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Item Diversity and floral perference of Butterflies in Maijogmai, Illam, Nepal(2023) Helmu, Anju; Bimal Raj ShresthaAvailable in fulltextItem Morphometric variations and factors affecting Abundance of Indian Bullfrog ( Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) in Madhesh Province, Nepal(2024) Kandel, Pradip; Bishnu Prasad BhattaraiAvailable in fulltextItem Distribution of Gastrointestinal parasites among the badi community of Gurbhakot Municipality, Surkhet, Nepal(2024) Gautam, Jitendra; Kishor PandeyAvailable in fulltextItem Intestinal parasites and Nutritional status of children in public and private school in Sarlahi District, Nepal(2024) Lama, Merina; Janak Raj SubediAvailable in fulltextItem Distribution and Habitat use of the chinese Pangolin( mains pentadactyla) in Bhimsen Thapa Rural Municipality, Gorkha, Nepal(2024) Panta, Reetu; Hari Prasad SharmaAvailable in fulltextItem Ethnomedicinal uses and conservation of animals among Tharu, Magar and Brahmin communities of Kapilvastu District, Nepal(2024) Pokharel, Nisha; Bishnu Prasad BhattaraiAvailable in fulltextItem Habitat use and threats of Eurasian otter (Lutra Lutra) in Kabeli of Taplejung District, Eastern Nepal(2024) Basnet, Amir; Hari Prasad SharmaAvailable in fulltextItem Intestinal parasitoses and associated risk factors among indigenous community of Bhumikasthan Municipality Arghakhanchi, Nepal(2024) Gautam, Sandhya; Kishor PandeyAvailable in fulltextItem Intestinal parasites and associated risk factors among the people of squatter community in Butwal, Rupandehi(2024) Bhandari, Shristi; Kishor PandeyAvailable in fulltextItem Molecular detection of Dengue Virus outbreak in Jhapa District, Nepal(2024) Bharati, Niten; Kishor pandeyAvailable in fulltextItem Land use gradients and distribution of birds in Manaslu conservation area, Nepal(2013) Katuwal, Hem Bahadur; Khadga BasnetAvailable in fulltextItem Gastro-intestinal parasites of ostrich (struthio camelus linnaeus,1758) and EMU (dromaius novaehollandiae latham,1790) in ostrich Nepal pvt.ltd. Gongoliya Rupendehi(2016) Khatri, Kamala; Mahendra MaharjanAvailable in fulltextItem Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, Zimmermann 1780) and Human community in Bijaypur, Dharan, Nepal(Institute of Science & Technology, 2024) K.C, Manisha; Dr. Laxman KhanalRhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are distributed across Nepal in close association with humans and with a high probability of sharing of gastrointestinal parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence, diversity, and determinants associated with gastrointestinal parasites in rhesus macaques and the people residing in the Bijaypur area of Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal. Microscopic methods, including direct wet mount, floatation, and sedimentation, were used to analyze fecal samples from 50 macaques and 50 humans. The results revealed that among the rhesus macaques, the general prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 62%. The most prevalent parasites were Trichuris sp. (52%), followed by Entamoeba sp. (22%), Ascaris sp. and Hookworm (12% each), Eimeria sp. (6%), and Strongyloides sp. (2%). In contrast, humans exhibited a lower parasitic infection rate of 6%, with Entamoeba sp. being the most common (6%), followed by Hookworm (4%) and Trichuris sp. (2%). The Sorenson’s Coefficient of Similarity for the assessment of similarity in GI parasites between rhesus and humans, was found to be 0.67, indicating a moderate level of similarity. The mean parasite richness in infected macaque samples was calculated to be 1.70± 0.64 (SD), highlighting the diversity of parasites present in these primates. The study suggests that the substantial occurrence of GI parasites in rhesus macaques can be linked to their close association with humans, sharing habitats and food sources. This situation increases the potential for the bi- directional flow of parasites between the two species and raises concerns about zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the importance of routine monitoring and effective management strategies to mitigate the risks associated with such interactions.Item "Microhabitat Assessment and Community Conservation Awareness for Cheer Pheasant in Myagdi District, Nepal"(2024-06) Chokhal, keshab; Dr. Bishnu Prasad BhattraiThe Cheer Pheasant is endemic species to the foothills of the Western Himalayas. In January 2024, a survey was carried out across forty-three sites in the Myagdi district to study its microhabitat preferences and start a conservation awareness campaign. Data collection utilized direct observation methods, while the awareness program featured slide presentations. The survey findings revealed affirmative regression between the presence of Cheer Pheasants and the plentiful availability of herbs (0.019*, P<0.05), ground cover (0.051., P<0.05), and gravel (0.064., P<0.05). Conversely, it was negatively impacted by the number of trees (-0.164, P>0.05). Camera traps have employed to detect Cheer presence; although species was not captured, other wildlife species were successfully recorded. Habitat disturbance was primarily caused by fire (68%) and road construction (20%), with poaching/snaring (6%) playing a minor role but increasing steadily across study sites. A community conservation awareness program was conducted at Jyoti Primary School, Sida Santi Secondary School, and Dipshika Secondary School, involving a total of 70 participants. Drawing competitions were held among intra-class and inter- class students to promote Cheer Pheasant conservation in the study areas. The collaboration between the head teacher and the school management committee facilitated the distribution of prizes for the winners of the drawing competition. Continuous conservation monitoring and raising awareness among local communities are crucial for the conservation of Cheer Pheasants in the Myagdi district.Item Population structure, breeding success, and behavior of white-rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis in the Gandaki River Basin, Nepal(Institute of Science & Technology, T.U., 2024-04) Gautam, RamjI; Dr. Hari Prasad SharmaOnce abundant, the white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), suffered a catastrophic population decline due to the veterinary use of diclofenac. South Asian countries, including Nepal banned veterinary diclofenac production, distribution, and use in 2006. However, little is known about the population trends on critically endangered white-rumped vulture within the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal. This study investigated the population trends of white-rumped vultures in the Gandaki River Basin through direct observations in the field from 2006 to 2022. This involved total count surveys to record a population size, and the number of occupied nests and productive nests. In addition, the white-rumped vulture behavioral sequences were also assessed during the breeding season using Monte Carlo simulations. This study also explored white-rumped vulture’s tree species preferences for nest building and the factors influencing it. This study found the white-rumped vulture population continuously declining over the past 16 years, despite the veterinary diclofenac ban. The minimum and maximum number of vultures were 54 and 114, respectively. Among the recorded individuals the highest average adult population was 90.23%, and followed by sub-adults, and juveniles. The intrinsic population growth rate was declining (mean-count: β = 0.01, t = 1.04, p = 0.32; maximum-count: β = 0.01, t = 1.04, p = 0.32) during the study period. The population growth was determined by the number of productive nests, which increased 3.7% in the study area. Twenty-four percentage (n = 205) occupied nests remained eggless during the egg laying period, 16.84% (n = 144) nests failed during incubation period, and 11.23% (n = 96) in fledgling period. The breeding success i.e., fledging of chicks from the nest was influenced by precipitation, and average maximum and minimum temperature. The behavioral sequence of white-rumped vulture indicated that they spent > 70% time in breeding activities and exhibited predatory behavior. The white-rumped vultures built nests on 18 tree species in the study area. The kapok/silk cotton tree (Bombax ceiba) was the preferred one for nest construction (χ2 = 115.38, df = 1, p < 0.001) among the available tree species. The nest construction of white-rumped vultures was influenced by specific tree characteristics, such as the number of whorls, canopy spread, and tree height. Unfortunately, human activities in infrastructure development and commercial logging of the nesting trees decreased the availability of large and matured trees in nesting sites for the white-rumped vultures. This study found that the major cause of the decrease in the nesting colony was the destruction of its nesting trees. This study indicates that veterinary diclofenac is not only the major determining factors for white-rumped vulture population decline. Other factors, such as low breeding success, potential disruptions in behavioral patterns, and critical nesting habitat loss posed additional threats to the white-rumped vulture population in the Gandaki River Basin. Based on these findings, this study recommends prioritizing the conservation of kapok trees, a preferred nesting habitat for white-rumped vultures. These baseline data can be used for developing site-specific conservation strategies to increase vulture population sizes. दक्षिण एसियामा व्यापक रूपमा फैलिएका डंगर गिद्ध (Gyps bengalensis) को संख्या तिव्र रूपमा घट्नुमा पशु उपचारमा प्रयोग हुने डेक्लोफेनेक औषधीको असर थियो । वि.सं. २०६३ (सन् २००६) मा यस औषधीको उत्पादन र प्रयोगमा छिमेकी देशसहित नेपालले प्रतिबन्ध लगायो । यस अध्ययनले प्रतिबन्ध पछिको अति संकटपूर्ण रूपमा रहेको डंगर गिद्धको दीर्घकालीन संख्याको अनुगमन, प्रजनन सफलता र पर्यावरणीय अवलोकनका बारेमा गण्डकी जलाधारमा अनुसन्धान गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको थियो । वि.सं. २०६३ देखि २०७९ सम्म (सन् २००६ देखि २०२२) गण्डकी जलाधार क्षेत्रमा डंगर गिद्धको दीर्घकालीन संख्याको अनुगमन, प्रजनन सफलता र पर्यावरणीय अवलोकनका साथै गिद्धको व्यवहारमा गणितीय प्रयोग पनि गरियो । डंगर गिद्धले गुँड लगाउने रुखको पहिचान गरी गुँड लगाउने रुखका विशेषताहरूको बारेमा पनि अनुसन्धान गरिेएको छ । बिंगत १६ वर्षको अध्ययन अवधिभर डंगर गिद्धको संख्यामा गिरावट रहेको देखियो । डंगर गिद्धको औसत निम्नतम संख्या ५४ र अधिकतम संख्या ११४ रहेको पनि पाइयो । जसमध्ये उच्चतम ९०.२३% वयस्क र क्रमैसँग अल्प–वयस्क र किशोर रहेका छन् । डंगर गिद्धको संख्याको प्रतिगमन वृद्धिदर (औसत गणना विधि ( =०. ०१, t = १.०४, p = ०.३२ र अधिकतम गणना विधि ( = ०. ०१, t = १.०४, p = ०.३२) स्थिर रहको देखियो । प्रजनन सफल गुँडको ३.७% वृद्धिले डंगर गिद्धको संख्यामा असर पा¥यो । डंगर गिद्धका २४% (n = २०५) गुँड बनाउँदा, १६.८४% (n = १४४) ओथारो बस्दा र ११.२३% (n = ९६) बच्चा उडाउने बेलामा प्रजनन असफल रह्यो । डंगर गिद्धको प्रजननलाई वार्षिक वर्षा र औषत न्यूनितम तापक्रमले असर पा¥यो । प्रजननको समयमा डंगर गिद्धले धेरै समय (> ७०%) सन्तानको रेखदेखमा व्यथित गरेको पाइयो । डंगर गिद्धले जम्मा १८ प्रजातिका रुखमा गुँड बनाए पनि सिमलको रुखलाई अधिकतम प्रयोग गरेको भेटियो । यसरी गुँड बनाउँदा जमिनबाट पहिलो अग्लो हाँगा र धेरै हाँगाहरू भएको रुखहरूलाई रोजेको पाइयो । अव्यवस्थित भौतिक संरचना र रुख कटानहरूले गर्दा डंगर गिद्धले आफ्नो गुड लगाउने स्थानहरूलाई असर गरेको भेटियो । जसले गर्दा डाइक्लोफेनेक प्रतिबन्ध पछि संख्या घट्नुमा प्रजननमा अवरोध, गुँड बनाउने रुखहरूको क्षति हु्नु पनि यो गिद्धको संख्या घट्नुको प्रमुख कारण हो । डंगर गिद्धले गुँड बनाउने सिमलका ठुला रुखहरुको संरक्षण र विषाधिमुक्त सिनोको प्रयोगले यस गिद्धको लामो समयसम्म बाच्ने आधार खडा गर्ने छ । यस्ता दीर्घकालीन अध्ययनले डंगर गिद्धको प्रजाति र स्थान विशेष संरक्षण रणनीतिहरुको आधार स्थापित गर्ने छ भन्ने कुरालाई सारको रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।Item Species Composition and Floral Association of Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) in Chitwan Annapurna Landscape, Nepal(Institute of Science and Technology, T. U., 2024-06) Chandra Ghimire, Kishor Chandra; Dr. Daya Ram BhusalBumblebees (Bombus spp.) are important pollinators especially in high altitude flowering plants either natural or cultivated types, yet these bee communities are rapidly declining globally. Understanding abundance, species composition, distribution patterns, foraging plant species and responses to environmental factors is highly needed to understand the long term conservation of these vital pollinators in Nepal. This research work was aimed to investigate the species composition of Bombus species and their foraging association with flowering plants present along the Chitwan Annapuna Landscape (CHAL). The field survey was carried out in the most flowering seasons of (April to November) of 2018 and 2019. Three walking accessible transects (600 to 3500 m asl.) along the Kaligandaki (Mustang site), Marshyandi (Manang site), and Budhigandaki (Gorkha site) river basins were followed for the collection of bumblebees. The transects passed through different types habitat such as agricultural, home gardens, grasslands, and forests. For the sample collection, researcher moved at a slow pace along the transect, 20 meters right and left. The entire walking process included three times up and three times down from April to November for two consecutive years. The total field collection was performed 108 days (April-May, July-August, October –November). Whenever a bumblebee was encountered, stopped at that point and spent 30 minutes for extensive searching around the point. All possible foraging workers of Bombus species were captured before continuing the walking along the transect. The specimens were collected by entomological sweeping net for hovering bumblebees and directly picked by hand-vials method for those bumblebee which are foraged inside the flower. For the plant-bumblebee network analysis, six plots (plot size: 40m x 40m) were established along the three transects (2 plots in each transect). The upper point was established at the 2800 m where flowering plants were highly clustered during the survey time. Similarly, lower point was also selected on this basis of availability of flowering plants. The lower point was established at 1700 m asl. All possible foraging workers that visited to the flowers were collected within 60 minutes. During the collection, the number of bumblebee visitation in each flower was noted. A single plot was observed for 12 times(hrs) during study period. If bumblebees were in contact with the reproductive structure of a particular flower, it was considered as valid individual for the visitation count. The bumblebees and flowering plant categories (e.g. native type, non-native cultivated type, non-native naturalized type, and invasive type) was analysed by using bipartite network analysis where upper level of network was represented by 16 Bombus spp. and lower level was represented by categories of plants. In this study, a total of 16 Bombus spp. were identified during the whole study period. The relative abundance of Bombus species vary with altitude, habitat, transect sites and foraging plant types. The relative abundance of B. haemorrhoidalis was highest (n= 134, 20.29%), followed by B. festivus (n=129, 19.57%) and B. eximius (n=124, 18.84%). But, species like B. branickii, B. miniatus, B. novus, and B. pressus were the least abundant species with 1% relative abundance of each. The effects of elevation on bumblebee richness was found significant (R= 0.2876 p=0.0007) and the highest richness was recorded at the mid-elevation (2000-3000 m asl.), likely attributed to the increased availability of pollinator-dependent flowering plants within this range. The highest species diversity was recorded in forest habitat of Gorkha site (Shannon index H′= 2.18), followed by grassland habitat of Mustang site (Shannon index H′= 2.10). In overall, species diversity was comparatively higher in the habitats of Gorkha transect site than Manang and Mustang sites. This indicates that the distribution, diversity, and species composition of bumblebees in CHAL primarily influenced by the habitat mosaic, elevation gradient and categories of host plants. The climatic variation that created alteration in vegetation dynamics among the three study river basins from eastern to western sites associated to the community composition and richness of Bombus species in CHAL. On other hand, drier sites in western rather than eastern sites of Himalayan landscapes probably associated with rich vegetation dynamics that alinked with the higher diversity in Gorkha site (Budhigandki basins) rather than western sites of this study. Overall result attributed to the higher mean precipitation in eastern parts of Nepal that followed by higher richness of flowering plants creating more opportunity for growing wider species of pollinator-friendly flowering plants in eastern sites of this study. Furthermore, the site specificity of some Bombus species would associated to the presence of specific flowering plant in that sites. This study examined the foraging relation of Bombus species by performing linear mix effective model, cluster analysis and corresponding analysis(CA) of plant families, flower colours and categories (invasive and non-invasive) of plants. This study that the plant families and colour of flower were important biotic factors for the forging choice of particular Bombus species in this landscape. There was a significant variation in the foraging intensity of identified bumblebee species with native versus non-native categories of plants and it is distinct with lower and upper elevation points. While in the plant-bumblebee interactions network analysis, the highest interaction was indicated in the native flora rather than invasive types of plant categories. This attributes the plant specific foraging behavior of certain bumblebee (specialist) species (eg: B. asiaticus, B. novus) where as some species are more generalist (e.g: B. festivus, B. tunicatus, B. haemorrhoidalis). This suggests that some Bombus species have a broader dietary range and are capable of pollinating various types of plants, including both native and non-native species. In contrast, other Bombus species are more selective in their foraging habits, focusing their interactions on a single category of plants. These findings provide insights into the ecological roles and foraging behavior of different bee species in the different elevational gradients. Certain Bombus species are referred to as generalists, demonstrating the ability to engage with a diverse range of plant types and ecological settings, while others function as specialists, concentrating their interactions on a specific category of plants within a particular landform. These differences in foraging behavior can have implications for pollination dynamics and the ecological roles of these bee species in the Chitwan Annapurna landscape. भमरा विशेषत उच्च भेगमा पाइने प्राकृतिक र कृषि प्रजातिका वनस्पतिहका महत्वपूर्ण परागसेचक हुन् । यिनीहरूको संख्या विश्वबाट कम हुँदै गईरहेकोले, नेपालमा यिनीहरूको दीर्घकालिन संरक्षणको लागि प्रजाति प्रचुरता, विचरण गर्ने वनस्पति र वातावरणीय असरबारे अध्ययन आवश्यक छ । यो अध्ययनले चितवन अन्नपूर्ण परिदृश्यमा पाईने भमरा प्रजातिको संरचना, र फूल फुल्ने विरुवासँग तिनीहरूको सम्बन्धको बारेमा अनुसन्धान गरेको थियो । यसको लागि २०१८ र २०१९ को धेरै फूल फुल्ने समयमा समुन्द्र सतहबाट ६००–३५०० मी. को उचाइसम्म कालीगण्डकी (मुस्ताङ तर्फ), मरस्याङदी (मनाङ तर्फ) र बुढीगण्डकी (गोरखा तर्फ) का पहुचवाला वाटाहरू प्रयोग गरिएको थियो । ती वाटाहरू थरिथरिका वासस्थानको किसिम (कृषि क्षेत्र, घाँसे मैदान, जंगल र करेसाबारी) हुँदै गुज्रन्थ्यो । भमराहरू जम्मा गर्नको लागि अनुसन्धान कर्ता ती वाटाहरूमा विस्तारै हिडे त्यस अवधिमा जुन प्वाइन्टमा भमरा देखिन्छ त्यहाँ रोकिएर २० मी. दायाँ र २० मी. बायाँ गर्दै ३० मीनेट बिताएका थिए र भेटिएका भमराहरूलाई इन्टोमोलोजिकल जाली र हातको सहायताबाट छोपेर जम्मा गरिएको थियो । सम्पूर्ण हिड्ने प्रकृया ३ पटक माथि जाने र ३ पटक तल झर्ने गरी तय गरियो । वनस्पति र भमरा संजालको अध्ययनको लागि ३ वटा ट्रान्जेक्टमा २/२ वटाका दरले समुन्द्र सतहबाट १७०० मी. र २८०० मी. उचाइमा ४० मी.x ४० मी. का ६ वटा प्लटहरू तयार गरिएको थियो र अध्ययन अवधिमा प्रत्येक प्लटमा १२ पटक भ्रमण गरियो । एक भ्रमणमा प्रत्यक प्लटमा ६० मीनेट विताइयो । त्यस अवधिमा जुन भमराले प्रजनन अंगलाई छुन्छ, त्यसलाई आधिकारीक भ्रमण मानी गणना गरियो । भमराहरू र फुलफुल्ने वनस्पतिका वर्गहरूलाई नेटवर्क प्रकृया द्वारा विश्लेषण गरियो जसमा उच्च तहमा १६ वटा भमरा प्रजातिहरू र तल्लो तहमा विरुवाका वर्गहरू (स्वदेशि र आयतित)ले प्रतिनिधित्व गरेको थियो । यस अध्ययन अवधि भर १६ वटा भमरा प्रजातिहरू पहिचान गरिएको थियो । यस्तै भमराहरूको सापेक्षित समृद्धि उचाइ, वासस्थान र खाद्यन वनस्पतीको प्रकार अनुसार फरक पाइयो । वी. हेमोरोइडालीस को सापेक्षित समृद्धि सबैभन्दा बढी n= १३४,२0.२९% त्यस्तै दोस्रो र तेस्रोमा वी. फेस्टिभस n= १२९,१९.५७% र वी. एग्जीमस n= १२४,१८.८४% थियो तर वी. व्रानिस्को, वी. नोभस र वी. प्रेसस जस्ता प्रजातिको सापेक्षित समृद्धि n= ५% थियो । भमराहरूको समृद्धिमा उचाइले पारेको असर (R=0.२८७६, p=0.000७) महत्वपूर्ण थियो । सबैभन्दा धेरै प्रजातिको विविधता मध्य उचाई (२००० मीं देखी ३००० मी. सम्म रेकर्ड गरिएको थियो । यसको कारण त्यस क्षेत्रमा फूलहरूको उपलब्धता अत्याधिक रहनु हो । त्यस्तै, गोरखा क्षेत्रको जंगली आवासमा (H=२.१८) प्रजाति विविधता उच्च थियो त्यसपछि मुस्ताङको घॉसे मैदानमा (H=२.१०) रेकर्ड गरियो । समग्रमा मनाङ र मुस्ताङमा भन्दा गोरखा ट्रान्जेक्टमा प्रजातिहरूको विविधता उच्च थियो । चितवन अन्नपूर्ण परिदृश्यमा भमराहरूको वितरण, विविधता र प्रजाति संरचना मुख्यत, आवास मोजेक, अल्टीच्युडनल ग्रयाडिन्ट र होस्ट वनस्पतिको श्रेणीले प्रभाव पार्दछ । अध्ययन गरिएका तीन नदीहरूका वेसीनमा पूर्व देखि पश्चिम सम्मको वातावरणीय परिवर्तनले वनस्पतिका विविधतामा फरकपन ल्याएको छ यसले चितवन अन्नपूर्ण परिदृश्यमा पाइने भमरा प्रजातिको समुदाय संरचनामा महत्वपूर्ण सम्बन्ध राखेको छ । अर्को तर्फ पूर्वी भागमा बढी वर्षा हुने तर पश्चिमी भागमा कम वर्षा हुने भएकोले पश्चिमी भाग सुख्खा छ । त्यसकारण विभिन्न किसिमका परागसेचन मैत्रिक फूलहरूका प्रजातिहरू पूर्व क्षेत्र (बुढी गण्डकी क्षेत्रमा) बढी पाइन्छ त्यसकारण भमराका प्रजातिहरू पनि यो क्षेत्रमा बढी पाइयो । यो अध्ययनले भमरा प्रजातिहरूको फुलमा विचरण गर्ने सम्बन्धलाई करेस्पोन्डीङ एनलाइसीस लिनियर मीक्स मोडल र कल्सटर एनलाइसीस मार्फत वनस्पतीको फ्यामिली, फूलको रंग र वनस्पतिका वर्ग (स्वदेशी र आयतित) द्वारा मापन गरिएको थियो । यो अध्ययनले वनस्पतिका फ्यामिली र फूलको रंग निस्चित भमराहरूले फूलहरू रोज्ने महत्वपूर्ण जैविक कारण हुन् भन्ने देखाएको छ । भमरा जातिहरूको विचरण तिव्रता तल्लो र माथिल्लो उचाइका विन्दुहरूमा स्थानिय र आयतित वर्गका वनस्पतिहरूमा महत्वपूर्ण र निश्चित थियो । भमरा र वनस्पतिका वर्णहरूको संजालको विश्लेषण गर्दा स्थानिय वनस्पतिका वर्गहरूमा आयतित वनस्पतिका वर्गहरूमा भन्दा बढी भमराहरूको प्रतिक्रिया रहयो । यसले निश्चित भमरा प्रजातिहरू (जस्तै, वि. एसियाटिकस, वि. हेमोरोइडालिस, वि. टुनिक्याटस, वि. एग्जीमस), का भमराहरू अधिक सामान्य हुन्छन् यस्ता जातिहरूको विसाल पोषणीय क्षेत्र हुन्छ र यिनीहरू विभिन्न थरीका वनस्पति हरू स्थानिय, आयतित दुवै विचरण गर्न सक्छन् । यो खोजले विभिन्न इलेभेसन ग्रयाडिन्टमा माहुरी प्रजातिहरूको पारिस्थीतीक भूमिका र विचरण प्रणाली माथि प्रकाश पारेको छ । यसले केही भमरा जातिहरू सामान्यपूर्ण हुने र विभिन्न प्रकारका वनस्पति र पारिस्थीतीक वनावटमा घुलमील गर्न सक्छन् । केही भमरा प्रजातिहरू विशेषज्ञ हुन्छन् र आफ्नो अन्तरकृयालाई विशेष भू–संरचना र विशिष्ट प्रकारका वनस्पतिका वर्गहरूमा केन्द्रित गरेको हुन्छन् । भमरा प्रजातिहरूको फूलको विचरणको फरक पनाले परागसेचन गर्ने बानीमा प्रभाव पार्दछ त्यसकारण चितवन अन्नपूर्ण परिदृश्यको पर्यावरणमा यिनीहरूको योगदान महत्वपूर्ण रहेको छ ।Item Sero-Prevalence of Brucellosis in Pregnant Women Visiting Gynaecology Department of Kathmandu Model Hospital of Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2016) Thapa, SeemaBrucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or under cooked meat from infected animals or close contact with their secretions. Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in pregnant women was conducted for the first time in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. A total of 80 sera samples were collected from the pregnant women visiting Kathmandu Model Hospital. The patients were categorized on the basis of age, trimester and ethnic groups. The sera samples were tested by ELISA method. The sero-prevalence of brucellosis among pregnant women was found to be 11.25%. Madhesi ethnic group showed the highest (16.66%) seropositivity rates followedby janajati (11.53%) and the lowest was in Brahmin (8.33%) ethnic group. Similarly, the age group 31-35 years showed highest prevalence (29.41%) followed by the age group 26-30 years (13.33%). There is absence of seropositivity among the age group 16-20 years and 21-25 years. The highest sero-prevalence rate (12.76%) was found in the third trimester followed by first trimester (10%) and the lowest was in second trimester(8.69%). In a questionnaire survey of 200 pregnant women done to assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the brucellosis, knowledge about the disease was found very poor.About 3% of them consume raw milk directly from milking animals which is one of the risk factors of brucellosis in pregnant women. The prevalence was found to be high in pregnant women and ELISA was a sensitive and specific test for the detection of IgG antibodies against Brucella.Item Biodiversity of butterflies in Badikhel VDC, Lalitpur(Department of Zoology, 2010) Chalise, PragyaThe Bio-diversity of Butterfly of Badikhel VDC was observed during the period of three month - Pre-Monsoon (April-May, 2009), monsoon (June-July, 2009). Altogether 75 species of butterflies belonging to fifty-one genus and 9 families were collected. For the collection, sweeping insect net and forceps were used and after collection, they were killed and kept in paper envelop. Their wings and body were set by keeping them in the spreading board by pinning. Later the specimens were brought to the lab and identified. Nymphalidae was the most dominant and species rich family. On the other hand Acraeidae was the least dominant. Among the 75 species collected or observed, 167 individuals belonging 63 species of family Nymphalidae were observed during Pre-Monsoon, 70 individuals belonging to 34 species during monsoon and 197 from 55 species during post-monsoon season. The Family Acraeidae was represented by single species having 15 individuals during Pre-monsoon and 16 during Post-monsoon. Among the rest of the families, Nymphalidae was followed by Satyridae; (151, 5, and 193), Pieridae (120, 54 and 115), Papilionidae (85, 26, 88), Hesperiidae (65, 46 and 48), Danaidae (70, 18 and 28), Lycaenidae (44, 4 and 48) and Acraeidae (15, 0, and 16;) having species richness in decreasing order. The massive forest fire during May owes to the relatively low number of butterflies during Monsoon. Among 75 species of butterflies collected sixty species were ranked as "common" seven species were ranked "rare", two "getting rare", two vary "rare" and one CITES listed species. The area was observed to be a potential site for CITES listed species Troides aceacus, rare species like Caltoris tulsii, Hebomoia glaucippe, Mycalesis heri, Ypthima avanta, Precis atlites , Symbrenthia niphanda, Neptis spp.,vry rare species like Tanaecia lepidea and Phaedyma aspasia kathmandia. Graphium agamemnon and Cyrestis thyodamus; which was recorded as common species during 1997; reported to be getting rare at present.Item Gastrointestinal parasites of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758) in Nagarjun turkey farm, Kathmandu, Nepal(2023) Kunwar, KabitaGastrointestinal (GI) parasites can affect poultry productivity by compromising its health. The study was conducted from December to June to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in turkey in the Nagarjun turkey farm, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 200 fecal samples, male turkeys (100) and female turkeys (100) were collected and preserved in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. These samples were examined microscopically by direct wet mount method and concentration methods viz. flotation technique and sedimentation technique, in the laboratory of Central Department of Zoology for detection of GI parasites. A total of 73.5% of turkeys were infected with one or more GI parasites. Six different parasitic genera were identified in turkey. Among the nematodes, Ascaridia sp. (26%), Capillaria sp. (17.5%) and Heterakis sp. (16.5%) were recorded. The cestodes were Hymenolepis sp. (10%) and Raillietina sp. (6.5%), while only Eimeria sp. (22.5%) was recorded as protozoa. The study revealed that female turkey (80%) had higher parasitic infection compared to male (67%). Statistically, the difference in sex-wise prevalence of GI parasite in turkey was found to be significant (χ2=4.338; P>0.05). Finding of this study shows that the prevalence of GI parasites of turkey was the highest during summer season (78%) and lowest in winter season (69%) with no statistical significant difference in between summer and winter season (χ2= 2.079; P>0.05). Single mode of infection was high revealing that maximum number of turkey was infected with single parasites with no significant differences in the prevalence of single and mixed infection (χ2= 0.250; P>0.05). Common parasites were detected from male and female turkeys because of their similar climate, food resources and environment. No any activities on the health care of turkeys regarding the GI parasites were found. Therefore, increasing awareness of regular anti-parasitic treatments for turkeys as well as other preventative and control measures is crucial.Item Gastrointestinal parasites of quail in Siddharthanagar, Rupandehi, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Kanauje, NiruQuails are primarily reared for meat and eggs which plays a key role in enhancing the economic status of local people. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of quail in Siddharthanagar, Rupandehi, Nepal. A total of 150 fecal samples of quail including 65 from young and 85 from adults were collected from December 2021 to May 2022. The examination of fecal samples was done by direct wet mount method and concentration methods (flotation and sedimentation technique) in the laboratory of Central Department of Zoology, Kritipur. The study found that 72.67% of the fecal samples were found positive for gastrointestinal parasites. Among identified GI parasites, Eimeria sp. (29.33%) was found to be the most prevalent parasite followed by Ascaridia sp. (21.33%), Heterakis sp. (16%), Capillaria sp. (12%), Strongyloides sp. (7.3%) and Raillietina sp. (4.6%). The prevalence rate of gastrointestinal parasites was found in young (78.46%) and in adults (68.23%) with no significant difference. Moreover, the study found that there was not significantly different between seasons, with an infection rate of 78.67% in winter and 66.67% in summer. Single parasitic infections were more common than double infection. The results indicate that quails are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites and need to undertake preventive measures for controlling the risk of parasitosis in quail.