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Item ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF ISOLATED Staphylococcus aureus FROM PANEER SOLD IN KATHMANDU(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) KHANAL, VAGYASHREEPaneer is a fresh acid-set, non-aged, non-melting soft indigenous food made from curdling milk. Safety of dairy products is an issue of public health in Nepal. Staphylococcus aureus is an food borne pathogen of importance in dairy products. The main aim of this study is to detect microbial quality of paneer marketed in different localities of Kathmandu district. In present study, 30 paneer samples were randomly collected from dairy shops from 5 different locations in Kathmandu (Bafal, Kalanki, Naikap, Sitapaila and Thamel) during April to May 2022 and processed at laboratory of of Microbiology, Amrit Campus. Microbial analysis of paneer was done by Total bacteria count and total Staphylococcal count S. aureus were identified by biochemical tests and their antibiotic susceptibilty test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results obtained from this investigation revealed that out of 30 samples, 39.9% in Total Bacterial Count (TBC) was above specification. Among 30 samples, 29 samples showed Staphylococcus spp. growth and of those only 12 confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus . Among them 6 (20 %) exceeded specification of 100 cfu/gm. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of S. aureus showed 100% sensitivity towards Cotrimoxazole and Gentamycin and Levofloxacin, whereas resistance towards Chloramphenicol (8.3%), Cefoxitin (8.3%), Tetracycline(8.3%), Penicillin G (41.6%), Ampicillin (16.6%), Nalidixic acid (41.6%) and Azithromycin (16.6%). MRSA was detected in 1(3.34%). This study concluded that maximum number of sample exceeding microbial specification and antibiotic resistant isolates were reported from Naikap. Irresponsible and over use of antibiotics has lead to an increased the presence of multidrug Regular microbial quality monitoring of marketed paneer should be carried out by authorized Institution of Government of Nepal. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and control the quality marketed in Kathmandu.Item ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITYTESTING OF ISOLATED COLIFORMS FROM PANEER MARKETED IN KATHMANDU(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) PRADHAN, MANISHAPaneer is a valuable dairy product due to its high nutritional value, distinctive texture, and flavor makes it a good meat substitute. Poor hygiene during preparation, storage and handling of foods including dairy products can lead to microbial contamination in developing nations like Nepal. The aim of this study was to screen microbial quality of paneer and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility testing of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. Here, 30 paneer samples were randomly collected from dairy shops and other different locations in Kathmandu and samples were processed at Department of Microbiology, Amrit Campus during April to June 2022. Serial dilution of sample was performed and by using pour plate method, total coliform count and thermotolerant coliform count was determined. All isolated organisms were identified by various biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of coliforms was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In this study, 16.6% of paneer samples were within requirements of DFTQC and FSSAI with maximum count of 4.5×105 cfu/gm and thermotolerant bacteria with maximum count of 9.6×104 cfu/gm. Coliforms isolated from paneer were Escherichia coli (46.9%), Klebsiella spp. (37.5%) and Citrobacter spp. (15.6%). Thermotolerant coliforms were Escherichia coli (58.5%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.8%), Klebsiella spp. (17.6%) and Citrobacter spp. (11.8%). All isolates of total coliforms (n=32) and thermotolerant coliforms (n=17) showed 100% sensitivity towards Gentamycin and Cotrimoxazole. Resistance towards Ampicillin (40%), Cefoxitin (30%) and Azithromycin (30%) were shown by thermotolerant E. coli. Resistance towards Cefoxitin (66.7%), Azithromycin (33.3%) were shown by thermotolerant Klebsiella spp. The highest resistance for E. coli was found in Azithromycin (40%) and Ampicillin (40%) in total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. However, no multiple- antibiotic resistant was found in isolates of total and thermotolerant coliforms. The majority of the paneer samples in this investigation did not meet the microbiological requirements. Sitapaila provided the greatest number of microbiologically acceptable samples, whereas Naikap provided the least number. Thus, it is necessary to monitor and control the quality of paneer sold in Kathmandu.Item Assessment of bacteriological quality of underground water from Kathmandu, Nepal and antibiotic.................(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Shah, Nilu KumariItem BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN KATHMANDU NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Gautam, Manisha