Humanities & Social Science

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    Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy for Small Developing Countries : A Case Study of Nepal”
    (Faculty of Economics,Claremont Graduate University, California, 1998) Maskay, Nephil Matangi
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    Human Resource Development
    (Faculty of Social Sciences, 1999) Shrestha, Mangala
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    Feminist Concerns In The Novels Of Willa Cather
    (Banaras Hindu University, 1999) Sharma (Timilsina), Gajab Kumari
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    A Case Study of Birendra Multiple Campus Library (BMC) Chitwan
    (Central Department of Library Science, TU, Kirtipur, 1999) Adhikari, Mahendra Prasad
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    People's Participation in Local Development Planning: A Study of Five Districts in the Western Development Region
    (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2000) Sharma, Prem
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    Party Building in Nepal: The Nepali Congress Party and The Communist Party of Nepal, Unified Marxist-Leninist
    (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2000) Hachhethu, Krishna
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    धुस्वां साय्मिया नेपालभाषा उपन्यासय् शिल्पविधि {Dhuswan Saymmiya Nepalabhaṣa Upanyasay Silpavidhi}
    (नेपाली तथा नेपालभाषा शिक्षण समिति, 2001) वज्राचार्य Bajracharya, चन्द्रमान Chandraman
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    Socio – Economic Condition of Nepalese Child Labor in Restaurants- A Case Study of Kathmandu Metropolitan City
    (Department of Economics, 2003) Khanal, Dipak
    Not Available
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    A Study of Prevalent Stress and Life Satisfaction Among Five Star Hotel Employees in Nepal
    (Department of Psychology, 2004) Neupane, Gopilal
    This research has two pronged aims. The first aim is to develop life Event Inventory after collection of stressful life events from 800 sample of professionals (N=700) and students (N=100). The Nepalese life stress Inventory was administered on 10.18% employees (N=250) sample from all (six) five star hotels. Systematic random sampling technique was used to represent the population universe of 2455. The sample (N=250) consisted of males (N=208) and females (N=42). Methods of study usedwere Standardized Questionnaire: Locus of Control Inventory (Rao, 1985), General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Williams, 1988), Life Satisfaction Scale (Warr, 1989), informal interview and participatory observation. The second aim is to compute analysis of variables, showed that married employees were less stressed, enjoyed good health and showed more satisfaction in life than unmarried. Married were found to be more internal than the unmarried. Married were high risk takers. Employees from terai were high internality oriented than the employees from Hill and Mountain. Urban employees showed high internality than the rural employees. Similarly Sino- Tibetan employees showed high internality. Female employees also showed high internality, good health andhigh life satisfaction. Further attempts were made to test hypotheses. The difference of stress score in males and females were not found significant (null hypothesis was retained). There was positive and significant relation between life satisfaction and locus of control. The difference of stress due to gender (biological) was not significant. Employees scoring high in internality showed high life satisfaction. The mean score of life events at hill region was greater than mean score of life events at mountain and terai. Pearson correlation between life satisfaction and general health was significant. Stress has negative effect on the well-being. In covariate analysis age has significant effect on life satisfaction, and religion has effect on health. The interaction effect of work experience and salary together has the significant relation to life satisfaction.
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    Impact of Microcredit Programmes on poverty Alleviation in Nepal A Case Study of Rupandehi District
    (Department of Economics, 2005) Bashyal, Rama
    Loans from formal institutions to the disenfranchised and those without any financial security were always taken as an impossible idea. In light of this thinking, a new approach known as microcredit programme was developed thirty years ago. The term “microcredit,” which used to refer only to credit-focused programmes, has now gradually transformed to“microfinance,” a broader concept dealing with credit, savings, and insurance. And these services are provided by the formal microfinance institutions (MFIs) governed by certain act sand rules. Widespread context of rural poverty in the country, emergence of large numbers of MFIs,and the increased volume of loan investment are rationale of the study. Since the late seventies or after the Sixth Five Year Plan, (80/81), the poverty alleviation approach was integrated into the country’s mainstream financial system, recognising microfinance as an official poverty alleviation programme. The sector gained further momentum after restoration of democracy in 1991 with the establishment of Grameen Bikas Banks (GBBs) in the five development regions.Since that period, other different forms of MFIs have been set up. The Nepalese microfinancesector currently comprises a wide variety of models e.g., cooperatives, the private and thegovernment-owned GBBs/replications, government supported microfinance programmes, and authorised financial intermediary non-government organisations (FINGOs). Focus on women’s empowerment in the study is justified on the ground that the greater proportion of credit disbursed by various programmes is being offered to women. And women can be empowered only when they are benefited both with quantitative as well as qualitative change in their living standard along with improvement in the gender equity aspects like benefit sharing between female and male members of the household. Furthermore, mass poverty and its impact on valuable resources (mainly forest) on the one hand and the absence of sustainable policy implementation on the other are other major concerns of the study. While addressing this important issue, the study has shown the link between microfinance and forest resource management. 5 Though income is one indicator of socio-economic impact, it is much problematic tomeasure the income from small borrowers’ enterprises. Therefore, researcher has tried to assessthe result using beneficiaries’ expenditure pattern on food, clothing, health care, children’seducation, and their control over credit and income generating activities as important indicators.Women’s influences on important household decisions like family planning, marriage of theirdaughters, family cooperation, self-confidence, and savings mobilisation are used as empoweringtools. The increased benefits (change) in these aspects can fulfil the individual needs of thewomen reflecting their ability to benefit from programme participation. Change in householdenergy types and future plan by the programme participants and non-participants are otherindicators used to assess indirect impact on forest resource management/conservation. The quantitative and qualitative information presented in the study is based on a case studyof Solidarity Group Lending MF model (Grameen type), i.e. Nirdhan Utthan Bank Ltd. Threeprogramme-operated adjoining Village Development Committees (VDCs) in northern Rupndehidistrict (Devdaha, Kerbani, and Makarhar) were selected for field study purpose. The programmeparticipants and non-participants (all women) were interviewed by administering a set ofstructured questionnaire designed so as to compare the advantages of the programme. The impact analysis was done using “with” and “without” programme situation. The programme participants included 130 clients of NUBL of ages 20 to 45, all of whom were economically homogenous, and who had at least four years of participation in the credit programme. In the absence of baseline information, client respondents were asked to compare their pre-credit socio-economic conditions with that of the present using “before” versus “after”intervention method. The sample for non-client groups included new members of the same microfinance institution. For study purpose, non-clients were defined as new members (non-active members) of the NUBL who just submitted the loan proposals. Both client and non-client respondents were randomly selected for the interviews. Value of the indicators was also compared across the ethnic groups of people/indigenous nationalities using the same method. With clearly defined objectives and indicators, the result derived from the study show that average size of landholding among the credit groups increased by 20 percent in all 6 caste/ethnic groups. Previously, 48 percent of households owned various types of land (khet,bari) which increased to 69 percent after programme intervention. The average size of the landholding was also found to have increased from 0.107 hectares per household to 0.336 hectares resulting in the net increase of 0.229 hectare (a 214% change) after the 4/5 year period.But this size is very small compared with the average national and district (Rupandehi) figure swhich are 0.789 and 0.896 hectares respectively (CBS, 2004). The number of loan cycles or total amount of loan was found to have positive relationship with land accumulation. The clients who received more than Rs. 40,000 total loan,now own land. This implies that this amount helped the landless women to acquire land for themselves and build settlement. In the case of other household asset accumulation, the figures show that house, livestock, and household utensils increased by 13, 6 and 12 percent respectively. From the food sufficiency perspective, the programme intervention brought drastic change in household nourishment level. The overall percentage of food sufficient households increased from 48 to 93 percent making a net increase of 45 percent. By ethnicity of total households surveyed, 50 percent additional indigenous nationalities (Janajatis) and hard corepoor (Dalits) in the study area became food sufficient. Findings in response to social impacts indicate that more than 60 percent of respondent sreported an increased expenditure on housing, health care, and education irrespective of caste/ethnicity the highest being on housing (752%), a trait which strangely was displayed by only 4% of the clients, most of whom were Janajatis. The field observation also showed that the housing expenses of this small portion of population did not include the actual construction of the houses since they were using no outside labours in the construction process; the family members themselves built the homes. In addition, observation showed that housing expenses of the high caste groups remained unchanged. In the case of the schooling of the children, 86%respondents sent their children to schools. They were found to have access to more years of schooling for both female and male children equitably. However, caste/ethnicity has hindered the equitable increase in the access to livelihood assets. Regarding the findings in response to natural resource management, more than 20 percent 7 clients’ households had started using alternative energy sources like bio gas, improved stove, and kerosene instead of firewood for cooking purpose after joining the credit programme. They reported that they changed their energy types mainly because of time constraints owing to their microfinance-related businesses. Another reason given was that since their children, both sons and daughters were going to school, they did not have time to collect firewood from the forest.This indicates that clients are more conscious than the control group in using relatively health ierand time saving sources of household energy. This use of alternative sources of energy helps indirectly to reduce the dependency on forests for household energy. But overall findings of the study suggest that there are differences across groups of individuals. For example, the hard core poor did not change their use of firewood or grass/fodder at all and the high caste groups had the greatest percentage drop in the use of these resources. The results derived from the study suggest that microfinance has improved family’s well-being by increasing household’s food sufficiency level, asset accumulation, and children’s education. It has been credited with empowering women by increasing their self-confidence and decision-making power with influenced family status, family cooperation,households pending,and by increasing their social capital by joining some type of community-based or non-government organisations. Moreover, the access to credit not only gave woman opportunity to contribute to the family business but she could also deploy it to assist the husband’s business that increases her prestige and influence within the household. But it must not be thought that all loans are used for entrepreneurial activities.
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    Tense, Aspect and Modaliy in Nepali and Manipuri
    (Department of Linguistics, 2005) Poudel, Tikaram
    This dissertation explores the morpho-syntax and semantics of tense, aspect and modalityin Nepali and Manipuri. We adopt the definition of tense as the grammatical coding of an event or state in relation to the time of speech. Aspect refers to whether a particular action is completed or not and that action terminates or not at the reference time. Modality refers to the speakers’attitudes towards the proposition. The meaning of each of the three categories is described based on data collected by the researcher and from published sources. The approach that we adopt here presupposes that every sentence in a natural language consists of a proposition, the element of modality and temporal reference. Realis and irrealis arethe two semantic sub-domains of modality. This modal contrast is expressed by means of moods,modal verbs and the inherent modality meanings of lexical verbs. Nepali has mood distinction between declarative and non-declarative. The declarative sentences have tense contrast of past or non-past and aspectual contrast of perfectivity and imperfectivity. The non-declarative sentences may be potential, imperative and optative. In Manipuri the mood distinction is between realis andirrealis. Realis sentences can be aspectually perfective or imperfective. Both languages havemodal verbs to express different modal meanings such as ability, epistemic notion, possibility,necessity, etc. Different lexical verbs have different modal scopes over their complementsexpressing certainty, presupposition, doubt, etc. The approach that we adopt for aspect covers the notions such as lexical aspect,perfectivity, terminativity and sequentiality. The discussion on lexical aspect explores the effectof inherent meanings of verbal group on the aspectual distinction. The term perfectivity is limitedwithin the morphological level and includes the notions such as completives, anteriors,resultatives and past time markers. The term terminativity operates in the clausal level and has both verbal group and nominal arguments in its scope. The term sequentiality is a discourse level property and we illustrate it from the textual analysis from modern Manipuri fiction. Nepali has tense contrast between past and non-past in declarative sentences. We argued that Manipuri is a tenseless language. Hence, tense is not a universal category.
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    Socio-economic status of women (A case study of rural women of Dharmasthali VDC in Kathmandu District)
    (Department of Rural Development, 2005) K.C., Nabin
    Women in Nepal experience marginalization at social, economic and political levels which impinges on their health, education and legal status. Our social belief is that women are basically inferior and their labour and efforts are less valuable than that of men. Women are still behind men economically and socially due to patriarchal and conservative norms of the society. The objective of the study is to examine the socio-economic status of women of Dharmasthali Village Development Committee. The specific objectives are follows: To analyze socio-economic condition of the women in the study area, to assess the status of women in rural household, to assess and examine the levels of awareness of women and to examine the role of women in agriculture. The study has been carried out in 38 households. To select the respondents random sampling technique was used. The study is based primarily on the information collected during the field survey in the study area by administering questionnaire, interview and observations. The findings may not be generalized to the national level. Women are disadvantaged politically, legally, socially and economically. Providing women with education, job training and basic services to ease household responsibilities are ways to empower women. The wide range of utilization and exposure of mass media made them consciousness about the events of the surroundings. Agriculture is the important source for the livelihood for the majority of the women. It is found that women lives remained centered on their traditional roles- taking care of most household chores, fetching water and animal fodder and doing farm. The economic contribution of women is substantial, but largely unnoticed because their traditional role was taken for granted. Their employment outside the household generally was limited to planting, weeding, and harvesting. The findings of the study are as follows. 1. It is found from the study that the inter caste marriage has been accepted in the society. 34% of the women said that they got married to the inter caste family where as majority 66% of them said within their caste. Nuclear family has been dominantly preferred rather than the joint family. Usually joint family has been the choice of the illiterate women. 2. The literacy rates of women are 53 percent. Even though they are literate it’s the male dominated societies. But it still indicates and proves that it's patriarchal society where in the male is very powerful and female are dominated no matter how educated the female is in the family, they are more exploited and get less access in terms of health, education, employment & other areas. The reason of women inferior & their labour regarded less valuable is due to the illiteracy, conservative tradition & poverty 3. It is found that women have been the instrumental factor both in household and agricultural activities even though they are less respected and has low socio-economic status. Apart from it, the role and status of women are very much confined within the household activities as house wives. The study shows that female shares the activities along with the male counter part. Women are neglected while making the decision may it be either household activities or external affairs. 4. The level of awareness in terms of sanitation, balance diet and family planning is 82%, which means the level of awareness is high in the society. 97 % of them urged that there should be legal provision made for the reservation of seats for women in the education, employment, health and political sectors. 100% of the women used the electricity and tape water as the sources of energy & drinking water which suggest that they are using the basic infrastructure facilities. 68% of the women used fire woods for cooking, which suggested that fire woods are widely utilized as the sources of fuels for cooking because of the wide spread availability of fire woods which saves money. 5. Degradation of the environment increases the work load of the women. The extensive work load is due to the responsibilities of the house hold and agricultural activities. 6. Women of the study area suggested that education as the instrumental factor for the improvement of the role and status of women in the society; the lack of education that prevents the women from solving the problems physically and mentally. This study shows that female is less literate and is neglected in every field. Within the family, an educated woman did not necessarily hold a higher status than her uneducated counterpart. The overall status of women is much lower as compared to their male counterparts. Despite of exposure and access to basic infrastructural facilities in the sector of mass media, health and sanitation, yet women's lives remained centered on their traditional roles--taking care of most household chores, fetching water and animal fodder, and doing farm work. The discriminatory attitude among parents towards a son and a daughter is much less. But of the parents, especially the uneducated ones seem to have very high preference to sons. The illiterate women of the study area preferred the joint family. The recommendations are; Provide women with an education, job training. Practice public speaking, practicing public speaking is one way to give women confidence to speak their minds and contribute to conversations and decision-making within and outside the household. The government, INGO and NGOs have to implement the program that would encourage the young children to go to school, improve the laws to increase women's rights and provide women with micro-credit to start their own businesses.
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    Trade Unionism in Nepal Development and Role
    (Department of Economics, 2005) Gautam, Rudra Prasad
    Nepal is one of the least developed country in the world with diverse topography and landlocked by the two highly populas and emerging economic powers (China and India). It has 23.1 million populations (2001), which is growing rapidly (more than 2% per annum)during the last three decades. About 90 percent of the labour force is concentrated in theinformal sector, mainly in agriculture. Overall employment in the country is not increased but the labour force is growing by 300 thousand annually. Consequently unemployment and under employment is serious in the country which leads to increase in level of poverty of its population. Trade union is the universal and spontaneous form of labour movement as the outcome of the capitalism in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries though ancient type oftrade union movement were in existence during fourteenth century too. Different scholars,trade unionists and institutions, define trade union differently but all they are concentrated mainly on the economic well being of the workers. The trade union movement not only varies in different countries, regions as well as continents but also varies from one period to another within the same country. There is no overall plan and universal accepted model of trade unions. Similarly the pattern of development, structure, organisation and objectives of the trade unions may vary. As a result of the growing importance of the trade union movement the trade unionists in almost all countries in the world realised the need of international cooperation and organisation to support it. World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) was organised in February 1945 as an international trade union center as a result of long efforts of national centres. Since the formation of International Confederations of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) in 1949 national trade union federations have led further separation and exist partly competitiveness belonging with WFTU, ICFTU, and WCL (World Confederation of Labor). All the unions of the SAARC have several common characteristics such as low levelof union density, direct political affiliation, and fragmented union movement mainly because vii of political affiliation. Labor legislations are enacted but implementation part is very weak in all SAARC countries. The declining trend in the trade union membership all over the world especially in industrialised counties is not fully within the control of trade unions. Change in technology and its effects on employment are beyond the control of union but with some other changes union could have responded better and minimized the damage. The history of Nepalese trade unions goes back to 1947. The formation of ANTUCrecognized in 1950 was the first trade union federation in Nepal. During interim period few trade union centres were organised openly but they did not got legal status during thisperiod. The Panchayati rule forcefully imposed NLO instead of trade unions in 1963. After 19 year of continuous repression, in 1979 the historical mass movement gave rise to more than half dozen trade unions. But because of lack of enough coordination and understandingamong trade unions of different sectors, the formation of national center could not made possible. The General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (GEFONT) has formally been registered as the first national trade union confederation in the country after the enactment of the Trade Union Act, which was established in 1989 as a follower of ANTUC. With the reestablishment of multiparty democracy in 1990 ban on trade unions waslifted. Consequently they start their activities openly. Immediate after the restoration of multiparty democracy Nepal Trade Union Congress (NTUC) came into existence as a follower of BWU. The trade union movement of modern lines came to be organized only after the enactment of Trade Union Act 1992 while ban on trade union was lifted and theywere recognized legally.Since the end of the 1997 the total number of registered trade unioncon federations reached three with the registration of Democratic Confederation of Nepalese Trade Unions (DECONT) separated from NTUC. Similarly large number of national federations and enterprise level unions are registered in different Regional Labour Offices. Since last few years union registration in informal sector and service sector is growing. As a result the number of enterprise levelunions increased rapidly after the introduction of Trade Union Act. With the second viii amendment of the Trade Union Act in 1999 it has become possible to unionise the informal sector workers too including agricultural workers and even self-employed. The Trade Union Act 1992 clearly explained distinct three-tire system of tradeunions in Nepal. They are:Enterprise Level Trade Union, Trade Union Federation and Confederations.During the short period of time Nepalese trade unions have been acquired a lot of improvements in various issues. Among them increase in membership, militancy,collective bargaining capacity and the changing attitude of the society towards trade union isconsidered as remarkable strengths. But Nepalese trade unions are suffering from various weaknesses such as low membership, multiplicity of unions on the one and on the other inter and intra union rivalry among unions, weak financial position, weak leadership, low level of wages, remarkable unemployment and underemployment situation in the country, etc. As a result of various awareness raising programmes training, workshop, education programmes, research and exposure programmes directed to the human resource development programmes conduced by the trade unions within a short period, the general workers, members and activists of trade unions from grass root to confederation level have been benefited. On the one the current changing environment of occupational structure made the gap between workers and management wider and wider on the other temporary, part time and seasonal workers has increased remarkably. It is evident that the proportion of white-collar employment has increased with the change in the occupational structure. Both of these situations are not favourable for union development. After the restoration of multiparty democracy Nepalese trade unions are raising voicein each and every aspect of labour welfare but preferably they focus on the issues of minimum wage, job security, social security, working conditions, occupational safety and health, unfair labour practices, fundamental trade union rights, etc. Significant proportion of trade union leaders and general workers belongs to the young age group (20-39). Role of themigrant workers (internal and external) is significant.Union leaders are partially satisfied with the provision of workers’ welfare included in the Trade Union Act 1992 but not satisfied on the implementation part. ix Different workers and union leaders evaluate trade unions and its activities differently. There is a diverse view regarding the beginning of the trade union movement ofNepal. Some had opined the trade union movement was developed on the influence of the trade union movement of India, where overwhelming majority viewed it was due to the internal necessity. Trade union movement of Nepal has been grown fast during last one decade mainly due to lift the ban on trade unions after the restoration of the multiparty democracy in 1990 and especially with the enactment of Trade Union Act in 1992. Along with the development of trade unions the socio-economic condition of the workers has increased though it is little.But still trade union movement of Nepal is facing various problems for its smooth functioning to fulfill its goal. The role of trade unions varies country to country. The variation depends upon thestage of economic and social development of the country, the strength of trade unions,institutional set up of the society in which they work, social responsibility of the union and capacity to reconcile it to their members. Nepalese trade unions have continually given emphasis to their common voices that the provisions of the existing labour laws are still not sufficient to safeguard the interests of the workers. On the other implementation and monitoring side of the existing labour laws is very weak and it become a major demand of the trade unions of Nepal. Trade union is not only a militant organisation to fight for workers’ welfare but alsoa social organisation and since last few years working for the moral, educational and cultural upliftment of the member of the society along with their economic welfare of the workers.They hope the workers will be benefited through the social development being a member of the society. There is a great debate on the issue whether trade union is a political organisation or professional organisation. Generally it is used to be saying that a trade union could not be apolitical institution but on the other it also could not be separate from politics. Thus tradeunion has to carry out various roles related to politics. x Trade union movement of Nepal reached in the present stage by passing different stages during its more than 50 years’ history. The nature of trade union’s role may differ in the past, present and future as the pace of change in the socio-economic and culturalsituation of the country that is accepted by all. Based on the present national and international situation it is assumed that trade union could not survive in the future without changing their role according to the changing situation of the country as well as abroad.Thus to sustain and strengthen trade union movement Nepalese trade unions should have to be directed their activities mainly to focus on policy issues addressing the negative effect of globalisation on trade union in the present context. Lastly, it can be conclude that Nepalese trade unions prefer to keep their individual identity but join hands with each other in certain issues of the workers. As a temporaryalliance they discuss among themselves various issues of common concern but such discussions cannot be viewed as a move towards merger of trade unions. The trade unions in Nepal do not confine their role merely to workplace issues. They frequently raising national issues in different forum but they do not have a common platform for voicing their opinion. In the present changing context both the unions and employers should have to agree honestly on participative management to save the establishment and employment of the working mass in the coming years. The study has suggested a number of proposals for the further development of the trade unions and research on various labour issues. Among them concept of workplaceunionism, regular allocation of budget for the workers’ organisation to conduct welfare activities, prioritization of women friendly programmes more effectively, address the wageissue preparing wage index for the workers working in different sectors and places, timely amendment and effective implementation of labour laws, extension of solidarity issue nationally and internationally, materialize the concept of single union to avoid the weaknesses caused by the multiplicity of the unions, implementation the concept of labour-management participation, organisation of a common platform of both the white and blue-collar workers are the major recommendations. Similarly, it is necessary to widely research on various aspects of the trade unions by the government, management and trade unions as well.
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    यो प्रेम १’ नाटकको शैलीवैज्ञानिक अध्ययन {Yo prem 1 natak ko sailibaigyanik adhyayan}
    (नेपाली विभाग, 2005) निरौला Niraula, प्रतिक्षा Pratikchya
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    मोतीराम भट्टका पौराणिक काव्यकृतिको अध्ययन {Motiram Bhattka Pauranik Kabyakritiko Adhyayan}
    (नेपाली विभाग, 2005) क्षेत्री Chhetri, कुलबहादुर Kulbahadur
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    काठमाडौं उपत्यकाका कुसले जातिको सामाजिक तथा धार्मिक जीवन र परिवर्तनका स्वरूपहरू {Kusale Caste of Kathmandu Valley Social and Religious Life and Forms of Change}
    (नेपाली इतिहास, संस्कृति तथा पुरातत्व विभाग, 2005) कुँवर Kunwar, धन बहादुर Dhan Bahadur
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