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Exploring the bacterial communities in the soils suppressive to Fusarium wilt of banana Tropical Race 4
(2026) Pandey, Basanta; Pramod Poudel
Banana is one of the most traded agricultural commodities globally. With the discovery of Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) also known as Panama wilt caused by a soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubesne (Foc), it has raised concern for the future of banana industry globally. Among all the races of Foc, Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is considered to be more devastating. The pathogen has been spread globally and the discovery of disease in major banana growing districts of Nepal such as Nawalparasi (West), Kailali and Chitwan, has raised a threat upon Nepali banana industry. With no effective control methods developed so far, researchers are looking for the robust biological management for the disease. In this study, four different soil types were used to evaluate the natural suppressive potential of the soils. Soils from various ecosystem such as virgin land, healthy banana field, diseased field and the autoclaved sterilized soils were used to evaluate their suppressiveness for FWB in greenhouse. The banana plants grown on virgin soil showed significantly the least disease revealed by area under disease progress curve and disease severity index which was 12.83±17.38 and 16.67±12.91 respectively for the first trial and 10.5±15.8 and 25±15.81 respectively for the second trial as compared to sterile soil which showed 78.17±54.39 and 75±38.73 respectively for the first trial and 100.91±52.63 and 87.5±20.91 respectively for the second trial. These different soils were then subjected for DNA extraction after which they were proceeded for 16S amplicon sequencing. From the results, it was observed that the virgin soil had balanced distribution of key antagonistic phyla such as Proteobacteria (30%), Firmicutes (15.23%), Actinobacteria (13.71%) and Acidobacteria (12.53%) and which contributed to the suppressiveness nature of virgin soil against the pathogen. The findings suggest the potential usage of bacteria belonging to these phyla for the control and management of TR4 in consortium. The results further clarify the role of native soil microbiomes in the management of soilborne pathogens such as Foc TR4 for sustainable food production.
Assessing the community-based disaster management practicesin Godawari municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal
(2026) Ghimire, Suresh Prasad; Ramesh Raj Pant
Disasters like floods and landslides are huge problem in Godawari municipality, but the perception of people about the risks are still under studied. This study aims to find the understanding of local communities about flood and landslide disaster, the traditional practices they use to manage those risks and the challenges they face to solve disaster related problems. A mixed-methods approach was used, where a household survey of 384 respondents from theeach wards along with interviews of ward chairpersons and municipal officials. The findings show that while people recognize flood and landslide as a serious community issue (mean score 3.67 out of 5), their perception of personal risk remains surprisingly moderate for both floods (2.87) and landslides (2.82). So basically, they think it's a problem but not really their problem. About 60% of people said they think these disasters are getting worse. Almost half the people (46%) said they use some kind of traditional method like building stone walls for, planting bamboo for, or taking care of community forests to cope with landslides and floods. However, only 15% are actually keeping up with these practices properly. Most people have either stopped or only do it sometimes now. But those who still do it say it is effective. The biggest problems people mentioned were that there's not enough awareness aboud DRRM (63.50%), the drainage systems have also been perceived as a problem (50%), road construction is making things worse (45%) and there's basically no early warning system that works (43%). Budget and lack of technical capacity were the main reasons that hindered their protection against these disasters. Different wards have different situation as some wards faces severe challenges compared to other wards where challenges are minimal.Ward 7 had the highest landslide exposure, while Wards 5 and 6 had the most floods. Ward 13 had the lowest trust in institutions and almost no early warning systems. Ward 12 was most worried about river encroachment. Overall, there is a gap between people's awareness of disaster risks and their actual preparedness and that traditional practices are being lost just when formal systems remain too weak to replace them. The findings suggest that disaster management in Godawari needs to be ward-specific or basin specific rather than treating it uniformly and that local knowledge should be formally recognized and supported before it disappears completely.
Guthi system: continuity and change among the Newar community in Khokana, Lalitpur, Nepal
(2026) Dangol, Rajya Laxmi; Pasang Sherpa
This dissertation examines the historical foundations, institutional dynamics, and contemporary transformation of the Guthi system within the Newar community of Nepal. Traditionally rooted in land-based religious endowments, the Guthi system has long functioned as a key socio-cultural institution regulating ritual practices, social cohesion, and community governance.
The research primarily adopts a qualitative approach combining field survey data, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies. The analysis has been guided by structural function, and social change theory to interpret how embedded cultural dispositions interact with structural pressures. The findings indicate that although the economic and organizational bases of many Guthis have weakened particularly due to land fragmentation and changing participation patterns, the institution still continues to demonstrate significant adaptive capacity. Rather than disappearing, many Guthis are undergoing hybrid restructuring, shifting toward contribution-based financing, flexible participation, and modern committee management while retaining core ritual and identity functions.
The research work concludes that the Guthi system continues as a dynamic and evolving indigenous institution situated between tradition and modernity. Its resilience is sustained through embodied cultural practices (Habitus), community negotiation, and selective institutional innovation. The thesis contributes to broader theoretical debates on institutional change by challenging linear modernization narratives and highlighting the importance of practice-based adaptation in sustaining indigenous socio-religious systems in rapidly changing societies.