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Drought and Forced Migration in the Mahabharat Shadow Range: A Case of Ramechhap, Nepal
(2025) Ghising, Dipak; Bijaya Mani Devkota
The study focused on analyzing the "Drought and Forced Migration in the Mahabharat
Shadow Range: A Case of Ramechhap District, Nepal." The drought is also one of the most
significant consequences of climate change, which has impacted agricultural livelihoods in
rural areas of Nepal. Therefore, the study focused on assessing the effects of drought
frequency and intensity on agrarian livelihoods, examining the role of drought as a primary
factor influencing forced migration among local households, and analyzing the socio economic
impactsof drought-induced migration on households that migrated. Hence, to
measure these objectives, a quantitative research design has been employed through a
household survey using a structured questionnaire. The data were collected from Ward No.
4 of Khandadevi Rural Municipality, Ramechhap District, Nepal, from a sample of 197
household respondents. The data were collected using the Kobocollect application between
July 10 and 20, 2025, totaling 207.
The study findings indicate that recurrent droughts every year statistically significantly (p
<.001) influenced household major crop production, with 91.8 percent of household
respondents reporting a decline due to scarcity of irrigation water, pests, and diseases.
Besides, the animal husbandry business, household food supply, income generation, and
school attendance of children have also been severely affected due to drought and its
resulting migration. Among the total household respondents, 43.5 percent of households
experienced family member migration due to the impacts of drought on the agricultural
system. Also, 59.9 percent of respondents reported forced migration. Meanwhile, bivariate
and multivariate analyses revealed a statistically significant association (p < .001) between
drought severity level, high farming costs, and type of migration. Household respondents
facing severe drought are 7.78 times more likely to migrate forcibly. The destination of
migration has a significant effect (p < .001) on school attendance among children and
increases social and family responsibilities among households with migrant members. This
study concludes that drought is not only an environmental stressor or a result of climate
change, but it is also a significant contributing factor to livelihood stress, forced migration,
and social change. The findings suggest developing an integrated plan to address drought
preparedness and mitigate the risk of frequent drought in the local area. Also, invest in
exploring climate-resilient agricultural technologies and diversifying agricultural patterns
and cycles.
Strategles Employed by Nepalese EFL students' to Overcome english speaking Anxiety
(2025) Bhattarai, Sushila; Resham Acharya
The study, entitled Strategies Employed by Nepalese EFL Students to Overcome English Speaking Anxiety, was conducted to explore the English-speaking anxiety of Nepalese EFL students and specific strategies they utilized to manage their English speaking anxiety. Employing a qualitative approach and phenomenological
research design, the research utilized in-depth interviews with four purposively sampled students from
Central Department of English Education, Tribhuvan mUniversity to gather first hand data for the study.
Recorded data were analysed through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that Nepalese EFL
students experience significant English-speaking anxiety, primarily due to limited exposure to English and
they fear to try because they have fear of making mistakes and negatives judgment from peers and
teachers. The analysis of the data revealed that the students actively combat this anxiety through various
techniques, including self-talk or self-directed practice, various relaxation techniques, and consistent
preparation and rehearsal. Additionally, they improve their vocabulary and fluency by listening to English
podcasts or interviews and feel confident in a supportive environment. This thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the Introduction of the study including background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives, research questions, significance, delimitations, and operational definitions. The second chapter presents a comprehensive overview of relevant theoretical and empirical literature and their implication for the study, along with a conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with the methods and procedures of the study including research design, sample and sampling strategy, research tools, sources of data, data collection and analysis procedures, and ethical considerations. The fourth
chapter focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the data, while the final chapter summarizes the key findings, presents the conclusion, and offers suggestions for policy, practice, and future research.
Factors Affecting Oral Proficiency of Madhesi Students in EFL Learning
(2025) Chaudhary, Satya Narayan; Guru Prasad Poudel
This is a study on Factors Affecting Oral Proficiency of Madhesi Students in
EFL Learning. It aimed to identify the factors affecting oral proficiency of grade 10
Madhesi students and to take account of speaking activities used by teachers to
engage students in speaking practices. The study was conducted in Kotahimai Rural
Municipality, Rupandehi. The sample size of the study comprised fifty students who
were selected using simple random sampling procedure. It followed survey research
design and mixed method methodology for the analysis and interpretation of the data.
The data was collected through survey questionnaire and interview. The findings of
the study showed that Madhesi students have been facing significant challenges in
learning English because of phonemic, morphological, syntactic and pragmatic
differences between students’ mother language and English. A major sociolinguistic
barrier was the language gap between students and their mostly non-Madhesi
teachers, which made students hesitant to ask questions in their native language.
These linguistic difficulties were compounded by classroom anxiety and a lack of
self-confidence, creating interconnected obstacles that severely hindered the
development of spoken English. The findings indicate the necessity for a holistic
approach that could address both the linguistic and psychological aspects of learning
English to improve oral proficiency among Madhesi students.
This study has been subsumed in five chapters. The first chapter consists of
background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research
questions, significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational
definitions of key terms. The second chapter deals with the review of related
theoretical literature, review of empirical literature, implications of the study and
conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with design of the study, population,
sample and sampling strategy, research tools, sources of data, data collection
procedures, data analysis procedures and ethical considerations. The fourth chapter
consists of analysis of data and interpretation of results and the summary of findings.
The fifth chapter consists of conclusion and recommendations. Recommendations
have been presented in policy related, practice related and further research related.
The final part of the study consists of references and appendices.