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Effectiveness of Collaborative Method in Learning Mathematics at Secondary Level
(2025) Aanand Prashad Joshi; Ram Chandra Ghimire
This thesis entitle ―Effectiveness of Collaborative Method in Learning Mathematics at Secondary Level‖ aims to examine the effectiveness of the
collaborative learning method in improving students' mathematical achievement at the secondary level. The research was conducted at Helambu Bodhisattva Model School and Ichok Secondary School, located in Helambu Rural Municipality-6, Ghopteghang, Sindhupalchok, Nepal by adopting experimental research design. 20 students of grade IX from each school were selected randomly and assigned into experimental group and control group by tossing a coin. The experimental group was taught mathematics using the collaborative method and the control group and taught using traditional lecture-based method. The intervention lasted for 20 school days and both groups were evaluated through a pre-test and post-test focused on algebraic expressions, linear equations, Meanwhile, qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with four students from experimental group. This study investigated the effectiveness of a collaborative learning method on students' mathematical achievement. Pre-test scores confirmed both the experimental and control groups were statistically equivalent. However, post-test results revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group's performance, with an average gain of 11.55 points compared to the control group's 5.5 points. A t-value of 11.136 confirmed this difference was statistically significant. Qualitative data from interviews further supported these findings, showing that the collaborative method enhanced student engagement, critical thinking, and conceptual understanding. The study concludes that collaborative learning significantly improves mathematical achievement and recommends integrating it into secondary-level curricula, especially
in public and rural schools where traditional teaching is prevalent, to foster deeper learning.
Social Wellbeing and Happiness among Ageing Population of Kirtipur Municipality, Kathmandu
(2024) Kharel, Jyoti; Tika Ram Gautam
Social wellbeing refers to the quality of relationship and interaction of a person with
others in society including sense of belonging and the level of satisfaction with their
social interaction and happiness is a positive emotional state where a person feels joy
and satisfaction with their life, which are the important factors helping to foster
healthy and happy lives of growing aging population in Nepal. This study aims to
explore the status and correlation of social wellbeing and happiness among ageing
population using a mixed-method approach including surveys and interviews
integrated through Social Wellbeing Standards (Keyes, 1998) and Oxford Happiness
Questionnaires (Hills and Argyle, 2002). Purposive sampling design has been used to
identify and select the sample population of 120 individuals over 60 years of age
among which 55.8% are males and 44.2% are females of Kirtipur Municipality, ward
number-10, Kathmandu, Nepal. The data collected has been analyzed using SPSS and
interpreted with Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient, independent sample t-test and
F-test (ANOVA). The study has revealed most of the aging population (47%) is with
moderate social wellbeing and least of the aging populations (18%) are with higher
social wellbeing. The most of the aging population of this study are with moderate
happiness (31.7%) and least of the aging populations (18.3%) are found with low
happiness. The correlation between the social wellbeing and happiness has been found
positively correlated (r=0.277) indicating the positive connectivity of social wellbeing
and happiness. The comparison of mean value between social wellbeing and gender is
significantly different (p=0.001) between males (3.35±0.81) and females (2.84±0.80)
indicating males have more social wellbeing than females. The mean value difference
between social wellbeing and migration status of the aging population has revealed
the significance difference (p=0.000) between locals (3.48±0.76) and migrants
(2.82±0.80) indicating locals have more social wellbeing status than the migrants. The
mean value difference among the caste groups with Brahmin/Chhetri, Janajati and
Dalits and social wellbeing is obtained significantly different (p=0.000) with Dalits
having higher level of social wellbeing (3.82±0.63) compared to Brahmin/Chhetri
(2.88±0.80) and Janajati (3.37±0.80). The mean value difference among the social
security allowance receiver is found significantly different (p=0.001) with the higher
social wellbeing of the pension receivers (3.4±0.80) than ageing allowance receiver
(3.02±0.82) and non-receivers (2.52±0.68). The mean value difference among the past
occupation variables with social wellbeing is found significantly different (p=0.024)
having respondents with local works as past occupation with higher level of social
wellbeing (3.6±0.75) compared to government jobs (3.44± 0.81), agriculture
(3.04±0.82), foreign employment (3.16±0.78), INGO’s/NGOs (3.24±0.82), local
business (2.81±0.68) and housewives (2.77±0.84) with least social wellbeing status.
The study has outlined the most of the respondents with moderate happiness (31.7%)
and least of the respondents are found with low happiness (18.3%). The comparison
of mean value between happiness and gender is significantly different (p=0.03)
between males (4.29 ±0.15) and females (3.77 ±0.17) indicating males have higher
level of happiness compared to the females. Respondents with higher level of
education are found significantly happier (p=0.011) with the mean and standard
deviation (4.82±1.36) compared to Illiterate (3.85±1.16), Secondary Level of
education (4.23±1.31) and primary level of education (3.53±1.76) with least
happiness. The comparison of mean value among the social security with happiness
allowance receivers has been obtained significantly different (p=0.045) with the mean
and standard deviation value of (4.49±1.33) compared aging allowance receivers
(3.86±1.24) and non-receivers (3.83±1.26) with least happiness among the groups.
Male found with higher social wellbeing and happiness is due to traditional
patriarchal Nepalese society where men hold more authority in decision making,
education, employment and property ownership and it fosters their social wellbeing
and happiness. Lack of access to education, employment, opportunity in social
activity and freedom to community gatherings females have lower social wellbeing
and happiness compared to males. Locals have high level of social integration, sense
of belongingness and connectedness to enhance their social wellbeing and migrants
find hard to adjust inn different culture and tradition which hinders their social
wellbeing. The caste groups with higher social wellbeing have been contributed by
their local status, strong social network, sense of belongingness, supportive friends
and neighbors, shared responsibilities and recipient of social security allowance in the
form of pension and ageing allowance. Past occupation contributed to the affirmation
in the society though the dignity of the professions and networks created along with
the financial security due to intergenerational continuity of the occupation and
recipient of the pension. Higher the education more confirmed is the happiness status
since the education provided the broad sense of adaptation, sense of financial
autonomy and contribution to the society through the community programs. The
social security measures like ageing allowance and pensions provide the financial
regularity and stability, dignity and reduced dependency. The familial connectedness,
community engagement programs, ageing friendly urban planning and development,
formation of Retired Professional Clubs (RPC) to utilize the skills, knowledge and
experiences, awareness programs including digital literacy and technological
interferences, expansion and continuation of social security schemes by Government
of Nepal and Social Welfare Programs including engagement of aging population in
academic institution through book free day, community based programs like
bhajan/kirtan, mediation, counseling etc. by provincial and local governments are
envisioned interventions required for the better social wellbeing and happiness of
aging population.
Political Symbolism in George Orwell’s Animal Farm
(2025) Wanem, Karishma; Jib Lal Sapkota
This study examines Animal Farm through the lens of semiotics, interpreting
the novella as a political allegory that communicates complex ideological messages
through signs and symbols. It takes theories from Roland Barthes, who writes symbols
as ideologically created cultural signifiers shaped by codes, myths, and ideology that
uncover hidden power relations. Charles Baudelaire, who believes symbolism to be a
poetic device that causes moral, religious, and political truths that are impossible to
state directly and Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who perceive symbolism within
cultural production as a symptom of material circumstance and class warfare. Within
this framework, Orwell's text encodes political meaning into setting, object, and
character to denounce totalitarian regimes and revolution ideal treachery,
particularly in the Russian Revolution and Stalinism. Stalinist government is
embodied in Napoleon, the Seven Commandments change as ideological tools, and
the windmill symbolizes empty promises of progress. The farm itself is a mini-state
ruled by propaganda and coercion. In reading the semiotic systems contained in these
works, the study reveals how Orwell uncovers political deception structures and the
erosion of justice and truth and ultimately establishes the continued timeliness of
Animal Farm as a work commenting on authoritarianism and the semiotics of
political oppression. Each element within the text, from the individual of Napoleon (as
a signifier of Stalinism) to the evolving Seven Commandments and the symbolic
windmill capabilities as a signal machine that constructs and conveys political
meaning. Through this semiotic framework, the study reveals how Orwell’s use of
allegorical signs and symbols exposes the mechanisms of political deception and the
erosion of reality and justice. Ultimately, this semiotic analysing enhances know, how
of Orwell’s narrative techniques and underscores the enduring relevance of Animal
Farm as a complicated critique of authoritarianism and the semiotics of political
control.
Keywords: Semiotic, Allegory, Imagery, Symbolism, Satire, Paradox, Political Power
Dynamics, Authoritarianism