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates while the influence of nitrate, phosphate and ammonia concentration was found to be more or less similar. Altogether 39 Macrophyte species belonging to 29 families were recorded with the dominancy of emergent species, 105 Phytoplankton species belonging to 5 classes with the dominancy of Bacillariophyceae and 9 order belonging to 35 families of Macroinvertebrates with the dominancy of order Diptera were recorded from the study area. Navicula sp, Ghomphonema sp and Cymbella sp of phytoplankton were dominant. The family Nepidae was commonly found in most of the water bodies while the family Hydropsychidae and Heptagenidae were found to be dominant in lotic water bodies. Most of the macrophytes showed strong but negative affinity with all studied water characteristics while phytoplankton showed positive affinity with all studied water characteristicss. Macro-invertebrates showed positive as well as negative affinity equally with ammonia and conductivity. These findings created a database for present status of different waterbodies of Setikhola watershed, Kaski, Nepal, which can be used for the management of lakes and river as well as to study the impact on water quality. This study provides useful information for decision makers aimed to the conservation and sustainable management of the watershed in Nepal.Item Comparative study on the response of four different artificial diets in the growth and mortality of Free Swimming Larvae of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)(Department of Zoology, 2010) Subba, SurenThe present study is a feeding trial experiment on Rainbow Trout free swimming larvae. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate growth and mortality of free swimming trout larvae at different formulated test diets. For it, trout alevins of initial average body weight of 0.08391 to 0.08907 gm were nursed in 12 floating net cages set in a circular tank for 60 days from 28th December 2008 to 24th February 2009 at Fishery Research Division, Godawari. The physicochemical parameters of water in the circular tank was recorded; where water temperature ranged from 8.5°C to 13°C, pH 7.0 to 8.5 and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 6.5 – 9.0 mg /l. The alevins were fed with 4 different diets - Diet 1 (Normal diet), Diet 2 (Normal diet with buff liver), Diet 3 (Normal diet with chicken liver) and Diet 4 (Normal diet with mutton liver). The experiment was conducted at Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications for each diet. Body weight, total length and condition factor of alevins did not show significantly variation at different test diets like Diet 2, Diet 3 and Diet 4 but the result was recorded good in terms of growth and survival for the Diet 1. Gross weight and feed efficiency was recorded varying from 34.76% to 71.12 %. The specific growth rate was recorded 3.043%/day or highest in test Diet 3. The FCR was recorded 2.8768 or highest in Diet 4. The coefficient of co-relation between length and weight was highest (0.972) in Diet 3Item FISH DIVERSITY OF RAPTI RIVER, CHITWAN, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) TAMANG, SAGARThe present study was conducted in Rapti River of Chitwan District located between latitudes of 27°20’ to 27°52’N and longitudes of 83°55’ to 84°52’E. The field visit was conducted from 23rd February to 28th June, 2020. Samples were collected from four stations, i.e. Manahari, Lothar, Kumroj and Sauraha for fishes and physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, DO, water velocity and pH. Fishes were collected with the help of well-trained local fisherman, by using a cast net of varying mesh sizes (6mm, 2cm). A total of 36 fish species were collected belonging to 5 orders, 11 families and 24 genera. The Cypriniformes was the dominant order with 24 species representing 65.71% of the total collection, followed by Siluriformes (8 species, 22.85%) and Anabantiformes (2 species, 5.7%). Each of Beloniformes and Synbranchiformes was collected a single species representing 2.85 % respectively. The highest species richness (9) was recorded at Kumroj and lowest species (3) at Manahari in rainy season. Similarly, the highest species richness (8) was recorded at Manahari and the lowest species (4) at Sauraha in winter season. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index was high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Manhari (1.055) in rainy season. It is high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Lothar (1.298) in winter. In rainy season, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.75) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.611) was at Lothar. In winter, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.768) was found at Kumroj and the lowest (0.702) was at Lothar. In rainy season, the highest Margalef’s index (2.09) was found in Kumroj and the lowest (1.243) was at Manhari. In winter, the highest Margalef’s index (2.164) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.965) was found at Lothar. Dissolved oxygen was recorded as the highest (11.5 mg/l) at Manhari and lowest (8.3 mg/l) at Sauraha in winter season. The dissolved oxygen was comparatively lower in rainy season which ranged from 7.4 mg/l (Sauraha) to 9.8 mg//l (Lothar). The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed a strong positive association between species like Barilius barila, B. bendelisis, B. modestus, C. jaya, and T. tor with DO. C. chagunio was found to be negatively associated with pH and the remaining species however showed the average association. It is evident that systematic research on regular interval of time basis is crucial to have more reliable data on fish diversity status. Long term research covering more seasons and more water quality parameters is highly recommended in this river in future.Item Fish Diversity with Relation to Water Quality of Dhungre Khola, Chitawan(Department of Zoology, 2021) Gautam, SunilSpecies diversity is acknowledged as foremost trait of ecosystem functioning. Seasonal variation of fish assemblage structure with physico-chemical parameters in Dhungre River were studied based on Stratified random survey conducted during September 2019 to May 2020. Three various seasons each with three different stations were selected for data collection. Shannon‟s diversity index, the Simpson index and evenness index have been used to access the diversity. To explore the fish assemblage structure, fish samples were collected in seasonal basis from three sites of the River by using cast net and gill net. A total of 2200 individuals belonging to 7 orders, 11 families, 20 genera and 26 species were collected from Kathar, Botte and Bachauli of Dhungre River. The most abundant species were Puntius sophore followed by Puntius ticto and Schistura devdevi. The topmost Shannon‟s diversity index (2.66) and Simpson index (0.81) were recorded during autumn and winter season respectively. For the station-wise diversity, station 1 had the greatest Shannon's diversity index (2.89) and Simpson index (0.85) of fish. The CCA analysis showed that the fish assemblage was highly correlated with temperature. On the other hand, velocity and DO negatively correlated with carbon dioxide and slightly correlated with pH. Present study could be accountable for further exploration of fish diversity, water parameters or other relevant topics in future. Imposing fisheries regulations to reduce human activities are inevitable to sustain multitudinous fisheries.Item Hydro- Geochemistry and Amphibian Assemblage of Kupinde Lake, Salyan, District, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2022) Sunar, Chandra BahadurAvailable with full textItem Hydrogeological Study in Mid-Western Part Deukhari Dun Valley of Satbaria Region Dang District Mid Western Nepal(Department of Geology, 2013) Singh, Uttam RajNot availableItem Study of Intensive Fish Farming in Madhesha, Sunsari(Department of Zoology, 2007) Adhikari, BinodThe research was conducted to investigate the intensive fish culture in Madhusha VDC, Sunsari, Nepal. The study was done in a single pond (800sq.m) and stocked with indigenous and exotic carp as Rohu (Labeo rohita), Bhakur (Catla catla), Naini (Cirrhinus mrigala), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Big head carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The study was carried out for 180 days from November 2006 to April 2007 with regular analysis of physico-chemical parameter and growth of fish once in two month. The average weight of fingerling at the time of stocking was 15gm which reached 600gm (Grass carp at the time of harvesting), followed by Bhakur (500gm), Rohu (400gm), Naini (350gm) and Bighead Carp (300gm). The water temperature ranged between 19.5 to 30oC, dissolved oxygen from 4.2 to 8.3ppm and free CO2 from 6.3 to 9.0ppm. The total alkalinity ranged between 45 to 70ppm and the PH from 7 to 10.8ppm. The survival rate was found highest for Grass carp (75%), followed by Bhakur (72.5%), Rohu (62.5%), Naini (45%) and Bighead carp (44%). The total input in the pond was Rs. 7,540 and the total output from the pond was 734kg of fishes which was sold for Rs.62,390 at the rate of Rs.85/kg. This showed the total fish per hectare is Rs.779875 and the net profit of Rs.685,625 per hectare. Hence, this study, showed that polyculture an income generator for fish farmers and local people and contributing greatly to socio-economic development.Item Study of Physico-Chemical Parameters, Fish and Fisheries of Siddhapokhari, Bhaktapur(Department of Zoology, 2007) Shukla, ShreejalThe present study entitled "Study of physico-chemical parameters, fish and fisheries of Siddhapokhari, Bhaktapur" was conducted from April 2007 to September 2007 for six months of period. The present work gives some facts about the different physico-chemical parameters, fish and fisheries status of the pond. The study area was divided into station ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. The water samples from each station were collected throughout the study period. The physical parameters such as depth, transparency, water color, nature of the day were observed on the field itself. The analysis of chemical parameters such as pH, DO, free CO2 total alkalinity and total hardness were examined on the very day. The status of the pond and fish in the pond were studied by the informal discussion and interview with local people, security warden, and salesman and tax officer of Bhaktapur municipality. In the present study there are six main chapters except summary. The 1st chapter deals with the general background of the present investigation mainly emphasizing the historical and with review of literature, that includes who, when and where the limnological investigations started and importance of limnology for various purposes in different water bodies. The study site, materials and methodology equipment necessary for investigation explained in the 3rd chapter. Similarly, in 4th chapter, there are results of the different physico-chemical parameters and fish status of pond is explained. Discussion of observed result, reasons of variable results, some results when and who observed is discussed thoroughly in chapter five. In Chapter six, I conclude the investigation and recommended some suggestions. After completing the whole investigation I found that seasons play major role in fluctuation of physico-chemical parameters of the any water body. Thus colour of water, colourless in winter season changed into greenish in summer as the planktonic population growth in this season. In the same way, the variation of temperature may be due to seasonal changes and meteorological condition. The transparency of water is low during rainy season i.e. in August/September The dissolved oxygen of pond water ranged from 5.0 ppm to 8.5ppm. The free Co2 fluctuated from 2.5ppm to7.9ppm. The total alkalinity was found between 28.0ppm. to 55.0ppm. The total hardness of the water fluctuated between 240.0ppm to 280.0ppm. The average value of pH was 8.07 which may be considered suitable for the maintenance of aquatic life. The pond is dominated by exotic cultivable carps like common carp, big head carp, grass carp and silver carp. In my investigation, it is beneficial to culture the fish in the pond. In 2007 largest amount of fish was produced and collected largest revenue i.e. Rs. 467,850by selling the fish in local market @ Rs.75 per Kg. The present investigation suggested that the pond is quite suitable for successful fish culture practices Lastly, I am trying to add few words about importance of limnological study in various ponds of Nepal which is mainly concerned with utilization of various temples, ponds, historical and holy ponds as well as other many small ponds of Nepal by culturing fish as these ponds remained as unutilized polluted body. Most of the ponds in the city are being wasted polluted bodies and some of them were already changed into ground or garden due to lack of proper management. So, such ponds can play vital role in improving the economic and sociological status of the country if we properly managed these ponds and practices of fish culture.Item Study of Water Quality, Fish and Fishery of Mechi-River(Department of Zoology, 2008) Pokharel, Bishwa RajThe present study of "Study of Water Quality, Fish and Fishery of Mechi-River", was conducted from 16th December, 2006 A.D. to 15th June, 2007A.D. The study area was divided into station A, B and C. The water samples from each sampling sites were collected in the morning throughout the study period. The physical parameters such as temperature, depth, transparency, water color, nature of the day were performed on the field itself. The analysis of chemical parameters such as pH, hardness, DO, CO2, alkalinity were examined on the same day. The maximum DO 7.3ppm was observed on March, '07. The free CO2 fluctuated from 8 - 15.3ppm. The alkalinity was found between 55 - 110ppm with an average of 92.5ppm. The value of total hardness recorded during the study ranged from 25 - 37ppm with an average of 31ppm. The various types of fishing gears used by the local fisherman included cast net, chhanki, Ganj, Sola, line fishing, gill net, scoop net, dip net, basket trap, Ghorlong etc. Fishing activities in Bhadrapur is not a solely subsistence occupation which depended for its prosperity on Market conditions. Fisherman conducts their transaction with much haggling and employ complicated methods of finance and credit. A total of 32 species of fishes belonging to 23 genera were recorded during the study period. The use of traditional fish preservations were not able to keep the storing life of fish for a long time.Item Study on Drinking Water Quality of Kathmandu and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Isolates(Department of Microbiology, 2007) Kafle, Prashanna RajThe bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis of the drinking water is veryimportant as it is directly related to the health of the people. This effort to assessdrinking water quality was performed during the period of March 2005 toJanuary 2006. It was carried out in water quality laboratory of Nepal watersupply corporation, Bansbari. During the study period a total of 100 water samples were randomly collectedfrom treatment plant, wells, stone spouts and public taps of Kathmandu Valley.Out of these, 72% of sample showed presence of total coliforms and 62%contained fecal coliforms, that exceed the WHO permissible level for drinkingwater. As well, other indicator and pathogenic bacteria were detected, the percentage of which are as: Escherichia coli 44%, Enterobacter spp. 26%,Klebsiellaspp.22%,Salmonellaspp. 5%, and Shigellaspp. 3%. Simultaneously, physico-chemical parameters were also analyzed. Majority ofthe samples showed values within WHO standard limit for drinking water. Thevalues for appearance, p H , iron, ammonia were found above permissible level in the percentage range 10%, 10%, 20%, and 25% respectively. Isolated bacteria were also tested for antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The result showed Tetracycline 90% sensitive, Chloramphenicol 100% sensitive,Ampicillin 100%, resistant, Of loxacin 80% sensitive and Cephalexin 90%resistant. Frequency of multiple-antibiotic resistant (MAR) against antibiotics with in species are as:E. coli20%,Enterobacterspp.12%,Citrobacterspp.5%,Klebsiellaspp.20% and Salmonellaspp. 25%.Item Study on Impacty of Irrigation Dam on Fish and Fishery of Kesali River, Morang, Nepal.(Department of Zoology, 2008) Rai, ShaileshThe present work was conducted in Kesali River close to irrigation dam. The study was focused in the analysis of physicochemical parameters of water, biological studies like diversity and population of fishes. The different implements and techniques used in fishing in this area were also recorded. The basic objective of present study was to assess the impact of irrigational dam on fish diversity and population. Altogether 21 species of fishes was recorded in present study belonging to 15 genera, 10 families and under 5 orders. Fish composition and frequency distribution of fish catches revealed majority fishes belonged to Cyprinidae family and Puntius species as most dominant species followed by common species such as Barilius sp, Garra sp, Channa sp, and Colissa fasciatus. Amphipnous cuchia was least recorded and reported in this river. The sampling record showed fish diversity high in upstream of dam during November and February but high fish diversity was recorded in downstream of dam during May and August. The highest fish catch per unit hour was recorded in August and lowest in November. Both conventional and non-conventional fishing methods were noted to be used in and around the Kesali river area. The use of most of the fishing appliances were recorded seasonal; but some implements like cast net, chhanki net, hook and line were found to be used throughout the year. Fish diversity and population is declining day by day due to development work (damming), non conventional fishing methods, pollution and natural calamities like heavy flood and erosion. People living around Kesali Rive were found to be involved in fishing only as part-time fisherman, but fisherman from India were found to be fishing throughout the year.Item Water Quality assessment of Bagmati River in Kathmandu Valley(Department of Zoology, 2014) Barakoti, MeenaWater quality assessment of Bagmati River in the Kathmandu valley was carried out at pre-monsoon(March and April) and monsoon(July and September)season.The standard methods (APHA 1998 and Trivedy and Goel 1986) were followed for chemical analysis.Five sitesviz. Sundarijal, Aryagh at,Thapathali, Sundarighat and Khokana were selected.The major work of the study was analysis of physical (Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity) and chemical (DO, BOD, NO 3 vii -N, PO 4 -P, NH -N) parameters along the Bagmati River, classification of River based on polluted sites, comparing river water quality in past and present and determining the self-dilution capacity. 3 The water quality of Bagmati River was classified using German Water Quality Index and Netherl and Water Quality Index.Based on the German Water Quality Index, the five stations of Bagmati River were classified separately. According to this Index, Sundarij alwas classified as 'low pollution 'zone in both the pre-monsoon and monsoon season while Aryaghat as 'moderate pollution' zone at both the seasons. Similarly, Thapathali was classified as 'very severe pollution' zone inpre-monsoon and 'moderate pollution' zone in monsoon while Sundarighat as 'excessive pollution' zone in pre-monsoon and 'severe pollution' zone in monsoon. Khokana was classified as 'very severe pollution' zone in pre-monsoon and 'moderate' pollution' zone in monsoon.On the other hand, based on the Netherl and Water Quality Index, Sundarijal was classified as 'Excellent' zone in pre-monsoon and monsoon,Aryaghat as 'Bad' zone in pre-monsoon and 'fair' in monsoon season. Thapathali, Sundarighat and Khokana were classified as 'very bad' zone in both the seasons in all these three stations.The chemical parameters were found beyond the natural level in almost all the stations except Sundarijal. Sundarighat was found in worstcondition among all. The water quality trend analysis at past and present indicated degrading condition of river. Self-dilution capacity i.e. additional flow required in the river so as to maintain permissible level of 30mg/L BOD at Sundarijal, Aryaghat and Khokana was calculated as 1.03m 3 /s, 1.74m 3 /s and 17.7m 3 /s; respectively.The level of pollution was found to be more severe in pre-monsoon than that of monsoon season.Key words: Chemical Parameters, Monsoon and Pre-monsoon, Water QualityItem Water Quality, Waterfowl Diversity and Threats Identification: A Case from Jagadishpur Reservoir(Department of Environmental Science, 2007) Thapa, Jham BahadurNepal's wetland birds are declining due to wetland habitat degradation. Wetland habitats are under tremendous pressure due to habitat quality and human induced disturbances which causes temporal and spatial displacement of migratory and wintering waterfowl. Water quality analysis was carried out in Jagadispur Reservoir in three seasons involving three field visits. Water quality analysis revealed that the reservoir can support diverse aquatic flora and fauna. Avifaunal survey was conducted in two seasons i.e. winter and summer. A total of 35 bird species belonging to 7 orders, 10 families and 22 genera were recorded during the investigation period from the reservoir which are listed with their updated nomenclature and systematic position according to the classification after Howard and Moore (1994). A total of 4264 birds were enumerated with high species richness in open water habitat. Anseriformes was the most representive order and Anatidae, the most representive family in terms of species composition. Species diversity was found to be greater in winter (i.e. Shannon- Weiner diversity index: 2.790) in comparision to that of summer (i.e. Shannon- Weiner diversity index: 2.438). Siltation, dependency of local population on wetland resources, invasion by aquatic weeds, poaching and draining of wetland are identified as the major threats to the bird species.Item Water resource potential and socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed upper Karnali Hydroelectric project, Nepal(Department of Environmental Science, 2013) Jyakhwo, RabindraAvailable with full text