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सल्यान आठहजार क्षेत्रका लोकगीतमा अलङ्कारविधान
(2025) Pun, Dambar Bahadur; Jibendra Dev Giri
सल्यान आठहजार क्षेत्र सल्यान जिल्लाको कपुरकोट गाउँपालिका र रोल्पा जिल्लाको त्रिवेणी गाउँपालिकाभित्र पर्दछ । यस क्षेत्रको नामकरणका सम्बन्धमा अनेक भनाइ भए तापनि सल्यान राज्य नेपालसँग एकीकरण भएपछि यस क्षेत्रबाट सरकारले आठहजार रुपैँया कर असुली गर्ने भएकाले यस क्षेत्रलाई आठहजार क्षेत्र भनिएको हो भन्ने धारणामा केही सत्यता भेटिन्छ । लोकले मौखिक रूपमा जीवित राखेको लोक हृदयको अकृत्रिम, स्वतःस्फूर्त, सुकोमल, लयात्मक एवम् गेयात्मक अवैयक्तिक अभिव्यक्ति भएका लोकगीतहरू यहाँ पाइन्छन् । यी लोकगीतमा सातामूल, घुरखोला, झेबाङ, नेर्पा, सिम्पानी, बयलडाँरा, दयाधुरी, शङ्खमूल, शारदा, थर्कोटजस्ता स्थानीय भूगोलको चर्चा र बेलौती (अम्बा), चुकिलो अमिलो), बल्ला (गोरु), जाइन (बच्चा) जस्ता स्थानीय भाषिकाको प्रयोग भएकाले यी लोकगीतहरू यस क्षेत्रकै भएको कुरा प्रमाणित हुन्छ । काव्यमा शब्द र अर्थको सौन्दर्य वृद्धि गर्ने तŒव अलङ्कार सिद्धान्तका आधारमा यी लोकगीतको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यस शोधकार्यका लागि सामग्री सङ्कलन गर्न स्थलगत कार्य र पुस्तकालयीय कार्य गरिएको छ । सल्यान आठहजार क्षेत्रका लोकगीत सङ्कलनका लागि गुच्छ नमुना छनोट विधि, हिमगोल नमुना छनोट विधि र स्थलगत कार्यअन्तर्गतका प्रश्नावली विधि, सामूहिक छलफल विधि, विद्युतीय माध्यमद्वारा अन्तरक्रिया विधि, आमने सामने वार्ता विधि र अवलोकन विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । यसरी सङ्कलन गरिएका लोकगीतबाट अलङ्कारको सघनताका आधारमा उद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट विधिबाट लोकगीतको छनोट गरिएको छ । अलङ्कारयुक्त लोकगीतको विश्लेषणका लागि सैद्धान्तिक पक्षको चर्चा गर्दा निगमनात्मक विधि र लोकगीत अध्ययनका लागि विश्लेषणात्मक विधि अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । लोकगीतको अध्ययनबाट लोकस्रष्टाले आफ्नो भाषिक अभिव्यक्तिलाई आकर्षक र प्रभावकारी बनाउन शब्दालङ्कार प्रयोग गरेको, लोकगीतलाई रागात्मक र मर्मस्पर्शी बनाउन अर्थालङ्कारले महŒवपूर्ण भूमिका खेलेको र लोकगीतमा पर्याप्त मात्रामा काव्यात्मक सौन्दर्यको प्राप्त भएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । यसप्रकारको परिणामको प्राप्तिका लागि अलङ्कार अध्ययनको सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचा तयार पारी सङ्कलित लोकगीतको विश्लेषण, मूल्याङ्कन र समीक्षा गरिएको छ । यसका लागि तीनओटा शोधप्रश्नका आधारमा लोकगीतको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । पहिलो शोधप्रश्न समाधानका लागि विभिन्न आचार्यहरूले चर्चा गरेका शब्दालङ्कार लक्षणहरू उल्लेख गरी ती शब्दालङ्कारहरू ण लोकगीतमा कहाँ कहाँ प्रयोग भएका छन् भन्ने कुराको वर्णन गरिएको छ । त्यसपछि यस क्षेत्रका शब्दालङ्कारयुक्त लोकगीतका उदाहरणहरू प्रस्तुत गरी त्यसमा अन्तर्निहित तथ्यका रूपमा रहेका प्रस्तुति, भाषा, शैली, गति, यति, लय, संरचना, थेगो, समास र द्विŒवजस्ता शैलीशिल्प सौन्दर्यको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अध्ययनका क्रममा लोकस्रष्टाले आ नो भाषिक अभिव्यक्तिलाई मिठासपूर्ण, आकर्षक, प्रभावकारी, लयात्मक, शोभायमान, कलात्मक र चमत्कारपूर्ण बनाउन लोकगीतमा शब्दालङ्कारको प्रयोग गरेको तथ्य भेटिएको छ । यस अध्ययनको दोस्रो शोधप्रश्न समाधानका लागि विभिन्न आचार्यहरूले चर्चा गरेका अर्थालङ्कार लक्षणहरूको उल्लेख गरी ती अर्थालङ्कारहरू लोकगीतमा कहाँ कहाँ प्रयोग भएका छन् भन्ने कुराको चर्चा गरिएको छ । त्यसपछि अर्थालङ्कारयुक्त लोकगीतका उदाहरणहरू प्रस्तुत गरी त्यसमा अन्तर्निहित तथ्यका रूपमा रहेका विषयवस्तु, भावपक्षको प्रस्तुति, प्रयोजन, सन्देश वा उद्देश्यजस्ता आन्तरिक संरचनागत पक्षको मूल्याङ्कन गरिएको छ । लोकगीतको मूल्याङ्कनका क्रममा यस क्षेत्रका लोकस्रष्टाले लोकगीतमा प्रयोग गरेका अर्थालङ्कारले यी गीतलाई सौन्दर्यपूर्ण, भावात्मक, रागात्मक, सुकोमल, सुन्दर, ललित, उक्तिवैचित्रपूर्ण, उपदेशमूलक, हृदयस्पर्शी एवम् मर्मस्पर्शी बनाउन उल्लेखनीय भूमिका निर्वाह गरेको भेटिएको छ । यसरी नै तेस्रो शोधप्रश्न समाधानका लागि अलङ्कारयुक्त लोकगीतमा काव्यात्मक सौन्दर्यको अध्ययन गर्ने क्रममा रस, रीति, ध्वनि, वक्रोक्ति, विम्ब, प्रतीक, काव्यगुण, शब्दशक्ति आदिको समीक्षा गरिएको छ । अलङ्कार सिद्धान्तका आधारमा यी लोकगीतको अध्ययन गर्दा यस क्षेत्रका अलङ्कारयुक्त लोकगीतमा अन्तर्निहित तथ्यहरू शैली सौन्दर्य र अर्थ सौन्दर्यको विन्यासबाट जन्मने कलात्मक आभूषण यहाँका लोकगीतमा भेटाइएको छ । यस क्षेत्रका लोकगीतमा पाइने अलङ्कारहरू रसादिको अङ्ग बनेर ध्वनिकाव्यको अर्को रूप गुणीभूत व्यङ्ग्यका रूपमा प्रस्तुत भएका पाइन्छन् । यसरी गरिएको प्रस्तुत अध्ययनले प्रकाशमा ल्याएका सामग्रीहरूले विभिन्न विषयका अध्येताहरूलाई विशेष लाभ पुर्याउने देखिन्छ ।
Basic needs, life satisfaction and policy responses on senior citizens in Bharatpur metropolitan city, Chitwan
(2025) Subedi, Laxman; Tika Ram Gautam
This study attempts to study basic needs, life satisfaction and policy response with regard to senior citizens in Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan. It examines the multiple facets of old age, in terms of access to basic needs, level of overall life satisfaction, and state responses, including social security provided. Ageing is, on one side, senescence while on the social side, it means changing roles and relationships. As people grow old, their needs change. Using Maslow's (1970) hierarchy of needs, basic needs were defined as food, shelter, wearing clothes, personal hygiene, healthcare support as well as entertainment. The availability of these needs is analysed by caste/ethnicity, economic class, social status and gender.
Life satisfaction is a subjective assessment of overall wellbeing, which has a physical, psychological, and social dimension and is a key aspect of successful ageing. The research measures life satisfaction in accordance with the satisfaction of basic needs. Government policies, specifically the Senior Citizens Act (2006) and Regulation (2008) are reviewed to be able to understand how well they are helping in the cause of the elderly welfare and improving the quality of life. This research is based on a post-positivism philosophical paradigm. A mixed-method research (MMR) design was used of a quantitative-dominant research design that was complemented by qualitative research. The quantitative part of the research mainly explores the basic needs and life satisfaction of the elderly, while the qualitative part of the research adds some depth and interpretive details of the context, specifically as to the policy responses and lived experiences.
The field study was done in Bharatpur Metropolitan City (BMC), in the Chitwan District, central Nepal. Among the 39270 total numbers of senior citizens 344 of them were selected as the sample size of the study. It was figured out by using a common formula of random sampling (with 95 percent (confidence) level, 5.25 percent (of margin or error, population proportion 50 percent). The overall availability of the items of food, clothes, shelter, personal hygiene, health care support and entertainment were generally found good whereas the availability and consumption pattern of food determined by the cultural values of the senior citizens. In the study, the availability of the shelter was found around 90 percent and 98 percent having access to clothing irrespective of caste or ethnicity. Around four-fifths of the senior citizens said they had family support when it came to health care and personal hygiene. Support for entertainment activities was relatively lower with less than 80 percent of people in all ethnic groups having adequate access.
The overall level of satisfaction with respect to availability of the items of food, shelter, clothes, personal hygiene, family support in health care and entertainment against senior citizens were found to be less than 50 percent on average across caste/ethnicity, economic class, social status and gender. An exception was found in participation with cultural and religious activities; senior citizens belonging to lower economic classes were found to be more satisfied with participation in activities like singing Bhajans and Kirtans. The results of the finding suggest that the level of satisfaction in senior citizens could not be that corresponding to the material availability of resources. Social connections, age friendly community, emotional well being and cultural engagement seems to play a critical role in influencing the perception of life satisfaction among the elderly.
The impact of old age allowance on the wellbeing of elderly citizens in Chandragiri municipality, Nepal
(2025) Aryal, Jenish; Laxman Subedi
The old age allowance program in Nepal plays a critical role in sustaining its increasingly aged population. As more than 10 percent of population is now over the age of 60 years old, this shift of rising number of elderly has created pressure on government of Nepal to implement various social security programs. The findings showed that the allowance significantly contributes to economic security, social dignity, and health access for seniors. Specifically, it enables beneficiaries to meet basic needs, improves their financial independence, and increase greater respect within families and communities. The result suggests that the old age allowance has helped senior citizens to meet their basic needs, feel more independent, and gain respect within their families and communities. However, there are some problems like rising prices, payment delays and citizenship issues limit its impact especially for the older adults who are in poverty. This study uses a mixed-methods approach by combining surveys and in-depth interviews to get both numbers and personal stories about the allowance’s impact on elderly. It analyzed the impact of allowance on supporting everyday expenses, healthcare, and social connections. The study suggests increasing the allowance to match inflation by maintaining access and also by adding the support such as healthcare and community centers. These changes could improve the life for Nepal’s elderly and support the policies that help them age with dignity.