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Factors influencing credit accessibility and smes performance in nepal
(2024) Khanal, Sambridhi; Raghu Bir Bista
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are pivotal to Nepal's economy, driving economic growth and job creation. However, they frequently encounter challenges in accessing credit, which limits their ability to expand and develop. This study investigates the factors influencing credit accessibility and SME performance in the
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The objective was to analyse how collateral security (CS), presence of lending institutions (PLI), literacy levels among SME owners (LL), and interest rates charged (IRC) impact credit accessibility and subsequently influence SME performance. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire administered to 300 SMEs in the region. Correlation and regression analyses were employed to
examine the relationships between these variables. The findings highlight that CS significantly enhances credit accessibility (CA) for SMEs in Kathmandu Valley, emphasizing the importance of robust collateral for securing credit. Conversely, PLI did not show a statistically significant impact on CA, suggesting limitations in institutional support for credit access. LL among SME owners exhibited a marginally significant positive effect on CA, indicating that higher literacy levels could facilitate better credit access strategies. IRC demonstrated a strong positive association with CA, implying that higher interest rates are linked to greater credit accessibility for SMEs in the region. The study concludes that improving collateral security mechanisms and enhancing financial literacy among SME owners are critical steps to enhance credit accessibility in Kathmandu Valley. Policies aimed at reducing interest rates or providing subsidized credit could further improve SMEs' ability to access affordable financing. Strengthening the presence and effectiveness of lending institutions through targeted support and regulatory reforms is essential for fostering a conducive environment for SME growth and development. These findings underscore the importance of tailored policy interventions and institutional support in enhancing SME resilience and economic contributions in Nepal.
Keywords: SMEs, credit accessibility, collateral security, lending institutions, interest rates, Nepal
English Teachers' Roles from the Perspective of the Bhagavad Gita
(2024) Yadav, Dharbendra Kumar; Renu Kumari Singh
he present thesis entitled English Teachers' Roles from the Perspective of the
Bhagavad Gita, was conducted to examine the roles of teachers as specified in the Bhagavad
Gita and draw out pedagogical implications of the Bhagavad Gita in relation to English
language teaching. To carry out this study, I adopted discourse analysis (DA) using a
qualitative research approach. Only secondary data sources were used in this study. Thirtyfive shlokas
from Bhagavad Gita were selected as the sample for the study using a nonrandompurposive sampling
procedure.To collect data, observations were used as a tool, and reading, re-reading, underlining,
and picking up the shlokas of Bhagavad Gita were used as data collection procedures.
The obtained data were analyzed and interpreted systematically using a thematic approach based
on Fairclough's model of discourse analysis (DA).The findings of the study showed that the roles
of teachers as specified in the Bhagavad Gita are inculcating holistic approach to a problem,
sthitaprajna, samatva yogi, swadharmi, lokasamgrahi, be a knowledge provider,illuminator,
simplifier, motivator,choice provider,encouragement for query,a guide and role model.
Additionally,it has been found that methods of teaching are conversational,question-answer,
demonstration, contemporary methods(rational analysis with proper analysis), and
learning-by-doing,and teaching strategies are guru-disciple relationship (good rapport
building),experiential learning, storytelling and metaphors, dialogue and discussion,
and self-reflection and self-discovery which can be implemented for English teacher
professional development.
This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter introduces the study, which
consists of the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study,
research questions, significance of the study, delimitations of the study, and operational
definitions of key terms. The second chapter presents a review of the related theoretical
literature, empirical literature, implications of the review, and the conceptual framework of
the study. The third chapter deals with the methods and procedures of the study, which
includes the design and methods of the study, population, sample and sampling procedure,
primary and secondary sources of data, data collection tools and techniques, data collection
procedures, data analysis and interpretation procedures, and ethical considerations. The fourth
chapter provides an analysis and interpretation of the results. Finally, the fifth chapter
presents the findings, conclusions and implications at different levels and further followed by
the references and appendices.
Knowledge and practice of pesticide used in agriculture and its effect on health of vegetable growers in Mahalaxmi municipality, Dhankuta
(2021) Rai, Anjana; Deep Bahadur Adhikari
Knowledge and Practice of Pesticide Used in Agriculture and its Effect on Health of Vegetable Growers in Mahalaxmi Municipality, Dhankuta District is a representative vision of the reality. Main thrust of the study is to find out the social and economic background of the study area, to analyze the knowledge and attitude and practice on pesticides used among the vegetable growers and to assess the effect of pesticides on health of vegetable growers
This study has mainly based on the quantitative and descriptive research design.In this study, both primary and secondary sources of data have been used Primary data mainly used to present and analyze the Pesticides practices in the study areas. There is 1450 population and 214 household of farmers in the Marekatahare Ghumaune of Mahalaxmi Municipality-1 of Dhankuta. All those were the population of this study area in order to conduct this study. Research has selected 140 farmers applying simple random sampling method (Lottery Method).
Interview was the main tools of data collection. The researcher was made different sets of interview questions for farmers. The interview schedule was pretested in 12 household in Marekatahare Ghumaune 1 of Mahalaxmi Municipality Dhankuta. The tools were modified and finalized according to the advice of the supervisor and pre-test result. In data collection procedures, the researcher personally was visited each of the selected farmers and introduced herself about the study area and explained aim of the visit. The researcher was requested them to answer the questions based on the interview schedule.
Pest control as the application of technology, in the context of biological knowledge, to achieve a satisfactory reduction, it should be appreciated that the decisions whether or not to apply control measures are usually required before pest populations reach the damage threshold. The concept of pest management depends on the population dynamics of the pest and the level of the damage caused by them. The use of pesticides for plant protection has steadily increased. Increasing demands for chemical pesticides resulted in private dealerships selling and distributing pesticides throughout the country.
Pest control procedures may be categorized under different headings such as cultural, biological, chemical etc. However, there is now a strong tendency to use two or more approaches together in a system of integrated control and is called as “Integrated Pest Management”. Integrated Pest Management is therefore, can be defined as blending of two or more control measures in order to control pests below economic injury level.
The seasonal appearance of pest during tea cultivation necessitates timely management of the crop through pesticides. Pesticides due to it’s highly toxicity adversely affect the balance between pest and their natural enemies like predators and parasitoids on many crops; including tea. An avoidance of pesticide during the main period of predator activity is desirable but in vegetable the periods of the activities of the major pests and their predators get synchronized at different density levels. However, care should be taken not to overdose on pesticides because these can lead to a high residue level of toxic substances in the vegetable. Pest that commonly attack vegetable crops includes grasshopper mites, thrips, jassids, moth, beetles and defoliating caterpillars. The presence of pesticide residues in food commodities has always a matter of serious concern. The level of pesticide residue in foodstuffs are generally legislated so as to minimize or unnecessary intake of pesticides.