Irrigation management and conflict dynamics in the khageri irrigation project of Chitwan

Abstract

Irrigation systems play a crucial role in sustaining agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in Nepal. However, their effectiveness is frequently undermined by conflicts arising from water allocation, infrastructure maintenance, and institutional arrangements. Despite the prevalence of such disputes, limited scholarly attention has been paid to understand their underlying dynamics and management practices. This study examines the emergence and nature of irrigation-related conflicts in the Khageri Irrigation Project (KIP) and analyzes how different conflict management mechanisms influence irrigation performance and agricultural outcomes. The study argues that irrigation conflicts are deeply rooted in weak institutional arrangements, inequitable water distribution, deteriorating physical infrastructure, and limited participation of users in decision-making processes. Accordingly, it seeks to explore the key drivers of conflict, assess existing conflict management practices, and evaluate the role of governance mechanisms in enhancing system efficiency and sustainability. Adopting an exploratory qualitative research design grounded in a constructivist paradigm, the study draws on primary data collected through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. The research focuses on three command areas; Gitanagar, Shivanagar, and Mangalpur representing the head, middle, and tail sections of the irrigation system. Participants include members of Water Users’ Associations (WUAs), beneficiary farmers, local representatives, and government officials, enabling a comprehensive understanding of multiple stakeholder perspectives. The findings reveal that conflicts are escalated by institutional weaknesses, lack of accountability, unequal water distribution, and declining infrastructure conditions. At the same time, the study identifies that active user participation, effective institutional functioning, and locally embedded conflict resolution practices such as mediation, negotiation, and arbitration play a significant role in reducing disputes and fostering cooperation among users. The study concludes that sustainable irrigation management requires a collaborative governance approach that integrates community participation with supportive state vii engagement. Strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring equitable resource distribution, and promoting inclusive decision-making processes are essential for improving irrigation system performance and achieving long-term agricultural sustainability.