Browsing by Subject "poverty"
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Item Child Labour Condition in Hotel, Restaurant and Tea Shop (A Case Study of Lagankhel, Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City, Lalitpur, Nepal)(Faculty of Rural Development,, 2008) Khadka, Samser BahadurThe existence of child labor is not a new phenomenon. Children are found to be engaged in almost all the sectors of employment. In Nepal, poverty,illiteracy, ill-health and unemployment are the prevailing factors which are affecting each and every sector of human life. The economics of human development suggest that human factor is the main factor of the development and investment in children as a principal means of breaking out poverty syndrome. Only the healthy upbringing of the children can safeguard the healthy development of the country. Therefore, child should be protected from all forms of social, economic and cultural exploitation and discrimination. But millions of children are forced to join labor force due to poverty, illiterate natural calamities etc. This study is based on child laborers employed in hotels, restaurants and tea shops in Lagankhel Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City. The objectives of the study are, to study socio-economic condition, to identify the root causes of child labor and to examine the present working condition. Both primary and secondary data and various research techniques have been used. Both the quantitative and qualitative information have been collected from the field survey, 50 child laborers under the age of 16 years were interviewed on the basis of random sampling techniques. There were 35 boys and 15 girls. The laborers are found to have come from 10 different districts of Nepal. Out of 50 respondents child laborers, 70 percent are boys and 30 percent are girls.Majority of child laborer (56%)have their both parents alive. Main occupation of 58 percent respondent is agriculture, 26 percent are domestic service for their survival. Most of the child laborers used to do farming at home before leaving for child labor. All of the child laborers have their own house. In education status, 34 percent children are illiterate and 60 percent are literate.Out of the literate children 63.64 percent have attend primary level V of education. The major reason found not joining or dropping out from schoolis the poverty. Most of the respondents reported that they are interested to study in future, if somebody helps them. Majority of the child laborers 78% have insufficient land to feed their family.Majority of the child laborers 64% left home due to family poverty. Child laborers involved in hotels, restaurants and tea shops are found working for along hour of day. They are compelled to do all kinds of work such as cooking,cleaning tables/floors, washing plates and glasses, servicing. 74 percent child laborers do not get off time. A considerable proportion of child laborers 34%came to the city with their relatives, 18 percent parent, also 30 percent with middleman and 12 percent came self desire. 42 Percent of children expressed their satisfaction with their present working life and 58 percent child laborers expressed they aren't satisfied with current job because of hard work, low wage and not good employer. They are working still because of poverty, not getting other proper job. All of the children engaged in this sector, get low wages but also get free food and lodging facilities. Almost of the child laborers worked at hotels, restaurants and tea shops for financial support to their family. 22.86 percent of child laborers were not suffering from any kind of disease. 77.14 percent children suffered from headache, fever and cough. At that time most of them are helped by the employer and some of them help by their friends. All of the child laborers want to convey the message, “Don’t work like us”.Item Grotesque Consequence of Violence in Khaled Hosseini'sThe Kite Runner(Central Department of English, 2011) Karki, Surya BahadurThis project“Grotesque Consequence of Violence in Khaled Hosseini'sThe Kite Runner” tries to excavate the Talibani's so-called nationalist movement against theRussianinvasion that createdcivil waron theAfghan soil and turned into war- ravaged country.Taliban's violence results into traumatic conditionthat creates hunger, poverty, uncertainty, landmine, refugee problem, sexual exploitation, racial discrimination by pashtunto Hazara, destruction ofhappy family life andthecultural heritageare some of the key issues of violence that creatednational and cultural trauma.The traumaticconsequencewhichis very much horrific and painful is depicted inThe Kite Runner.Item Impact of Microcredit Programmes on poverty Alleviation in Nepal A Case Study of Rupandehi District(Department of Economics, 2005) Bashyal, RamaLoans from formal institutions to the disenfranchised and those without any financial security were always taken as an impossible idea. In light of this thinking, a new approach known as microcredit programme was developed thirty years ago. The term “microcredit,” which used to refer only to credit-focused programmes, has now gradually transformed to“microfinance,” a broader concept dealing with credit, savings, and insurance. And these services are provided by the formal microfinance institutions (MFIs) governed by certain act sand rules. Widespread context of rural poverty in the country, emergence of large numbers of MFIs,and the increased volume of loan investment are rationale of the study. Since the late seventies or after the Sixth Five Year Plan, (80/81), the poverty alleviation approach was integrated into the country’s mainstream financial system, recognising microfinance as an official poverty alleviation programme. The sector gained further momentum after restoration of democracy in 1991 with the establishment of Grameen Bikas Banks (GBBs) in the five development regions.Since that period, other different forms of MFIs have been set up. The Nepalese microfinancesector currently comprises a wide variety of models e.g., cooperatives, the private and thegovernment-owned GBBs/replications, government supported microfinance programmes, and authorised financial intermediary non-government organisations (FINGOs). Focus on women’s empowerment in the study is justified on the ground that the greater proportion of credit disbursed by various programmes is being offered to women. And women can be empowered only when they are benefited both with quantitative as well as qualitative change in their living standard along with improvement in the gender equity aspects like benefit sharing between female and male members of the household. Furthermore, mass poverty and its impact on valuable resources (mainly forest) on the one hand and the absence of sustainable policy implementation on the other are other major concerns of the study. While addressing this important issue, the study has shown the link between microfinance and forest resource management. 5 Though income is one indicator of socio-economic impact, it is much problematic tomeasure the income from small borrowers’ enterprises. Therefore, researcher has tried to assessthe result using beneficiaries’ expenditure pattern on food, clothing, health care, children’seducation, and their control over credit and income generating activities as important indicators.Women’s influences on important household decisions like family planning, marriage of theirdaughters, family cooperation, self-confidence, and savings mobilisation are used as empoweringtools. The increased benefits (change) in these aspects can fulfil the individual needs of thewomen reflecting their ability to benefit from programme participation. Change in householdenergy types and future plan by the programme participants and non-participants are otherindicators used to assess indirect impact on forest resource management/conservation. The quantitative and qualitative information presented in the study is based on a case studyof Solidarity Group Lending MF model (Grameen type), i.e. Nirdhan Utthan Bank Ltd. Threeprogramme-operated adjoining Village Development Committees (VDCs) in northern Rupndehidistrict (Devdaha, Kerbani, and Makarhar) were selected for field study purpose. The programmeparticipants and non-participants (all women) were interviewed by administering a set ofstructured questionnaire designed so as to compare the advantages of the programme. The impact analysis was done using “with” and “without” programme situation. The programme participants included 130 clients of NUBL of ages 20 to 45, all of whom were economically homogenous, and who had at least four years of participation in the credit programme. In the absence of baseline information, client respondents were asked to compare their pre-credit socio-economic conditions with that of the present using “before” versus “after”intervention method. The sample for non-client groups included new members of the same microfinance institution. For study purpose, non-clients were defined as new members (non-active members) of the NUBL who just submitted the loan proposals. Both client and non-client respondents were randomly selected for the interviews. Value of the indicators was also compared across the ethnic groups of people/indigenous nationalities using the same method. With clearly defined objectives and indicators, the result derived from the study show that average size of landholding among the credit groups increased by 20 percent in all 6 caste/ethnic groups. Previously, 48 percent of households owned various types of land (khet,bari) which increased to 69 percent after programme intervention. The average size of the landholding was also found to have increased from 0.107 hectares per household to 0.336 hectares resulting in the net increase of 0.229 hectare (a 214% change) after the 4/5 year period.But this size is very small compared with the average national and district (Rupandehi) figure swhich are 0.789 and 0.896 hectares respectively (CBS, 2004). The number of loan cycles or total amount of loan was found to have positive relationship with land accumulation. The clients who received more than Rs. 40,000 total loan,now own land. This implies that this amount helped the landless women to acquire land for themselves and build settlement. In the case of other household asset accumulation, the figures show that house, livestock, and household utensils increased by 13, 6 and 12 percent respectively. From the food sufficiency perspective, the programme intervention brought drastic change in household nourishment level. The overall percentage of food sufficient households increased from 48 to 93 percent making a net increase of 45 percent. By ethnicity of total households surveyed, 50 percent additional indigenous nationalities (Janajatis) and hard corepoor (Dalits) in the study area became food sufficient. Findings in response to social impacts indicate that more than 60 percent of respondent sreported an increased expenditure on housing, health care, and education irrespective of caste/ethnicity the highest being on housing (752%), a trait which strangely was displayed by only 4% of the clients, most of whom were Janajatis. The field observation also showed that the housing expenses of this small portion of population did not include the actual construction of the houses since they were using no outside labours in the construction process; the family members themselves built the homes. In addition, observation showed that housing expenses of the high caste groups remained unchanged. In the case of the schooling of the children, 86%respondents sent their children to schools. They were found to have access to more years of schooling for both female and male children equitably. However, caste/ethnicity has hindered the equitable increase in the access to livelihood assets. Regarding the findings in response to natural resource management, more than 20 percent 7 clients’ households had started using alternative energy sources like bio gas, improved stove, and kerosene instead of firewood for cooking purpose after joining the credit programme. They reported that they changed their energy types mainly because of time constraints owing to their microfinance-related businesses. Another reason given was that since their children, both sons and daughters were going to school, they did not have time to collect firewood from the forest.This indicates that clients are more conscious than the control group in using relatively health ierand time saving sources of household energy. This use of alternative sources of energy helps indirectly to reduce the dependency on forests for household energy. But overall findings of the study suggest that there are differences across groups of individuals. For example, the hard core poor did not change their use of firewood or grass/fodder at all and the high caste groups had the greatest percentage drop in the use of these resources. The results derived from the study suggest that microfinance has improved family’s well-being by increasing household’s food sufficiency level, asset accumulation, and children’s education. It has been credited with empowering women by increasing their self-confidence and decision-making power with influenced family status, family cooperation,households pending,and by increasing their social capital by joining some type of community-based or non-government organisations. Moreover, the access to credit not only gave woman opportunity to contribute to the family business but she could also deploy it to assist the husband’s business that increases her prestige and influence within the household. But it must not be thought that all loans are used for entrepreneurial activities.Item Impact of Microfinance Program on Rural Women Regarding Production Credit in Bethani VDC (Special reference to Midwestern Rural Development Bank)(Faculty of Management, 2008) Shrivastava, LovelyNot AvailableItem Item Risk Factors Affecting Poverty in Nepal: Statistical Modeling Approach(Institute of Science & Technology, 2023-07) Acharya, Krishna PrasadPoverty is one of the main problems of developing countries, like Nepal and its reduction is a central issue. The identification of its determinants to reduce the monetary poverty is one of the key issues. According to previous studies, log-binomial regression model (LBRM) is a good option to logistic regression model (LRM) for common outcomes, mostly used in the analysis of clinical and epidemiological data. However, the use of LBRM and the comparison with LRM for data on poverty has not been discussed yet. The objectives of this study are to identify the important risk factors, to compare the LRM and LBRM in identifying the risk factors and estimating their effects on poverty in Nepal, and to assess the stability of the model through bootstrapping method. The data used for the analysis is the cross-sectional household level data (n = 5988) of Nepal Living Standard Survey 2010/11. All the data required for this study are not available in the provided household level data file of 5,988 households but are available in the individual level data file of 28,670 individuals. The individual level data are converted into household level data in order to generate the data on a number of variables, and merged into the main data file. With the support of rigorous review of literature and the availability of the variables in the dataset, seven possible independent variables have been considered for both the LRM and LBRM. They are: sex of household head (female / male), literacy status of household head (illiterate / literate), status of remittance recipient of household (no / yes), status of land ownership (no / yes), household with access to nearest market center (poor / better), number of children under 15 years (more than two / at most two), and number of literate members of working age population (WAP) (none / at least one). The response variable is household poverty (poor / non-poor). Implementing the stepwise forward and backward selection procedure with all these seven variables for the development of each final multiple regression model, only six variables except sex of household head has come out statistically significant at 5% level of significance. The LRM has yielded the odds ratio (OR) and LBRM has yielded risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval estimate (CIE) for each covariate. Diagnostics of the model, the goodness of fit test, a risk assessment based on the presence of variables, and the stability of each model has been carried out. The classification and discrimination of the LRM has been also assessed. LRM and LBRM have been compared with respect to different criteria such as selection of covariates, effect size and its precision. The model's good fit test using and test of model's diagnostics criteria has also been compared. Further, the comparisons have also been made in risk assessment on the bais of factors present in the model, stability of the model and convergence failure problem. The effect size in terms of OR and in RR of six factors in each final model namely illiterate household head (OR: 2.20, 95% CIE: 1.86 – 2.61, p < 0.001; RR: 1.68, 95% CIE: 1.49 – 1.89, p < 0.001), remittance non recipient household (OR: 1.90, 95% CIE: 1.64 – 2.20, p < 0.001; RR: 1.45, 95% CIE: 1.33 – 1.59, p < 0.001), household with no land holdings (OR: 1.53, 95% CIE: 1.31 – 1.78, p < 0.001; RR: 1.22, 95% CIE: 1.11 – 1.34, p < 0.001), household with poor access to market center (OR: 1.77, 95% CIE: 1.52 – 2.07, p < 0.001; RR: 1.51, 95% CIE: 1.34 – 1.69, p < 0.001), household having > 2 children aged under 15 (OR: 4.69, 95% CIE: 4.06 – 5.42, p < 0.001; RR: 2.96, 95% CIE: 2.66 – 3.28, p < 0.001) and household not having literate members of WAP (OR: 1.29, 95% CIE: 1.07 – 1.56, p < 0.001; RR: 1.16, 95% CIE: 1.05 – 1.29, p < 0.001) are significantly associated with the likelihood of poverty. For each covariate, the OR is overestimated than that of RR. There is narrower 95% CIE of RR than that of OR for each covariate. It shows that RR is more precise than OR. Greater elevation in risk in LRM compared to LBRM varies from 13% to 173%. In each model, there is no convergence issues have been countered, where both the models are equally stable as assessed by bootstrapping procedure. Almost all variables are repeated 100% times among 1000 times repetition. The visual assessments of diagnostics of each model are reasonably satisfactory. There is considerable acceptable discrimination of LRM (AUC: 0.78) and model correct classification values of 67.15%. The good fit of the model is satisfied by LRM [ with 8 d.f.= 6.05, p = 0.53] but not satisfied by LBRM [ with 8 d.f.= 28.60, p = 0.0004]. Since the LRM satisfied the majority of requirements of model performance instead of some limitations, this model seems to be better than the LBRM for this data set. Nevertheless, the LBRM is an option for the LRM since it has better accuracy and avoids overestimating effect size. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for researchers and policy makers in the relevant field.Item Rural Poverty in Sarki Community of Nepal : A Case Study of Sipapokhare V.D.C. Sindhupalchok District(Central Department of Rural Development, 2008) Sapkota, RajanThe present study has focused on rural poverty in Sarki community of Nepal: A Case Study of Sipapokhare VDC in Sindhupalchok district. This study was conducted from July 2008 to Oct 2008. The study was mainly limited to household's survey of sipapokhare VDC, ward no. 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9. Out of 141 households, 50 HHs was selected with quota sampling and random sampling method. The study was mainly based on qualitative and quantitative research approach. Rural poverty is usually related to those rural people who are facing numbers of economic problems in sustaining their life. Two third population of the world is below poverty line. The poverty line includes the people with the earning of $1 per day. Mostly, Asian and African people are in below poverty line, though poverty is found all over the world and also the burning issue of the world. Poverty is broadly conceptualized in two categories one is absolute the other is relative poverty. The absolute sustain like. The relative poverty approach defines poverty relative to appropriates comparative group. Poverty in rural areas is highly based on land holding size. Poverty incidence is highest among landless marginal groups than among the small, medium and large landholders. In the study area the per capita income of Sarki has found NRs 8615.58 per capita expenditure NRs. 8838.38. This considered as absolute poverty which was calculated from local prices of the central, plus and other non-food items in the sample population male are 49.08 percent and female are 50.91 percent. The educational status of the sampled population 28.95 percentage are illiterate and 3.04 percentage are educated. The average family size is 5.46. Housing pattern is Hut and Tiled roof 52 percent small huts are 48 percent. Occupational status, agriculture 38 percent, non-agriculture 52 percent and cottage industries (leather work) 10 percent. Landholding pattern is 6 percent landless and 7-5 Ropani 14 Percent and 13 Ropani above 18 percent land owners. Causes of poverty are illiteracy, low wage, small land holding size and unproductive land, unemployment, high dependency ratio, lack of awareness and education program, costly practice of traditional rites and rituals, ceremonies and colorful festivals. The study has claimed that especially poor spend a large income amounts on alcohol, smoking and traditional festivals. To alleviate poverty in study area, the Sarki community should be provided land for cultivation and house for live. Improved livestock development, skill development training should be provided. Establishment of cottage industries, employment opportunities, should be provided, discouragement of bad habits. Compulsory and free education should be instituted for children. Most of labor forced engaged in agricultural sector should be transformed to other more production sector and agro-based industries should be established.Item Socio-Economic Status of Domestic Child Workers: [A Case Study of Domestic Child Workers Students of Nava Yug Secondary School of Jyabahal](Department of Rural Development, 2006) Pokharel, SumanThe existence of child labours is not a new phenomenon. Children are found to engage in almost all the sectors of employment. In Nepal, poverty, illiteracy and unemployment are the prevailing characteristics which are affecting each and every sector of human life. This study is based on socio-economic status of schooling domestic child workers read in Nava Yug Secondary School of Jyabahal worked in Kathmandu. The objectives of the study are; to assess economic status of schooling domestic child workers family, to assess the root causes of domestic child workers, to examine present working condition of the domestic child workers and to make relevant recommendations. Both primary and secondary data and various research techniques have been used. Both the quantitative and qualitative information have been collected from the field survey, 30 domestic child workers under the age of 16 were interviewed on the basis of random sampling techniques. The DCWS are found from periphery districts of Kathmandu. DCWs in their respective age and sex selected with more boys than girls. Out of 30 respondents 60 percents are boys and 40 percent are girls. Majority of DCWs (53.33%) have their both parents together in the family. Main occupation of 56.67 percents of the total respondent's family is agriculture, 33.33 percents of the total respondents work daily labour wages service for their survival. All of the domestic child workers have their house. In education status, all the respondents are schooling, among them 12 are reading in primary level, 13 are in lower secondary level and 5 are reading in secondary level. Majority of the DCWs (90 %) have insufficient land to feed their family. Majority of the domestic child workers (90%) left home due to family poverty. As remuneration, 23.33 percents of the total respondents are paid only Rs 200 permonth, 30 percents of the total respondents are paid only Rs 400, 36.67 percents v are paid Rs 600 and only 10 percents of the total respondents are paid Rs 800.They are compelled to do all kinds of work such as cooking, cleaning tables/floors, washing plates/ clothes, etc. 26.67% of the total respondents have to do up to 3 hours per day, 30 percents have to do up to 5 hours and 43 percents of the total respondents have to do over 5 hours/day. Only 13.33%respondents get 3 hours per day for reading and rest 86.67 % respondents get only 2 hours/day. 20% of the total respondents get different food from their owner, 63% of the total respondents don't know about the Child Labour Act. Majority of the respondents are not satisfied on their work. 533% want to leave the work any time, 26.67 %want to leave after SLC and only 20% respondents don't like to leave their work.The position of DCWs in the classroom is found poor.Item Structure of Foreign Employment and Remittances in Nepal(Department of Economics, 2009) Niraula, Nirmalanot availableItem A Study of Poverty Amongthekumal Communityofthegaindakot Vdcinnawalparasi District, Nepal(central Department of Sociology/Anthropology, 2014) Kumal, Tara Devinot available