Ethnobotany and Antimicrobial Study of Selected Medicinal Plants Used by Magar Community in Nawalpur District, Nepal
Date
2022
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Institute of Science and Technology
Abstract
Field survey and ethnobotanical data was collected from 2015 to 2017 in Hupsekot ,
Bulingtar rural municipalities and Kawasoti urban municipality of Gandaki province,
Nawalpur district, Nepal focusing on Magar community. To verify traditional use of
selected plant species for diarrhea, urinary tract infection, typhoid and pneumonia,
laboratory tests of the extracts of the plants were performed. Methods: Data were
collected by interviewing local healers and knowledgeable people. Plants were selected
for laboratory tests on the basis of factor for informant consensus (FIC) and feudality
level (Fl) along with use mention (UM). Plant parts dried at room temperature were used
for extraction by using hexane and 70% methanol successively. The extracts in amount
50µl were used for in vitro antimicrobial tests by agar well diffusion method. Dimethoxy
sulfate (DMSO) was used as negative control; ampicillin and gentamicin were used as
positive control. The test bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis,
Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi.
Phytochemical screening was performed by colorimetric method. The effective
compounds present were analyzed by GC-MS analysis. Estimation of total phenolic
content was done using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Antioxidant assays were
done by DPPH free radical scavenging and H2
vi
O2
scavenging methods. Results: Among
160 plant species recorded 124 species were medicinal use. Phanera vahlii, Flemingia
strobilifera, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Stephania glandulifera, Tectaria coadunata,
Woodfordia fruticosa, Rhododendron arboreum and Rhus chinensis were selected for
gastrointestinal category; Tinospiora sinensis, Cissampelos pareira and. Azadirachta
indica for urinary tract infection (UTI) category; Antidesma acidum and Aegle marmelos
for the respiratory category; Callicarpa macrophylla for typhoid. Alkaloids,
anthocyanosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, tannin and polyphenols were
detected in the extracts. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis
showed that antimicrobial compounds such as 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 5(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarbaldehyde,
Phytol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4Hpyran-4-one,
Stigmasterol,
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic
acid,
disooctyl
estser,
vitamin
E
and
squalene
were present in the extracts. Methanolic extract of Rhus chinensis (RCM)
showed largest zone of inhibition (ZOI) (23±0.57mm) against Escherichi coli followed by
Woodfordia fruticosa (18mm) (WFM). The lowest value of minimum inhibition
concentration (MIC) against Escherichia coli was <1.56mg/mL (WFM). RCM and FSM
showed antimicrobial activities against Shigella dysenteriae causal bacteria of dysentery
but MIC values of them were bacteriostatic.WFM (18.66±0.66mm) showed the largest
ZOI against Enterococcus faecalis. The lowest value of MIC was 3.12mg/mL (WFM)
against Enterococcus faecalis and it was bactericidal. WFM showed the largest ZOI
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lowest value of MIC against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa was <1.56 mg/mL (WFM). RCM (14.66±0.33mg/mL) showed larger ZOI
against Klebsiella pneumoniae and followed by WFM (13.5±0.67mg/mL) and methanolic
extract of Flemingia strobilifera (FSM) (11.66mg/mL). The lowest MIC value was
6.25mg/mL of FSM against Klesiella pneumoniae and it was bactericidal. The result
showed that MIC value of methanolic extract of Antidesma acidum (AAM) (12.5mg/ml)
against Klebsiella pneumoniae was bacterididal. MIC of methanolic extract of Callicarpa
macrophylla leaf (CMML) was 25mg/mL against Salmonella typhi. MIC value of CMML
against Salmonella typhi was bactericidal. RCH (hexane extract of Rhus chinensis)
(16±0.33mm) showed larger ZOI against Escherichia coli. MIC of RCH was 1.56mg/mL
against Escherichia coli was bacteriostatic and kill the bacteria at 6.25mg/mL. Total
phenol content (TPC) in the plant extracts had significant variation ranging from 8.15 to
336.95 mg of GAE/g of dry extract. FSM contained maximum amount of TPC
(336.95±14.61 mg of GAE/g of dry extract). 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free
radical scavenging range from 4 to 94% at 100 µg/mL concentration of the 70%
methanolic extracts and 50% inhibition concentration (IC50
vii
)
range from 21.59±0.26 to
1434.11±1.17 µg/mL. The best DPPH free radical scavenger was methanolic extract of
Rhododendron arboreum. The methanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa was the best
H2
O2
scavenger. Conclusion: The extracts of the plants used for diarrhea by Magars of the
study area, have shown antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, diarrhea causing
bacteria. The most effective against Escherichia coli was the extract of Woodfordia
fruticosa. The extract of the plant used for UTI by magars, have shown moderate effect
against UTI causing bacteria. The result also verify local us of Callicarpa macrophylla
against typhoid. These plants also have DPPHradical and H2
O2
scavenging properties.
Woodfordia fruticosa, Flemingia strobilifera and Phanera vahlii could be used for
treatment of UTI along with local use of Tinospora sinensis, Cissampelos pareira and.
Azadirachta indica. In-vitro animal tests are required for these.
Description
Keywords
Antimicrobial study, Medicinal plants, Methanolic extract, Magar community