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Ritualistic Ceremony in Thiden Tradition of Tulku in the Himalayan Buddhist Communities
(2025) Sherpa, Dorjee Susil; Poonam Rajya Laxmi Rana
Not available
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Percelved impact of teacher Professional development on students' Learning Achivement
(2026) Giri, Sumitra; Resham Acharya
This study, entitled “Perceived Impact of Teacher Professional Development on Students’ Learning Achievement”, which aimed to discover the extent of impact of teacher professional development on learning achievement of students in the classroom. The researcher adopted a phenomenological research design to conduct the study. Five secondary-level English teachers from five community schools in Tarakeshwor Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal, were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The Results shows that professional development is a crucial component to bring about a positive change in instructional strategies, classroom management, lesson planning, reflection, and so on. As a result, the teachers also noted an increase in the level of student participation, engagement, and, consequently, academic learning and performance of the students. The results of this research highlight the importance of ongoing, contextual, and applied professional development to enrich the quality of instruction in community schools. The study highlights the need for teacher professional development to be supported by the institutional setting, teacher mentoring, and collaboration with others to make it possible in the classroom. The information generated from this research is expected to be beneficial in helping policymakers and schools plan effective and sustainable teacher professional development programs.
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Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical specimens and detection of toxA, exoY and oprL Virulence Genes
(2023) Ojha, Tek Raj; Pramila Parajuli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become one of the most common cause of hospital and community acquired infections. It is hazardous to worldwide public health because of its great potential to develop antibiotic resistance and also it contain several virulence genes. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in clinical settings, examine its susceptibility to antibiotics and detect the presence of virulence genes (toxA, exoY and oprL) in all P. aeruginosa isolates in clinical specimens (urine, sputum, blood, CSF, body fluid, tissue, pus, swab, catheter tip and stool) collected from patients visiting Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences. It was a crosssectional study carried out from June, 2022 to December, 2022. Total 1356 clinical specimens were collected and tested bacteriologically using Gram staining, culture techniques and biochemical tests. The modified disk diffusion method was applied to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and conventional PCR was used to evaluate the virulence genes in all the confirmed P. aeruginosa isolates. 40.5% specimens showed bacterial growth in which only 3.02% were identified as P. aeruginosa. Among them, 61% were multidrug resistant and 29.2% were β-lactamase producers. Aztreonam (70.7%) was the most effective antibiotic. The result highlighted that 56.1% isolates were toxA positive, 68.3% isolates were exoY positive and 61% were oprL positive. The strategic interventions are required to stop the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance as a result of the isolation of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates carrying these virulence genes. This study provides data about phenotypic and genotypic properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and can be beneficial for the medical staff and the entire community to build a surveillance system and enhance infection control procedures. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; antimicrobial resistance; virulence genes