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Rural to urban migration, place attachment, and support to the place of origin in Pokhara Nepal
(2022) Tripathi, Yuba Raj; Bhim Raj Suwal
This study reveals the rural migrants support to their gaun in respect to place attachment. This study aims to explore internal migrants’ support to their gaun (place of origin) who are currently associated with samas (migrants’ associations) as urban dwellers at current place of living that is Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. It also identified their rural to urban migration, place attachment and support to the place of origin.
This study has been set out in a culturally diversified settlement of internal migrants at Pokhara Metropolitan City Ward Number 13, Kaski, Nepal. Out of 22 Samajs which were found by internal migrants at current place of living, 14 samajs were selected purposively and 301 households were proportionately selected using systematic random sampling. And respondents were selected conveniently. Explorative and descriptive research design was applied because it explained the supporting situation by the migrants.
Place attachment was examined on the basis of their supports on infrastructure, education, income generating activities, sharing of ideas and networking for rural development. Respondents having monthly income less than average, those who were not related to political parties and janajatis visit their gaun frequently.
By applying multiple linear regression test; sex, caste/ ethnicity (Brahmin and Chhetri), religion, types of family, numbers of the family members, education, occupation, monthly family income, political participation, distance by road (in travelling hours) between current place of living and gaun and land at gaun have positively significant association on support. Furthermore, it also found that in-terms of caste/ethnicity (with reference to Brahmin and Chhteri), frequency of visit at gaun during last 12 months and monthly income of the households were found determinants of support.
These findings revealed that place attachment was admirable and migrants involved maintaining old social networks as well as in maintaining attachment to their gaun with money, shramdan, materials and networking are also be concerning source of rural development. Migrants were supporting their gaun from the city in the past and will have support in the future too.
Nepal Malaria Eradication Program
(World Health Orgaingation and National Communicable Disease Center, USA, 1968) Report of 1968 Independent Assessment Team; .
Contribution of Agro forestry to sustainable livelihoods in bethanchwok rural municipality, Kavrepalanchok, Nepal
(2024) Timsina, Tirtha Raj; Kanhaiya Sapkota
This study investigates the contribution of agro fo restry in promoting sustainable livelihoods in Bethanchwok Rural Municipality, Kavrepalanchok District, Nepal. This research is based on the pragmatist philosophical view point that utilize a convergent mixed-method approach, data were collected from household surveys, key informant interviews, and field observations which are supported by secondary sources such as scholarly publications, governmental and municipal records. Considering entire municipality as a study universe, a total of 356 sample were selected employing stratified sampling technique to cover the different areas of the selected study area whereas 14 key informants were purposively selected covering the commercial farm producers, agribusiness, local representative and intensive farmers. The research identifies agro forestry as a transformative practice that shifts from subsistence-based to commercially oriented systems, enhancing food security, income diversification, and environmental conservation. Key findings highlight the diverse benefits of agro vforestry, including its contribution to soil conservation, biodiversity, and resilience to climate-induced challenges. However, challenges such as inadequate policies, limited market access, and insufficient local governance were identified as significant barriers to its full potential.
The study employs the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to analyze agro forestry's impacts on various livelihood assets, including natural, social, financial, and human capital. Integration of forestry and agriculture jointly fosters diversified income opportunities, enhances productivity, and mitigates environmental risks through agro forestry. This research recommends policy reforms to address market and governance gaps, capacity-building initiatives for local farmers, and investment in infrastructure to facilitate commercial agro forestry. The research concludes that agro forestry is indispensable for sustainable rural development in Nepal, aligning with broader goals of environmental sustainability and economic resilience. It emphasizes the importance of participatory approaches, aligning local practices with scientific innovations to maximize agro forestry's potential.
Key Words: Agro forestry, sustainable livelihoods, Bethanchwok, income diversification, food security, climate resilience.