Optimal Energy Scheduling of EVs Considering Battery Lifespan Deterioration with V2G Implementation: A Case Study of Khumaltar Feeder

Abstract

Environmental issues like climate change, pollution, and others are becoming more and more of a worry, which is prompting people to look at alternatives to the current fossil fuel-based transportation system. The benefits of electric vehicles (EVs), such as minimal emissions, reliability, silent operation, efficiency, etc., are making them more and more popular. Electric vehicles are regarded as a reliable and clean source of energy. However, switching completely to electric vehicles will have a significant negative impact on the existing distribution system. When everyone gets home from work and begins electric vehicle charging at once at their rated capacity (uncoordinated charging), which is also the peak hour for residential load, increase in load due to EV charging may lead to network stability problems. This research project aims to optimally discharge battery energy back to the grid so that EV users can profit more. But as the battery is continuously charged and discharged, its lifecycle shortens, making battery replacement more burdensome for EV customers. In this study, the depth of discharge at each hour of the day is taken into account in an effort to reduce the expense associated with battery deterioration. The work is carried out in IEEE modified 15 bus system and then in a real feeder of Nepal. The Firefly Algorithm, one of the metaheuristic algorithms, is used to determine the optimum charging and discharging rate.