Browsing by Subject "prevalence"
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Item Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Earthquake Victims of Byasi Tole of Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal(Faculty of Zoology, 2018-06) Thapa, Lekha KumariNepal has experienced a catastrophic earthquake on 25th April 2015 and 12th May 2015. The study was carried out between January to June 2016 to observe the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in earthquake victims of Byasi Tole of Bhaktapur Municipality. During the survey it was found that people were living in crowded circumstances with a limited number of rudimentary tents, lack of food, water and lack of toilets. Altogether 82 stool samples were randomly collected from different age groups and sexes and were preserved and examined by direct wet mount method. The study was based on stool examination and questionnaire survey. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was obtained 51(62.20%), where infection rate was higher in females 27(77.14%) than that of males 24(51.06%) with statistically insignificant association (p›0.05). Whereas, age-wise intestinal parasites were found to be the highest among elderly people of age group above 61 years 4(80%) and 11-20 years 8(80%) and found minimum in the age group 41-50 years 5(38.46%). Statistically significant difference was found in infection rate among different age group of people (P˂0.05). The distribution of helminthic infection 45(88.24%) were higher than the protozoan infection 6(11.76%) among the people. Altogether five species of intestinal parasites were detected, the most common were Ascaris lumbricoides 31(60.78%). The study also showed that single infection was found higher 43(84.30%) followed by double and multiple infections in the people. According to the questionnaire method, prevalence of parasitic infection showed significant difference with awareness, type of drinking water, hand washing behavior, defecating place and use of deforming tablets, whereas insignificant association with hand washing time before-after meal and after the use of toilet. Thus, it was found that an upsurge in the transmission of infectious disease and outbreaks following natural disasters are associated with prolonged after-effects of the earthquake. Hence, to control the parasitic infection among infected people there should be health awareness, well managed public toilet, proper management and provision of antihelminthic drugsItem Prevalence of helicobacter Pyloriamongdyspeptic Patients Attending Bir Hospital, Nepal(Central Department of Microbiology, 2008) Adhikari, ShailajaHelicobacter pylori is the causative agent of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastriccancer.The purpose of this study was todetermine the prevalence ofH. pyloriamongdyspeptic patients in Bir Hospital. A total of 110 dyspeptic patients attending theGastroenterologyDepartment for upper gastrointestinalendoscopyfromJuneto August,2008wereenrolled. Two antral biopsy samples were collected from each patient. Oneofthesampleswasusedforrapid urease test (RUT)and the other for culture.Bacterialisolates were identified by standard microbiological techniquesand biochemical tests.The confirmed H. pylori isolates were subcultured and subjected to antibioticsusceptibility test by disk diffusion method. The sensitivity, specificity, PredictiveValue Positive (PVP)andPredictive Value Negative(PVN)of RUT weredeterminedusing culture as reference (gold standard).15 (13.6%) cases were positive by cultureand 28(25.5%) by RUT. The overall prevalence of H. pylori among 110 dyspepticcases was28 (25.5%) consideringeither RUT or culture positive result. Themale tofemale ratioforH. pyloriinfection was 1.03:1.H. pyloriinfectionratewas higher in theage groupof26-35 years. H. pylori infection ratewas higher induodenal ulcer cases.Among the 15 bacterial isolates,only 13 could be maintained in subculture.7(53.8%)of the 13 isolates were resistant to metronidazole, 2 (15.38%)were resistant toamoxycillin while all were sensitive to clarithromycin.The sensitivity, specificity, PVPandPVNof RUTwere 100%, 86%, 54% and100% respectively.Key words:Helicobacter pylori,dyspeptic patients,prevalence,RUT, PVP, PVNItem Urinary Tract Infection in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis(Department of Microbiology, 2011) Basnet, BibasHemodialysis patients are more susceptible to urinary tract infection (UTI). The frequent receipt of antimicrobials for treatment of the infections has added the antimicrobial resistance hazard. Hence, the study was aimed to determine and describe the status of UTI in hemodialysis patients and to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated organisms. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in National Kidney Centre (NKC), Banasthali from November 2011- May 2012. The overall prevalence of UTI in hemodialysis was about one-fourth (22.6%, 31/137). The symptomatic UTI (54.8%) was more prevalent than asymptomatic UTI. The highest prevalence of UTI was found in females (24.5%) as compared to males (21.6%) however, the difference is statistically insignificant. The highest growth rate (22.6%) was found in the age group 71-80 years. The Gram negative organisms were more fre¬quently isolated than Gram positive organisms. The organisms isolated were E. coli (32.2%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (22.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.7%), Morganella morganii (6.5%), Proteus mirabilis (6.5%), Streptococcus spp. (6.5%) and Candida albicans (3.2%). It is noteworthy fact that the more frequently used antimicrobials for gram-negative organisms like Nalidixic acid, Cephalexin, Cefoxitin, Cotrimoxazole, Norfloxacin and Ofloxacin revealed lowest levels of sensitivity (<30%). In contrast, Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin and Imipenam demonstrated the best sensitivity and most consistent activity (>70%). Almost, one-fourth of the hemodialysis patients were prone to UTI and antimicrobial resistance epidemic. Therefore, a regular screening of UTI and monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility rates by standardized sampling and measurement procedures is necessary.