Zoology

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/135

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Breeding and ................
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Khanal, Deewa
The study was carried out in the induced breeding and rearing performance of Indian Major Carps (Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) at Fisheries Development Center, Bhandara, Chitwan from June to September 2022. The embryonic development from egg to fingerlings as well as fecundity rate, GSI, fertility rate, hatching rate, survival rate, and growth of both species were studied. The Ovaprim hormone at a ratio of 0.25 ml/kg for male and 0.5 ml/kg for female of Rohu and Naini were administrated. The fecundity of Rohu and Naini was observed between 227,540 to 675,000 and 161,400 to 608,400 while GSI was between 10.33% to 19.74% in Rohu and 10.71% to 28.15% in Naini respectively. The latency period observed was 7-8 hrs whereas the hatching occurred after 17-18 hrs. A total of 6 hapas (3 for Rohu and 3 for Naini) of 1×1×1m3 were used to study the growth of fish and 100 hatchlings were kept in each hapa. The fertility, hatching, and survival rate were 82.28-87.27%, 73.91-83.33%, and 62-73% in Rohu and 79.63-87.88%, 77.90-83.90%, and 59-75% in Naini respectively. The correlation between the length and weight of fish was found near 1 which represents a similar relation and the value of regression coefficient ‘b’ ranged from 2.1 to 2.5 showing negative allometry. The condition factor (K) and relative condition factor (Kn) were found >1 in both fish which shows proper growth of the fishes.
Breeding performance and rearing of Bhakur ..................
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Gurung, Soniya
The study of breeding performance and rearing of Catla catla was done in Pure Line Fish Breed Conservation and Promotion Resource Centre, Rupendehi, Nepal from July to November 2020. Fishes were spawned successfully following a single dose of ovaprim with 0.5ml/kg for female and 0.25ml/kg for male. The spawning behaviour was observed after 8 hours of hormone treatment at temperature ranges from 29-31°C. The hatching occurred after 13 hours of fertilization. The experiment was conducted in three replicas of 1×1×1m3 hapa. The fecundity was 142,400 to 324,800 while Gonado somatic index was 5.12-8.88%. The fertilization, hatching and survival rate were 77.78%, 65.25% and 44.1% respectively. The pH ranges from 7.6 to 9.8, dissolved oxygen 5.0mg/lt to 8.6 mg/lt and temperature 25.8-37.1°C. The water quality parameters were suitable for breeding and rearing of Catla catla and the ideal weight of female was found 4.5 kg.
DIVERSITY OF INSECT POLLINATORS AND THEIR ABUNDANCE ON Brassica campestris L. (MUSTARD CROPS) IN PANCHKHAL, KAVRE
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Shrestha, Punam
Insect pollination is the most crucial ecosystem service that insects give, resulting in ecosystem sustainability and continuity. The study was conducted to explore the diversity of insect pollinators and their abundance mustard crop; Brassica campestrisin Panchkhal. The study was conducted in the flowering periods of the crops (November, 2019 - January, 2020). A total four sampling plots were as selected sampling sites with each size 10X10 m2 were established with the inter-distance of 100m-200m between two consecutive plots. Insect diversity and individual counts wereconducted in two activation periods(10:00am to 12:00 pm, and 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm). The pollinator insects of the mustard crops- B. compsestrisincluded 15 insect species belonging to four orders, Hymenoptera (38.28%), Diptera (32.75%), Coleoptera(17.93%) and Lepidoptera (11.49%). In terms of species richness of pollinators in both the mustard crop, Lepidopteransdominated the field. However, Hymenopterans were registered highest in context of relative abundance. The most prominent insect pollinators wereApiscerena from the order Hymenoptera (27.49%) whereas the insect pollinators recorded from Lepidoptera Pieriscanidia,andJunonialemoniasdominated the fields. The peak foraging activities of most of insects were observed during day time. This study revealed that the Hymenopterans were the major pollinators followed by Lepidopterans. However, the pollinators would be increase if the disturbances like anthropogenic stresses have been controlled
FISH DIVERSITY OF RAPTI RIVER, CHITWAN, NEPAL
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) TAMANG, SAGAR
The present study was conducted in Rapti River of Chitwan District located between latitudes of 27°20’ to 27°52’N and longitudes of 83°55’ to 84°52’E. The field visit was conducted from 23rd February to 28th June, 2020. Samples were collected from four stations, i.e. Manahari, Lothar, Kumroj and Sauraha for fishes and physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, DO, water velocity and pH. Fishes were collected with the help of well-trained local fisherman, by using a cast net of varying mesh sizes (6mm, 2cm). A total of 36 fish species were collected belonging to 5 orders, 11 families and 24 genera. The Cypriniformes was the dominant order with 24 species representing 65.71% of the total collection, followed by Siluriformes (8 species, 22.85%) and Anabantiformes (2 species, 5.7%). Each of Beloniformes and Synbranchiformes was collected a single species representing 2.85 % respectively. The highest species richness (9) was recorded at Kumroj and lowest species (3) at Manahari in rainy season. Similarly, the highest species richness (8) was recorded at Manahari and the lowest species (4) at Sauraha in winter season. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index was high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Manhari (1.055) in rainy season. It is high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Lothar (1.298) in winter. In rainy season, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.75) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.611) was at Lothar. In winter, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.768) was found at Kumroj and the lowest (0.702) was at Lothar. In rainy season, the highest Margalef’s index (2.09) was found in Kumroj and the lowest (1.243) was at Manhari. In winter, the highest Margalef’s index (2.164) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.965) was found at Lothar. Dissolved oxygen was recorded as the highest (11.5 mg/l) at Manhari and lowest (8.3 mg/l) at Sauraha in winter season. The dissolved oxygen was comparatively lower in rainy season which ranged from 7.4 mg/l (Sauraha) to 9.8 mg//l (Lothar). The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed a strong positive association between species like Barilius barila, B. bendelisis, B. modestus, C. jaya, and T. tor with DO. C. chagunio was found to be negatively associated with pH and the remaining species however showed the average association. It is evident that systematic research on regular interval of time basis is crucial to have more reliable data on fish diversity status. Long term research covering more seasons and more water quality parameters is highly recommended in this river in future.
FISH DIVERSITY OF SETI KHOLA POKHARA, KASKI, NEPAL
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Giri, Narayan
The present study was conducted to investigate fish species diversity of the Seti Khola of Pokhara, Kaski. The duration of the study was from Kartik 2078 to Baishakh 2079 (October 2021 to April 2022). Five different sites were designated in the river to sample fishes and to measure physico-chemical parameters like, Temperature, DO, pH, alkalinity, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity and Hardness of Seti Khola. Fishes were collected with the help of local fishermen using locally available devices such as a cast net (8 mm) and a gill net (10 mm). A total of 14 species belonging to 4 orders, 5 families and 11 genera were recorded. Cypriniformes was recorded as the dominant order, which comprised 71.43% of total fishes collected, followed by Anabantiformes (14.29%), Siluriformes (7.14%), and Salmoniformes (7.14%). Of the recorded species, the conservation status of 3 were threatened, 3 were vulnerable, 5 were least concern, one was near threatened and one was critically endangered. One exotic species, Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was also collected during the study. The range of Shannon diversity index was found to be from 1.52 at site V to 2.26 at site I. This showed that the diversity status of the Seti Khola was low to medium during the study period. Based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the most important physico-chemical parameters affecting fishes were found to be alkalinity (r=0.80) and Temperature (0.42). Except pH and Hardness, remaining physico chemical parameters showed positive association with fish species.
FISH DIVERSITY OF TULSIHAWA LAKE, RUPANDEHI, NEPAL
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) RAUT, TARA
The study on the fish diversity of Tulsihawa Lake, Rupendehi, Nepal was carried out four different seasons from October 2021 to July 2022. The cast net was used to collect fish samples hiring local fishermen. Physico-chemical parameters were also analyzed. A total species richness of 19 species was collected from Tulsihawa Lake, out of which 2 species were nonnative. Order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinidae were dominant both in species composition and individual capture. Amblyphryngodon microlepis was dominant species accounting 50.53% followed by Puntius sophore (14.99%) and Chanda nama (8.21%). The water quality parameters were found within suitable range that supports fish diversity. Fish diversity was positively correlated with temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity whereas turbidity, pH, and total hardness negatively correlated. The Shannon - Weiner diversity index, Margalef's richness and evenness index indicated a strong relationship with overall species richness. So, it is concluded that Tulsihawa Lake harbors suitable habitat for variety of fish species and aquatic inhabitants.
ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF BARJU LAKE, SUNSARI, NEPAL
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Choudhary, Kamal Kumar
Barju lake is situated at Barju rural municipality of Sunsari district. This study was con ducted from January to June 2022 covering winter, spring and summer seasons. The study area was divided into four stations for fish sampling and physio-chemical parameter was also analyzed. Local fishermen were hired for fish collection in sampling sites using cast net, drag net and traps. A total of 27 fish species (25 indigenous and two exotic) were recorded belonging to seven orders, 14 families and 20 genera. Out of which Cy priniformes (62.97%) and Cyprinidae (57.43%) were the dominant order and family re spectively. Puntius chonchonius was the dominant species followed by Puntius sophore, Mystus tengara, Puntius ticto whereas Channa gachua, Mastacembelus puncalus, Esomus dendricus and Heteropneutes fossilis were found occasionally. The maximum numbers of species were captured during summer season (25) and minimum (10) in winter and site wise maximum species (25) from site II and minimum (10) from Site I and IV respective ly were collected. The highest Shannon diversity index is 3.06 in summer; Margalef’s richness index was 25.82 in summer whereas highest evenness index was 0.52 in spring. The RDA results showed that environmental variables such as pH, free carbon dioxide, DO, Transparency and Water temperature slightly influence the fish community structure. Puntius chonchonius shows strong positive correlation with transparency and dissolved oxygen in Barju Lake, Sunsari, Nepal. Puntius chonchonius, Puntius sophore, Lepido cephalis guntea, Puntius ticto, Mystus tengra and Pseudombasis baculis form disparate cluster as these fish species are most abundant species among all seasons. Although the exotic fish species were cultured there, the abundance of indigenous species was not hampered as the catch was nominal in case of exotic species (% catch indigenous species 97.08% and exotic species 2.91 %).
ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF MASYAM KHOLA, PALPA, NEPAL
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Bhattarai, Sangam
The present study deals with the fish diversity of Masyam Khola Palpa, Nepal covering two seasons winter and spring season using cast net. A total of 255 fish individuals belonging to 9 species, 7 genera and 2 families was found during study period. Cyprinidae (n=243) was the dominant family comprising of 7 species among 9 recorded species. Barilius bendelensis was the most common fish species on the basis of total no. of catch during the study period followed by Opsarius barna, Puntius sophore and Garra rupecula. Shannon-Weiner diversity index was highest (1.64) at station II and station III while lowest (1.44) at station I, simpson index was highest at station II (0.79) and lowest at station IV (0.76) and evenness index was highest in station I (0.89) and lowest in station IV (0.76). The environmental variables like DO, pH, temperature, and velocity were found to be in suitable range for fish habitat.
INSECT PESTS AND THEIR DAMAGE PATTERNS IN PADDY (Oryza sativa L.) IN SAPTARI DISTRICT, NEPAL
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Mali, Aanand Kumar
This study focused on to identify insect pests and their damage patterns studies were conducted in two varieties of paddy plots in Gadhiya Village of Rajbiraj Municipality during rice growing season of 2019. Sampling field visits consist of three stages, starting from the vegetative growth stage, flowering stage and maturity (ripening) stages of the paddy growth stage during different time periods of a day. Two sampling methods were used, i.e. swinging a sweep net and ocular observation for insect pests collecting purposes. The sampling was done three periods of a day i.e. morning, afternoon and evening. This study composition recorded 14 insect pest species were founded that belongs to 12 families of eight orders found in paddy field. Hieroglyphus banian was the dominant species among all stages, followed by Nilaparvata lugens, Leptocorisa acuta, Dicladispa armigera, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis, Stenchaetothrips bioformis, Spodoptera mauritia pests were found in both varieties of paddy plant. Rice pest abundance shown in the field, a high relative abundance of Orthoptera (32.8%) pests was found, followed by Homoptera (19.1%), Hemiptera (15%), Heteroptera (12.9%), Lepidoptera (10.1%), Coleoptera (7.1%), Thysanoptera (1.9%) and Diptera (1.1%). For the total sampling period, the biological indices calculated consist of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) is 2.43, Pileou’s evenness index (J’) is 0.92 in a SM variety whereas the value of H’=1.29 and J’=0.72 in JM variety. The study identified six damage patterns on the crop (leaf cutter or miner, stem borer, immature grains milk sucker, leaf roller, sapsucker, panicle cutter). Most of them (11) species were responsible for leaf-cutting or mining of the leaf blade and less (two) species were leaf rollers. Results indicated that diversity of insect pests was found more in paddy field cultivated ensured a good balance between the populations of pests and damage patterns for better paddy development. However, the periodic abundance was seen more in the afternoon than evening and morning. Diversified of insects can be potentially effective to conserve, use and promote biodiversity which helps for sustainable food security by yielding more productivity from the agricultural ecosystem in Saptari.
INSECT PESTS OF JAPANESE PEAR ..................
(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Shrestha, Meena

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