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Radefining African American Identity in Alex Haley's Roots
(2024) Lama, Sangeeta; Maheswor Poudel
This research paper critically examines Alex Haley’s Roots and discusses how it redefines
African American identity. In doing so, it tries to show how African Americans were
traditionally perceived. Subsequently, this paper challenges those stereotypes and re-
establishes their identity. To achieve it, Critical Race Theory is employed as a theoretical
modality. Under Critical Race Theory, the concepts of black consciousness as discussed by
Frantz Fanon in Black Skin, White Masks and double consciousness as stated by W.E.B Du
Bois in The Souls of Black Folk are applied. The paper reveals how the spirit of black
consciousness and double consciousness is expressed in Roots and how these concepts in
turn play roles in redefining African American identity. It also shows that the characters in
the novel are exposed to brutatlity in the face of slavery but they endure every pain and
hardship; therby showing firm resilience and pride which forge their identity in a new light.
Again, taking Roots as a representative text in which there is a story of a single African
American family, the thesis has served as a medium to broadly redefine the identity of whole
African American community. The institution of slavery dominated and marginalized African
Americans and to justify their inferiority, they were stereotyped. This research work,
however, by challenging those stereotypes and in turn redefining their identity sees the
African Americans as the empowered ones. This shows it aligns with the spirit of black
consciousness and in larger sense, with the idea of Critical Race Theory. Therefore, a deep
exploration of African American identity has been carried out.
Keywords: African-Americans, Identity, Black consciousness, Double-consciousness,
Stereotype and Slavery
Interpellation of an individual in Henrik Ibsen's An Enemy of the People
(2024) Bhattarai, Shyam Hari; Khem Raj Khanal
This research paper explores the reason for 'interpellation of an individual' in Henrik
Ibsen's realistic problem play,An Enemy of the People. Interpellation isdefined as
transforming an individual into subject either by the ideological influence or forcibly.The
problem play is a type of drama that deals with the controversial social issues in a realistic
manner to expose social ills and to arouse discussion upon such issues. In the play,
playwright Ibsen has portrayedthe protagonist Dr.Thomas Stockmannin such a way that
Louis Althusser's notion of interpellation can be applied in the play. In the reader's or
audience's eye, Stockmann is a hero, but the Baths community treats him as an enemy. He is
announced as their enemy because of his medical finding and his attempt to expose it to the
public. He is announced as an enemy because he goes against the municipal head's order,
against the financial prosperity of the whole Baths' community and people. In capitalist
society, monetary or financial value is counted as the most important part of life. This
research paper claims that in the name of capital gain and financial prosperity, the people of
Baths and the professionals who are in power as municipal head or other stakeholders are
trying to hidethe pollution of the river of Baths that is harmful to the tourists taking bath
there. The interpellation ofan individualhas been done in such a way thatDr. Stockmannis
announced as an enemy of the people so that he shall be boycotted from listening bythe
community. Toaddress the research question of how and why an individual is interpellated in
the play, this papermajorlyuses the insights of Louis Althusser.
Key Words: Interpellation, Enemy, Individual, Subject, Ideology, Capitalism
Co-existence of Humans Animals and Land in Steinbeck's the Red in Pony and Tortilla Flat
(2024) Dhungel, Bharat; Jib Lal Sapkota
This research examines ecological consciousness in the major charactersfromtwo
fictions of John Steinbeck’sThe Red PonyandTortilla Flatfromeco-critical perspective.
Bothfictions endeavor the interconnection of human and natural world through land and
animal resources.The protagonistsand other characters from both fictions show their concern
aboutbeing ecologically conscious through their behavior. Their way of livingfulfillsthe
requirement of integration and harmony with the natural world.Due to thisthe selected
primary textsThe Red PonyandTortilla Flatfocuson the ecological consciousness
throughout the life ofcharacters.The argument developed inthis research isthe
interconnection among land, animals,andhumansfor their peaceful co-existencefrom the
ecological consciousness of the majorcharacters.Human beings' existence is dependenton
the environment and animals. Similarly,animals’existences in the fictions relyupon land and
nature. The separation of animals and humanbeingsfromthephysical environment is almost
impossible. Simultaneously, the existence of nature orland isinsignificant without the
existence ofanimals and human beings.For analysis, eco-criticaltheoristssuch asAldo
Leopold,Peter Singer, Lawrence Buell, Bill Devall and PaulTaylor‘s insights have been used
as theoretical parameters to analyze the primary texts.Bothprimary texts, through their
diverse narrative lenses, advocate for recognition of the natural world's inherent value and the
requirement of ecological awareness.