Browsing by Subject "Water quality parameters"
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Item FISH DIVERSITY OF TULSIHAWA LAKE, RUPANDEHI, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) RAUT, TARAThe study on the fish diversity of Tulsihawa Lake, Rupendehi, Nepal was carried out four different seasons from October 2021 to July 2022. The cast net was used to collect fish samples hiring local fishermen. Physico-chemical parameters were also analyzed. A total species richness of 19 species was collected from Tulsihawa Lake, out of which 2 species were nonnative. Order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinidae were dominant both in species composition and individual capture. Amblyphryngodon microlepis was dominant species accounting 50.53% followed by Puntius sophore (14.99%) and Chanda nama (8.21%). The water quality parameters were found within suitable range that supports fish diversity. Fish diversity was positively correlated with temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity whereas turbidity, pH, and total hardness negatively correlated. The Shannon - Weiner diversity index, Margalef's richness and evenness index indicated a strong relationship with overall species richness. So, it is concluded that Tulsihawa Lake harbors suitable habitat for variety of fish species and aquatic inhabitants.Item ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF MASYAM KHOLA, PALPA, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Bhattarai, SangamThe present study deals with the fish diversity of Masyam Khola Palpa, Nepal covering two seasons winter and spring season using cast net. A total of 255 fish individuals belonging to 9 species, 7 genera and 2 families was found during study period. Cyprinidae (n=243) was the dominant family comprising of 7 species among 9 recorded species. Barilius bendelensis was the most common fish species on the basis of total no. of catch during the study period followed by Opsarius barna, Puntius sophore and Garra rupecula. Shannon-Weiner diversity index was highest (1.64) at station II and station III while lowest (1.44) at station I, simpson index was highest at station II (0.79) and lowest at station IV (0.76) and evenness index was highest in station I (0.89) and lowest in station IV (0.76). The environmental variables like DO, pH, temperature, and velocity were found to be in suitable range for fish habitat.Item WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF BAGMATI RIVER BASIN, KATHMANDU VALLEY(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-14) Pokhrel, KeshabThe Bagmati River in the Kathmandu Valley flows along the core urban areas. The main aim of the study was to estimate 14 parameters water pH (pH), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity (Turb), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP), faceal coliform (FC), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) to assess the water quality of the Bagmati River. The surface water samples were collected from 11 sites in the Bagmati River during the pre-monsoon season. The highest DO record was found at headwater Sundarijal (8 mg/L) where 50% of the samples had DO less than 3 mg/L. Meanwhile, turbidity, TSS, and TDS ranged from 3 to 600 NTU, 12 to 740 mg/L and 58 to 612 mg/L respectively. All the samples were contaminated from the faceal coliforms. High BOD and COD were observed in the much-populated core urban area due to wastewater and organic load. Similarly, among 5 heavy metals tested Fe and Cu were only detected in the samples. Fe exceeds the WHO limits while Cu is within the guidelines. Only 2 clusters were obtained from cluster analysis in which C2 had a high value of all parameters except DO indicating towards polluted station i.e BA09. Meanwhile, correlation analysis between BOD and COD with TP and Cu defined wastewater and organic loads are the main sources for the high concentration of these water quality parameters.