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Conflict and resistance in Greta Rana's Guests in this country ; A deveolpment Fantasy
(2024) Pariyar, Sangita; Bal Bahadur Thapa
This study examines conflict and resistance in Greta Rana's allegorical novel Guests in This Country: A Development Fantasy from the perspective of Anti- Orientalist Studies and Subaltern Studies. This study sheds light on the socio- economic crisis, cultural degeneration, and neo-colonial hegemony inflicted on the subalterns. Such discrimination and exploitation make subalterns fight against the dominant elites and continue resisting. Since social and economic status sets the notion of hierarchy within the society, this qualitative study interrogates the dichotomy of theory and practice prevalent even in democratic countries. Surprisingly, the international aid agencies, as guests in Global South, are widening differences between rich and poor rather than enduring its eradication, and thereby, they play a proxy role in neo-colonization under the guise of development. They support the native elites from within the countries. This thesis points out Greta's presumption on the categorization and domination of people pervading caste, and class. In addition to this, the conflicts portrayed in the novel can be observed as resistance to elite domination. Deriving insights from Subaltern Studies and Edward Said's Orientalism, the study explains the resistance of marginalized communities to ruling elites. Keywords: Conflicts, Subalternity, Resistance, Caste discrimination, Untouchability, Hegemony, Resistance
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Floristic Composition and species Richness of Bryophytes along an Elevational Gradient in Annapurna Base Camp Trail, Kaski, Nepal
(2024) Tripathi, Shuhma; Giri Prasad Joshi
The research aimed to document species composition, richness, and habitat distribution of bryophytes along the Annapurna Base Camp (ABC) trail, spanning elevations from 1,650 meters to 4,130 meters. A systematic random sampling method was employed to collect bryophytes specimens from nine strategically selected stations along the elevational gradient. The survey identified 91 bryophyte species across 39 families and 62 genera, with mosses (58 species) being the most prevalent, thereafter by liverworts (30 species) and hornworts (3 species). The Bryaceae and Aytoniaceae families were the most diverse, each represented by eight species. The study revealed a hump-shaped curve in species richness and diversity, peaking at mid-elevations (around 2500 meters) and declining at both lower and higher elevations. Habitat analysis showed that soil was the most preferred substrate (31%), followed by rocks (28%), trees (22%), soil and rock combinations (15%), and tree and rock combinations (4%). This study recommends extensive bryophyte surveys in underexplored areas in Annapurna Conservation Area with relation to different environmental variables. This study provides valuable insights into the bryophyte diversity along the ABC trail, contributing to the broader understanding of bryophyte ecology and conservation in high-elevation regions. Keywords: Bryophytes, Species Richness, Distribution, Elevational Gradient, Annapurna Base Camp.
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