Browsing by Subject "livelihood strategies"
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Item Changing livelihood strategies of Dalits: A study in Thalara Rural Municipality, Bajhang ( A case from far western, Nepal)(Department of Sociology, 2022) Thapa, Kiran BahadurThe topic entitled “Changing Livelihood strategies of Dalits: A Study in Thalara Rural Municipality Bajhang” This dissertation has focused on household strategy in Thalara there have been changes in the economic, social and political in Nepal. The market has been providing opportunities for choosing livelihood options. There primarily artisan related production has been replaced, where they engaged in the technical part of jobs business, tailors, modern agricultural and non-agricultural farms, self-employment in home and abroad. The situation inhabited to enriching them making capable to cope with forthcoming situations that needs special skills and knowledge to meet emerging needs for modern development efforts. Minority Dalit were hardly taken care of, in terms fulfillment of their basic needs and capacity building by training and education. Due to this, situation of Dalits are even worse, and found unrepressed in many of the social and economic walks of life. Personal inability to expose them on the one hand and low attention paid to their voice on the other, led further aggravation to the situation. Dalits were prohibited from attending schools and other forms of education that decreased caste based discrimination. High caste Hindus and other who have been influenced by it are strongly represented in government administration. The civil service plays a considerable role in the political life of the country. Many of these low caste people regard such a placement as their natural right. Nepalese political parties INGOs, NGOs bureaucrat’s practices have been strongly influenced by caste and class- wise thought. The high caste people are in a minority, and their value system is not prevalent value system among the majority of the people in Nepal. Without adopting the inclusive policy in bureaucracy, the attempt of the development may not success. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that to the concern authority to make an effective policy to increase the number of governmental sector bureaucrats from different ethnic minorities, through only overall development is possible in Nepal. Nepal’s further hope lies in its ethnic culture whose simplicity provides a greater flexibility propensity to development and change. It is a fact that Dalits are richest source of art, skill and culture of Nepalese society that contribute to civilization of society. Dalits are in the process of shifting from agriculture-based to non-agricultural livelihood option. The household assets of this community have greatly influenced the process of adoption of new strategy or modification and eradication of traditional occupation. The households with comparatively better access to the capital to pursue livelihood have been adopting the influence of urbanization in their areas more easily than the households who have less access to the assets. As the development of surrounding spaces, the people of particular space have to change their way of life to adopt with the changing environment by their livelihood strategies.Item Changing Pattern of Livelihood Strategies Among The Darais in Vyas Municipality(central Department of Sociology/Anthropology, 2011) Wagle, KeshabNot availableItem Socio-economic change through Manakamana Cable Car; A case of Manakamana VDC, Gorkha(Department of Rural Development, 2016) Sharma, JyotiThis study has analyzed several impacts of Manakamana cable car on the livelihood strategy of the local people of Manakamana-Aambukhaireni trekking route and its vicinity after the cable car construction. Directly or indirectly, local people had adopted several tourism activities to sustain their livelihood. But, when MCC established in 1998, in this old so called trekking route tourists and pilgrims became less. Gradually, all the tourism activities of old trekking route collapsed and the place became isolated and deserted. They have been forced and compelled to return to one and only agricultural activity, which was their old livelihood strategy. Before the construction of MCC, in Manakamana, Aambukhaireni trekking route, large numbers of local people performed the activities like agriculture, animal husbandry, wage labour, horticulture etc. but they were almost tourism oriented. After the construction of MCC, these sorts of activities have been reduced significantly. The production of major crops and business activities has been reduced after the construction of MCC. Due to the insufficient transportation network, it cannot open job opportunities and resource utilization, which the poor and ultra poor people cannot join mainstream of development in different isolated places. Similarly, there is no doubt that the road network provides a lot of assistance in the development and in improving rural livelihood in different places. To ensure continuous supply of these necessities needed for rural and urban societies, development program along with carrying people by ropeway is the best means of transport. Cable Car/Ropeway also promotes tourism business in the mountainous country like Nepal and it improves the rural livelihood.Item Water and Livelihoods in Mountain Areas: A Case Of Modi Watershed, Nepal(Faculty of Geography, 2006) Rijal, Shiba PrasadThe main objectives of the study are: analysis of different assets and their implicationsin livelihoods, assessment of present livelihood strategies adopted by the people andassessment of the role of water in livelihoods in terms of its utilization and management.The study area Modi Khola watershed is located in Western Nepal, which consists of 28VDCs of Kaski, Parbat and Myagdi districts and covers an area of 676.8 sq. km. Its totalpopulation as per the census of 2001 is 75,000. The area displays cross profile of MiddleMountain, High Mountain and the High Himalayas within a short physical distance ofabout 51 km. Its altitude ranges from less than 500 meter in the south to above 8000meter in the north and represents sub-tropical to alpine climates. The study is based on livelihood concept developed by Robert Chambers andframework of DFID with development of additional water use model. Necessaryinformation was collected through maps, documents and field surveys. Householdsurvey, group discussions, mapping and observation techniques were adopted for fieldsurvey. A total of 360 households were covered from 12 communities for householdsurvey and 12 group discussions were carried out.An inventory of different water useswas made through consultation with local people and field observation. Both statisticaland non-statistical tools were applied for data analysis. The households of study area possess a number of livelihood assets of five differentcategories upon which their livelihoods are based. Land, water, physical landscape, bio-diversity, pasturelands and trees in farm are the main natural assets of this area. Shelter,household facilities, water delivery infrastructures, transportation and communicationlinkages are physical assets and community groups like Mother’s group, Youth clubs,and Users committee are social assets. Human assets include literacy level, size ofeconomically active population and general health condition. Likewise, livestock andmoney inflow (pension and remittances) are the financial assets of this area. Theseassets have significant contribution in shaping local livelihoods however, theirimportance varies by household and localities. The association of different assets tohousehold income is assessed. Assets like remittance and pension received byhousehold, land owned, rooms in the house, trees in farmland and literacy level havepositive association with household income while livestock owned and facilities likeprovision of water tap, improved latrine and the availability of radio/television in thehouse do not show positive relationship with household income even though these areessential for betterment of livelihoods. The people of Modi Khola area adopt diverse strategies such as agriculture, service ingovernment and non-governmental agencies, business, tourism, industrial activities,migration, wage labor, fishing and others for their livelihood security. Livelihoodstrategies vary by household and localities as a result of spatial variation in terms ofavailability of assets, people's capability for exploiting these assets and environment.People'slivelihood is largely based on tourism activities and regular inflow of money interms of pension and remittances in the upper parts while in the lower parts it is basedon the combination of different activities mainly service, agriculture, business andremittances. Household members adopt one or more, often several activities to meettheir household needs. Households adopting diverse strategies have higher income andmore secure livelihoods as compared to the households adopting single or lesser numberof activities. Water, an important constituent of environment, has paramount importance on locallivelihoods. It is used in a wide variety of livelihood activities in the Modi Khola area.The common water users are irrigation, household, power plants, watermills,woodcarving workshops, fishing and cultural activities. The yield and cropping intensityin this area is highly determined by irrigation facilities. Piped water supply and hydro-electricity have significant contribution not only in human health butalso for reductionof drudgery. It has significant role in tourism activities too as it is heavily used bytourists in hotels/restaurants and for pilgrimage bath in hot water springs. Besides,processing of raw material, operation of watermill, woodcarving, liquor making andfishing are other water users contributing to local livelihoods. The recorded data on both temperature and precipitation in the Modi Khola area showthe increasing trend as a result of changes in local climate as caused by global warming.The changes in climatic elements have direct implications on water availability resultedin rising discharge in the Modi Khola for many decades. The changes in wateravailability have direct implications on livelihoods affecting different productiveactivities, infrastructures and health. The impacts will be both positive and negative andvaries by temporal and spatial scale. Local people are also aware about changes inclimatic elements and their possible impacts on their lives.