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Intelligence in internal security : prospects and challenges in Nepal
(2025) Paudel, Ashok; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
This study explores the critical role of intelligence in internal security of Nepal, analyzing its definitions, applications, and effectiveness in safeguarding national interests. Intelligence is examined as a product, process, and mission integral to informed decision-making and
proactive security strategies. Drawing from both Western and Asian perspectives, the study highlights how intelligence is perceived and applied in various contexts, including military, law enforcement, and policy formulation. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing content analysis of legal frameworks, academic literature, and interviews with current and former officials from intelligence and security agencies in Nepal. Findings reveal that intelligence significantly contributes to internal security by aiding strategic planning, resource allocation, and inter-agency coordination. It enables military preparedness, law enforcement effectiveness, and national security resilience by anticipating threats such as cybercrime, terrorism, and organized crime. However, intelligence practices in Nepal face several challenges, including weak legal frameworks, poor coordination, outdated technology, and insufficient oversight mechanisms. The study identifies a lack of clear separation between foreign and domestic intelligence, inadequate real-time information sharing, and limited integration of intelligence-led approaches in law enforcement. Drawing lessons from international intelligence practices such as those of the UK and India, the study underscores the need for Nepal to modernize its intelligence infrastructure, enhance collaboration between agencies, and improve accountability. Strengthening intelligence-sharing mechanisms, investing in advanced surveillance technologies, and ensuring better prioritization in intelligence assessments can significantly enhance national security preparedness. By addressing these gaps, Nepal’s intelligence community can shift from a reactive to a proactive security approach, contributing to a more stable and resilient internal security framework.
Keywords: Intelligence, internal security, law enforcement, national security
Management of private security agencies in Nepal
(2025) Khatri, Amar Bahadur; Bhim Raj Suwal
Management plays a vital role in ensuring the efficiency, accountability and sustainability of organizations, including PSAs. As the demand for private security services increases in Nepal, effective management becomes crucial for optimizing human resources, operational strategies and technological adoption. Level of investment significantly impacts PSAs management as higher investment leads to structured training programs, professional workforce development and advanced technologies while lower investment results in poor service, weak regulatory compliance and limited resource allocation. Additionally, absence of a robust legal framework further complicates PSAs management, leading to operational inefficiencies and lack of accountability. This study explores the challenges faced by PSAs in Nepal focusing on investment disparities, regulatory gaps and workforce management. Using qualitative methods with an exploratory and descriptive design including interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions, the research identifies critical issues such as inconsistent operational standards, lack of coordination with government agencies and weak monitoring mechanisms,all of which are influenced by investment levels. The findings reveal that well-funded PSAs
demonstrate higher operational efficiency, better employee retention and enhanced technological integration but low-investment agencies struggle with resource shortages, high turnover rates and inadequate administrative oversight. Similarly the fragmented legal framework results in weak enforcement, unstructured operational guidelines and poor coordination between PSAs and state authorities. Introducing financial incentives and
investment policies will enhance technological adoption and workforce professionalism. Moreover, developing a comprehensive legal framework with strict licensing, monitoring and compliance mechanisms is essential for improving regulatory oversight and ensuring PSAs contribute effectively to national security. The study recommends policy reforms of existing policies for making comprehensive an apex law, investment in workforce development and improved monitoring systems. Strengthening legal provisions, ensuring digital record-keeping and aligning Nepalese PSAs with global best practices will help create a more structured and reliable security sector. Addressing these challenges will not only improve service quality but also ensure that PSAs function as an integral component contribute meaningfully to national security and public safety.
Keywords: Private security agencies, management, investment, legal framework, operational effectiveness
Social Capital and Performance of Cooperatives in Kathmandu
(2025) Dhakal, Ishwar; Surendra Mishra
This study examines the role of social capital in the success of savings and credit cooperatives in Nepal, focusing on four case studies: Thankot Mahila, Samudayik, Aayam, and Chandragiri cooperatives. Despite their growing importance in financial inclusion, many cooperatives struggle with governance inefficiencies, gender disparities, and financial sustainability. This research addresses a critical gap by analyzing how trust, networks, reciprocity, and shared norms contribute to cooperative performance while highlighting persistent challenges in equitable representation. Using a qualitative case study approach, the study combines financial data analysis (2079-2081), unstructured interviews with 16 stakeholders including board of members, managers, and members, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 16 members. Thematic analysis and comparative financial metrics reveal key insights: (1) Cooperatives with balanced gender representation (e.g., Samudayik) achieve stronger financial outcomes (54% capital growth) than male-dominated models; (2) Externally networked cooperatives demonstrate greater resilience than locally insular ones; and (3) Institutionalized social capital—particularly transparent governance and member participation—correlates with long-term member loyalty (average 12 years). This study demonstrates that social capital serves as the bedrock of cooperative success, operating through four interconnected mechanisms that distinguish member driven finance from conventional banking models. Trust, institutionalized through transparent policies and long-term member relationships, reduces transaction costs and fosters financial resilience—evident in cooperatives like Samudayik, where high
trust correlates with 54% capital growth. Networks determine institutional adaptability; externally connected cooperatives access bridging capital for innovation, while locally embedded models like Thankot Mahila excel in bonding capital for targeted inclusion. Crucially, reciprocity transforms financial transactions into mutual commitments. The save-to-borrow systems observed across cases create inter generational solidarity, ensuring sustainability.
Keywords: Social capital, cooperatives, gender governance, financial inclusion.