Browsing by Subject "Water resources"
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Item Diversity and Distribution of Fish in Andhi Khola, Syangja District, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2020) Bhurtel, BishnuSeasonal changes in the species composition, number and abundance of fish species in Andhi Khola were investigated from September 2018 to May 2019. This study also addresses the relationship between fish and environmental variables from the Andhi Khola. Out of 907 individual fish identified, represented a total of 15 different species belonging in four order 11 genera and six families were caught. Highest number was counted for Barilius barila (320) and lowest was Heteropneustus fossilius (2 individual) which are 35.28% and 0.22% of total individual respectively. Along the longitudinal gradient from headwater to downstream, fish species richness and abundance increased gradually, but then decreased significantly at the lower reaches. The highest species richness and abundance were observed in spring and the lowest in winter. The highest value of Shannon-Weiner diversity index (1.96) was found in spring season and lowest (1.69) was found in winter season. Highest value of evenness index (0.35) was found in autumn while lowest (0.31) in winter season .The Simpson dominance index in different sites varies from 0.75 to 0.79. The highest Simpson dominance index (0.79) was recorded at site I and site II and lowest (0.75) was recorded at site III. Highest Simpson dominance index (0.81) was recorded in autumn and lowest (0.73) was recorded in winter. The Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the environmental variables of water temperature, water velocity, and dissolved oxygen were found to be most imperative variables to shape the fish assemblage structure of present study area.Item Fish diversity and fishery resources of the Koshi river at KTWR, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2011) Saud, SindhuThe present study deals with "Fish Diversity and Fishery Resources of the Koshi River, KTWR area.” The Koshi River flows through Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, in eastern Nepal and famous for wild buffalo and bird sanctuary. This study provides information on the present status of fish diversity, fish distribution pattern, behavioral aspects of some important fishes and also the socio-economic condition of fishermen inhabiting around the Koshi River. The research was done with the help of fishes collected by local fishermen and hiring them as well. Cast nets and other local nets were used for the purpose. The socio-economic conditions of the fishermen were observed by interviewing local fishermen. The Koshi River shows more diversified fish species. Sixty-one species of fish belonging to 7 order, 20 families and 41 genera were collected from the Koshi River system. The most common fish species in the Koshi River were from Cyprinidae family and Barilius. The physico-chemical parameters show that the water in Koshi River is still good in condition for fishes but may get polluted with the increase of population around the Koshi River just outside of KTWR area. The socio-economic status of fishermen is poor due to illiteracy, insufficient agricultural land and unemployment. It has been observed that the fish population is deteriorating and decreasing rate day by day due to various factors such as dynamiting, poisoning, killing of brood fishes during spawning season and also by heavy flooding and erosion. Because of low catches and difficulties in livelihood some fishermen seek alternative work. Some fishermen are engaged with private fishery in ponds. The study shows that the fishermen as well as local villagers should be provided with some fishery education and other vocational training to prevent the decreasing rate of fishes in Koshi River.Item Local perception on and adaptation to climate change(Central Department of Sociology /Anthropology Tribhuvan University Katmandu, Nepal, 2010-09) Poudel, PrakashNot availableItem Nepal’s water resources sharing: lower riparian rights with reference to Mahakali treaty(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2021) Regmi, Shyam BahadurThe demand of fresh water is increasing day by day due to the increasing number of population to fulfilling the requirements for urbanization and industrialization. The major challenging tasks in today's context is to lay out the suitable procedure specially for those countries which are the basin states of water resources or the countries which shares common international rivers. Reasonable and equitable utilization of water of International River is today's major demand. In international arena common water resources can be taken for both aspects such as it has shown to be a good catalyst for cooperation between nations but on the other hand sometime it creates some disputes and misunderstanding between basin states. South Asia is one of the regions that has had to deal with some of the most difficult disputes over international water rivers, while for some cases it has been successful to implement proper treaties and agreements in between the basin states. The purpose of this study is to portray the nature of water relationship between India and Nepal based upon Mahakali Treaty. Additionally, the geographical condition, water sharing pattern, brief study of treaties and agreements associated with Mahakali Treaty also will be the central idea of this study. Highlighting the lower riparian rights according to the customary and international laws is another agenda of this study.Item Spatial Analysis of Water Resources for Local Development in Kirtipur Municipality of Kathmandu Valley(Department of Rural Development, 2008) Maharjan, Gyanu RajaNatural Resources Management means appropriation, distribution, utilization, and conservation of natural resources and the legitimate way of controlling them. Water is a mobile resource: it falls from the clouds, seeps into the soil, flows through aquifers, runs along stream courses, and eventually returns to the clouds. This natural cycle is the basis of all life support system and people extract resources from this system and used into economic cost. Water is "managed" in different ways: it may be harvested, extracted from the ground, diverted, transported, and stored. This makes it different from all other natural resources. However, each form of management that interferes with the natural cycle exacts a price, not just in economic terms but in terms of environmental damage and greater health hazards. Our water resources, irregularly distributed in space and time, are under pressure due to major population change and increased demand all over the world. There are altogether 79 water resources which are well, dug well, pond, river, Stone Spout, spring, lake, deep tube well, rain water harvesting, and reservoir. The distributions of water resources are not equal in all the areas in Kirtipur. The ward no. 2 has largest number (12) of water resources and ward no. 19 has not any water resources which lie in the western lowland of Kirtipur Municipality. There are 3 main rivers i.e. Bagmati, Balkhu and Boshan and other rivulets which touch most of the wards. There are 9 reservoirs in different parts of the municipality. The water connection is available in all the settlements and the supply duration and time is different in the day and week. The drinking water connections which are not sufficient for the daily activities of the local people in Kirtipur. So that they are using water from other sources which are located in the nearest area. Water resources are using in different activities in Kirtipur. Most of the water resources are using in agriculture activities and washing. Other uses are in making alcohol and beer, cleaning, bathing, toilet, dish wash, livestock, construction, Household supply and purification for god. The most of resources are managed by local people, only the drinking water resources are managed by Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited, Kirtipur Branch. It is very effective and sustainable. In our society, culture norms and values play very important roles in water resource managements. From the beginning people believed water is also god (Jal) so that they didn't garbage near to the water resources. From that concept they are managing very well but the new generation are not completely following that norms and values therefore water resources becoming in poor condition. Water resources play great role in local development. Without water we cannot think our lives as well as other things. Our daily activities, industries, livestock, agricultural activities are very easy to get sufficient of water. Easily available drinking water for households uses reduces the time span and contributes to invest other activities i.e. income generating, which is the prime factor of increasing family standard and human development. It helps in Social as well as economic growth of the people.