Zoology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/135

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Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging Sakini Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758), in Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
(2025) Rana, Susma; Janak Raj Subedi
This study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging Sakini Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758), in Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, focusing on the types of parasitic infections and the effectiveness of anthelminthic treatment. A total of 171 fecal samples of poultry were collected from a small backyard farm in eight months from September 2024 to April 2025, developed in Kirtipur. These fecal samples analyzed using direct smear, floatation, and sedimentation methods. The results revealed one protozoan and four nematode parasitic infections. The prevalence of parasites showed Eimeria sp. (28.65%), Capillaria sp. (8.77%), Heterakis sp. (5.65%), Strongyle and Asaridia sp. (3.51%). Parasitic prevalence was found the highest in November and December (66.67% each). The gastrointestinal parasites have strong relation (χ2= 1.00 to 0.23; P>0.05), in November to March except in April (χ2= 0.01; P<0.05). There was a significantly association between helminth parasite and anthelminthic treatment of parasites (χ2= 0.02; P<0.05). The drugs were very effective to Ascaridia and Strongyle and relatively less effective in Heterakis and Capillaria species. This research will contribute to Nepal's "Envisioning Nepal 2030" initiative by addressing key Sustainable Development Goals such as poverty reduction, food security, health, and economic growth in the poultry sector. The findings conclude the need for improved integrated parasite management practices, including better litter management, targeted treatments, and further research on drug resistance and protozoan control.
Spatiotemporal variation of Fish Asscmblages in Triyuga River, Eastern Nepal
(2025) Jha, Ajay; Archana Prasad
Available in fulltext
Fish diversity of Rampur Ghol, Chitwan, Nepal
(2025) Shrestha, Puja; Om Hari Shrestha
The present study was conducted to explore the diversity of Rampur Ghol, situated in Bharatpur Municipality, Chitwan. The fieldwork was carried out from August 2023 to February 2024, covering the summer, autumn, and winter seasons. Samples were collected from four sites, and physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, depth, pH, and dissolved oxygen were analysed. The cast net (mesh size 5 mm) and ghamka (mesh size 2 mm) were used to gather fish with the help of a local fisherman. A total of 25 fish species belonging to 6 Orders, 14 Families, and 17 Genera were recorded. The dominant order was Cypriniformes (40%), with 10 species, and the dominant family was Cyprinidae (32%), with 8 species. The most abundant fish species is Puntius sophore with a relative abundance of 22.44%, followed by Puntius ticto at 14.49%. Temperature had a positive correlation with fish variety, while pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water depth had negative correlations. The highest Shannon Weiner diversity index was recorded at site III (2.48) and in winter (2.59), whereas the lowest was recorded at site IV (1.99) and in autumn (2.36). The evenness was found to be maximum at site I (0.87) and in winter (0.93), whereas it was minimum at site IV (0.8) and in summer (0.8). Similarly, the highest species richness was obtained at site III (3.74) and during summer (3.98), while the lowest was obtained at site I (1.99) and during autumn (2.98). The Shannon Weiner diversity index, Margalef’s richness and evenness index revealed a strong relationship with overall species richness. , it can be concluded that Rampur Ghol provides a suitable habitat for a variety of fish species. Keywords: Diversity indices, Fish diversity, Physico-chemical parameters, Rampur Ghol
Population Genetic structure and Phylogeny of Himalayan Gorals ( Naemorchedus goral) in central nepal
(2025) Ulak, Sapana; Laxman Khanal
Gorals (Naemorhedus spp.) are facing taxonomic incongruence due to morphological variations and phylogenetic disparities among the studies mainly due to incomplete lineage sorting. The Himalayan region is believed to have two species/subspecies of Himalayan gorals (Naemorhedus goral), however the population in Nepal remains excluded in phylogenetic studies. Limited studies have been conducted in gorals of Nepal which focus on distribution, threats, and conservation of Himalayan gorals, however, the genetic information is yet to be explored. This study aimed for understanding the genetic structure in Central Nepal and establishing the phylogenetic relationship of Himalayan gorals within the subfamily Caprinae. Fecal samples were collected from Langtang National Park and Gaurishankhar Conservation Area representing the Himalayan range and from Daunne Forest that lies in Nawalparasi district in the Mahabharat range. Mitochondrial cytochrome b (1002 bp) and control region (1069 bp) gene sequences were used as molecular markers. Population genetic analysis of the three subpopulations from Central Nepal along with phylogenetic analysis was performed to clarify the genetic characteristics, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Himalayan gorals. As a result, from twenty-nine sequences, five novel haplotypes of mitochondrial cytochrome b were identified, exhibiting low haplotype diversity (0.3960) and very low nucleotide diversity (0.0006). In contrast, 14 novel haplotypes of control region were identified with high haplotype diversity (0.8200) and moderate nucleotide diversity (0.0082). The median joining haplotype network was star-shaped indicating a recent population expansion with bottleneck or founder effect. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the obtained haplotypes, along with partial sequences from the Indian Himalayan region indicated that the haplotypes from Central Nepal are more closely related to those from Sikkim (Eastern Himalaya) than those from Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya). The maximum likelihood tree of the genus Naemorhedus suggested six valid species of gorals. The Bayesian time tree of mitochondrial cytochrome b within the subfamily Caprinae revealed that the genus Naemorhedus is most closely related to the genus Capricornis and next to the genus Ovibos. It is important to know the level of genetic diversity the goral populations in Nepal possess and identify some genetically unique subpopulations of conservation importance.
Taxonomy of Genus Puntius (Hamilton, 1822) and Pethia (Hamilton, 1822) in the Lakes of Pokhara Valley
(2025) Poudel, Anjali; Kumar Sapkota
This study investigates the taxonomy, morphology, and morphometric characteristics of two Puntius species (Puntius sophore and Puntius chola) and one Pethia species (Pethia conchonius) inhabiting the three lakes of Pokhara Valley, namely, Phewa, Begnas and Rupa lake. A total of 65 specimens were analyzed for 38 morphometric characters and 12 meristic counts, with their morphological features compared to earlier descriptions. Morphometric analysis revealed significant interspecies differences: P. chola exhibited the largest total length (TL) at 8.32 cm, followed by P. sophore (6.17 cm) and P. conchonius (4.97 cm). Similarly, P. chola had the greatest standard length (SL) at 6.46 cm, while P. conchonius was the smallest at 3.90 cm. Body depth (BD) was highest in P. chola (2.31 cm), followed by P. sophore (1.71 cm) and P. conchonius (1.31 cm), reflecting potential ecological niche differentiation. Meristic traits further supported species differentiation, with P. chola displaying larger fin measurements across dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression, revealed varying degrees of predictability in morphometric traits relative to total length (TL) and head length (HL). P. chola exhibited the strongest correlations (e.g., R = 0.83 for SL-TL), while P. sophore and P. conchonius showed moderate to weak correlations (R values ranging from -0.62 to 0.56), suggesting environmental or genetic influences on variability. The PCA and truss analyses reveal clear morphological differentiation among the three species. Puntius chola is distinctly separated while P. sophore and P. conchonius show closer similarity. PCA analysis revealed that PC1 accounted for 98.7% of the total variation, clearly separating P. chola (score: 6.65) from P. sophore (–1.23) and P. conchonius (–5.41). PC2 explained only 1.3%, reflecting minor differences, with P. conchonius at 0.52, P. chola at 0.28, and P. sophore at –0.79. PCA plot shows AFL and PFL strongly influenced by PC1, aligning with P. chola’s distinct score, while DFH and DPA contributed negatively, corresponding to the lower scores of P. sophore and P. conchonius. The dendrogram based on truss analysis showed that P. sophore and P. conchonius clustered closely, while P. chola branched off at a much higher distance, confirming its distinct morphology. In the dendrogram, the vertical height represents the level of difference between the species’ body shapes. These findings confirm the effectiveness of multivariate morphometric methods in species discrimination. This study provides the foundational data crucial for the future investigations concerning taxonomy of the fish species found in lakes of Pokhara valley.
Mapping human-elephant conflict hotspots in eastern Chure landscape, Nepal
(2025) Chaudhari, Madhu; ishnu Prasad Bhattarai
Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a growing issue that poses a significant conservation challenge within a shared landscape with humans. The identification and prediction of conflict hotspots and the determination of HEC driving factors provide insights to reduce human-elephant conflict and promote the coexistence. This study employed verbal consent based in-person interviews across 255 spatial grid cells, with single respondent interviewed per grid cell, resulting in a total of 255 interviews. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to identify the HEC hotspots in the Eastern Chure Landscape (ECL). Most of the respondents (n = 190), reported experiencing conflicts, while remaining respondents (n =65) reported no conflict incidents in last five years. Logistic regression analysis identified Night Light and Shannon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) as the significant predictors of HEC. Similarly, a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model also indicated Night Light as the most influential predictor, suggesting that elephants tend to avoid well-lit areas. The study revealed that highly fragmented landscapes with low Effective Mesh Size (MESH) values and low Largest Patch Index (LPI) increases the probability of HEC, focusing the restoration of habitat connectivity. The areas having high population density increased the likelihood of HEC. The performance of the CART model was evaluated using confusion matrix, where the model achieved 76.2% accuracy, 80.80% sensitivity, and 54.5% specificity, in identifying HEC prone areas. To assess the consistency and predictive performance of the CART model, a Random Forest (RF) model was constructed using same response and predictor variables. The RF model achieved 69.8% accuracy, but lower sensitivity (18.8%), and higher specificity (87.2%). The findings highlight that CARTmodel’s performance, particularly in identification of conflict-risk areas, suggesting CART model a reliable tool for HEC risk prediction. HEC hotspots map identified Morang, particularly in Letang, Kerabari, and Miklajung and areas of Jhapa, including Mechinagar and Shivasataxi, are the major HEC hotspots in Eastern Chure Landscape (ECL), indicating the requirement of site-specific mitigation strategies. Therefore, restoration of traditional and degraded elephant migratory routes, and lights should be installed as deterrents to ensure minimal human-elephant encounters
Habitat Use and People’s Perception towards Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal
(2025) Devkota, Shree Krishna; Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai
mooth-coated otters (SCO) are generally found in lowland areas near the flowing water,where they depend upon fish species for feeding. This study was conducted to assess the major factors that act upon the habitat use by SCO in Shuklaphanta National Park (ShNP) along with the perception of local people of that area. Transect survey inside ShNP and semi-structured questionnaire survey in the periphery of the park were conducted for data collection. Landsat-8 images were used for RS to extract the Modified Bare Soil Index (MBI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Modified Normalized Difference, Water Index (MNDWI) through R studio. Landcover proportion, Surface Temperature, Slope were calculated using GIS. Generalized Linear model (GLM) was used to analyze the relationship between presence or absence of SCO in relation to surface temperature, MBI, MNDWI, EVI, Slope, water proportion, forest proportion and rangeland. In addition,Fischer’s Exact test was done for testing the association between occupation and categories of people’s perception about SCO. The EVI and proportion of water are positively associated whereas, MNDWI is negatively associated with the presence or absence of SCO signs in the buffered areas. The perception of local people is not highly influenced by their occupation however; the activity of fishing is associated with the occupation. Priority should be given to the conservation of riverine vegetation that are especially adjacent to sandy banks with significant proportion of water and connectivity should be maintained between the wetlands. Sustainable fishing practices should be promoted as most of the local people around the park are engaged in fishing activities which may potentially impact the prey for SCO.
Fish Diversity of Tamakoshi River and its Major Tributary Singati River, Dolakha, Nepal
(2025) Magar, Sangam Thapa; Santoshi Shrestha
The current study examines fish diversity, abundance and its relation with water quality in the Tamakoshi and Singati Rivers over three seasons: Post-Monsoon, winter, and PreMonsoon from 2023 to 2024. This study also focuses the identification of spawning grounds, and the social status of local fishermen. Nine sampling stations were selected along in two river system and fish samples were collected using cast net (5mm mesh size) with the help of local fishermen. A total of 7 species belonging to 2 Orders, 3 Families, and 6 Genera were recorded with 536 individuals catch. The Order Cyprinidae was recorded to be the most dominant family followed by the Sisoridae and Psilorhynchidae. Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis was the most dominant (31.16%) species, followed by Schizothorax progastus (21.26%), and Schizothorax richardsonii (15.29%). Station TR5 had the highest Shannon Weiner’s diversity index (H'= 1.881), while Station TR1 had the lowest (H'= 1.36). The maximum Margalef's richness (d= 1.731) was observed at station SR4, whereas the minimum (d= 0.8867) was at station TR1. Similarly, the highest Pielou’s evenness Index (J= 0.9906) was recorded at station TR3 and the lowest (J= 0.7733) at station SR4. The fish assemblage structure was positively correlated with environmental factors like water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, velocity, total dissolved solids, and hardness. Additionally, the identification of spawning grounds also reflects the conservation initiatives for fish diversity and habitats.
Gastro-Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Risk Factors in Buffaloes Under Different Farming Systems in Butwal, Nepal
(2025) Neupane, Arti; Kishor Pandey
Infections caused by gastro-intestinal parasites (GIPs) are a major hurdle in livestock farming, compromising animal performance and contributing to financial strain for farmers. This study investigates GIPs prevalence and associated risk factors in buffaloes under commercial and subsistence farming systems in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal, a region witnessing rapid growth in dairy production and where livestock contributes significantly to livelihoods and the economy. From July to September, 2023, a total of 224 fecal samples (112 from each farming systems) were collected from female buffaloes aged ≥3 years and analyzed microscopically for parasite identification. Associated factors were obtained all together using structured questionnaires and field observations. Results revealed an overall GIP prevalence of 58.9%, with protozoan (Entamoeba spp., Balantidium spp., coccidian), nematode (Strongyloides spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyle spp.), and trematode (Fasciola spp., Paramphistomum spp., Schistosoma sp.) infections observed. Fasciola spp. (30.8%) and Entamoeba spp. (26.3%) were the most prevalent parasites. Commercial farms exhibited significantly higher nematode infections (10.7% vs. 2.7%, p=0.029), while subsistence farms had marginally higher protozoan infections (33.9% vs. 25.9%). Risk factors such as free-ranging rearing style [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) =3.11, 95% CI:1.15–8.43] and irregular health checkups (aOR=2.92, 95% CI:1.05–8.12) were strongly associated with infections. Farm management practices, including bedding type, water sources, and treatment protocols, also influenced infection rates. The findings highlight critical gaps in parasite management across both systems. Targeted interventions such as rotational grazing, structured deworming protocols, and farmer education on zoonotic risks are urgently needed to enhance productivity and reduce economic losses. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers and farmers to optimize buffalo health in Nepal’s evolving dairy sector. Keywords: Buffalo, gastrointestinal parasites, prevalence, risk factors, farming systems, Butwal, Nepal
Distribution and Conservation Threats of Softshell Turtles (Nilssonia spp.) in Morang District, Nepal
(2025) Rai, Bandana; Laxman Khanal
Softshell turtles (Nilssonia spp.) are freshwater turtles that act as natural scavengers and indicators of freshwater ecosystem health. Five species of softshell turtles are recorded across Southeast Asian countries, with three species, Nilssonia nigricans, N. hurum and N. gangetica being native to Nepal. This research aimed to assess the distribution and anthropogenic threats faced by Nilssonia spp. in Morang District of eastern lowland Nepal and propose potential conservation solutions. This study analyzed environmental and anthropogenic variables affecting distribution of the three turtle species in the eastern lowlands of Morang, Nepal, considering factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), habitat types (ponds, rivers, wetlands), water depth, connectivity, and the Human Disturbance Index (HDI). The variables are based on their documented relevance to aquatic ecosystems and turtle ecology. The results revealed that temperature (CI = –0.83 to 2.06, estimate = 0.4222, p > 0.05), pH (CI = –5.40 to 0.43, estimate = –1.8473, p > 0.05), river habitats (CI = –1.82 to 30.74, estimate = 6.7434, p > 0.05), wetlands (CI = –3.12 to 24.75, estimate = 4.7402, p > 0.05), and connectivity (CI = –23.74 to 1.5, estimate = –6.8630, p > 0.05) did not show significant effects on turtle occurrence. However, the HDI (CI = –13.13 to –2.80, estimate = –5.7479, p < 0.05)) had a significant negative influence on their distribution. The width of carapace from live turtle specimens was significantly smaller than that of the old carapaces indicating over harvesting of the species. Electrocution, habitat fragmentation and excessive exploitation of resources are the major threats to the softshell turtles in the study area. A questionnaire survey with pre-structured questions was done among the local inhabitants of the study area. Fishing, habitat modification and poisoning were identified as the major conservation threats to softshell turtles in the study area. This study identified human disturbance as a major conservation threat to the softshell turtles in Morang District and suggests for formulating species specific management and conservation strategies.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Preschool and School-Aged Children of Kapan, Katmandu, Nepal
(2025) Giri, Manoj Raj; Kishor Pandey
Protozoan and helminth intestinal parasitic infections are widespread worldwide and have been identified as the leading cause of parasitic diseases globally, continuing to be a major public health concern in impoverished developing nations. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections in the preschool and school-aged children of Kapan, Kathmandu District of Nepal. Altogether, 148 stool samples were collected. 88 samples of preschool children with ages (3 to <6 years) were collected from Life Skills School and remaining 60 samples of school-aged children with ages (6 to ≤10 years) were collected from 45 different households of Kapan studying in different private schools. The samples were then preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate for a cross-sectional, purposeful investigation. A standard questionnaire was employed in the study to evaluate the risk factors. Microscopical examinations were performed on the fecal samples, and normal saline wet mount, iodine mount, and concentration methods, such as flotation and sedimentation, were followed. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 24 (16.21%) out of 148 stool samples. The IPs in 3 to <6 years age group was 19.31% and in 6 to ≤10 years age group was 11.66%. Sex-wise prevalence showed overall 15.66% in males and 16.92% in females. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in males and females of preschool children was 18.36% and 20.51% respectively, and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in males and females of school aged children was 11.76% and 11.53% respectively. However, there was no statistical association between age, sex and parasitic infection (p>0.05). The nail-biting habit (p=0.008),untrimmed nail (p=0.018), untreated water (p=0.013) and not-use of anti-helminth before (p=0.039) were found to be associated with the intestinal parasitic infection (p<0.05). Maintaining personal hygiene, implementing a biannual mass deworming program and spread-ing awareness about intestinal parasites and infection management measures, using community centers, local media, and educational institutions as information-dissemination venues are crucial for stopping and managing the spread of parasitic infection.
Prevalence of babesia infection in cattle from jiri and Bardaghat, Nepal
(2025) Pandey, Madhav; Kishor Pandey
Babesia infection is a significant tick-borne disease affecting cattle worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Babesia infection in two different regions of Nepal: Jiri and Bardaghat Municipalities of Dolakha and Nawalparasi-west district respectively using both microscopy and PCR techniques. A total of 190 cattle were examined, with 90 from Jiri and 100 from Bardaghat. Sample from Jiri were from a single farm with open grazing system, while those from Bardaghat were from multiple farms and confined. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes . Thin blood smears were prepared for microscopic examination. Parasite's DNA was extracted from blood sample. PCR test was performed to identify Babesia present in cattle. Microscopy detected Babesia in 11.1% cattle from Jiri and 7% from Bardaghat, while PCR demonstrated higher detection rates, identifying infection in 56% and 50% of tested samples from Jiri and Bardaghat, respectively. The findings highlight the sensitivity of PCR compared to microscopy for diagnosing Babesia infection. Upon DNA sequencing, 6 piroplasm species were recorded among which Babesia bovis and Theileria orintalis were most prevalent. The localized transmission of ticks within Jiri farm influenced by farm management practices and open grazing contributed for higher prevalence. The hematological analysis revealed significant (P≤0.05) reduction in Hb concentration, RBCs and increase in WBC count in infected cattle. This molecular level research provides new data on the wide distribution of Babesia infection across diverse geographical zones, which could be important for implementing effective disease control strategies in both the Terai and Himalayan regions.
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ring Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in Dang Valley, Nepal
(2025) Basnet, Robin; Kishor Pandey
The ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is a game bird originally from South Asia and is commonly found in countries such as Pakistan, India, Thailand, and Nepal. Nepal is home to various wild pheasant species while the practice of raising pheasants for human consumption is a relatively new agricultural practice in the country. The purpose of this study was to determine the common gastrointestinal parasites in the pheasants of three municipality of Dang Valley, Nepal. A total of 150 fresh fecal samples 75 from male pheasants and 75 from females were collected and preserved in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. These samples were subjected to direct smear, flotation and sedimentation techniques for microscopic examination at 100× and 400× magnification. Data were analyzed using Venn diagrams, tables and bar charts and statistical analysis was carried out using R Studio. Of the 150 samples analyzed, 66 tested positive for parasitic infections, indicating an overall prevalence of 44%. Five different parasitic genera were identified in the ring-necked pheasants. Among nematodes, Heterakis spp. (12.66%), Capillaria spp. (8%), Ascaridia spp. (6%), and Strongyle spp. (5.33%) were detected. For protozoa only Eimeria spp. (12%) was identified. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in male pheasants (49.3%) compared to females (38.66%), although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.26). Additionally, the prevalence was highest at lower altitudes (48%) and lowest at higher altitudes (36%), with no significant statistical difference between the two altitudes (p = 0.222). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (p=0.103). Overall, the findings suggest that ring-necked pheasants in the Dang Valley are susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites. So to minimize the GI parasite in ring necked pheasant routine fecal examination and deworming should be carried out.
Fish diversity of Daraundi River, Gandaki River system, Nepal
(2025) Tamang, Shanti; Om Hari Shrestha
The present study was carried out to explore fish diversity in the Daraundi River, Gandaki River system, Nepal. The study covered three seasons, including the post-monsoon and autumn of 2023 and spring of 2024. Five permanent sampling sites were selected to collect fish and measure water quality parameters. Fishes were collected using cast net (3 mm to 6 mm mesh size) and hook & line with the help of local fishermen. The collected fish samples were identified by using keys (Shrestha 2019, Jayaram 1977). The study collected 21 fish species belonging to 4 Orders, 6 families and 15 genera, with a total of 780 individuals. Seasonal diversity showed the highest fish diversity in post-monsoon compared to autumn and spring seasons. Cypriniformes was the dominant order with 18 species and 1 each species from Anabantiformes, Siluriformes and Synbranchiformes. This study recorded 14- 23 °C water temperature, DO (7-11 mg/l), Free CO 2 (2-5.2 mg/l), water velocity (1-1.9 m/s), and pH (7.5-10) during its study period. Shannon-Weiner’s, Simpson’s, and Margalef’s was highest during post-monsoon season but Pielou’s evenness was high in spring season. The Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation affirmed that water temperature, DO and water velocity positively correlated with fish diversity whereas pH and Free CO2 showed negative correlation with fish diversity. This study establishes foundational data crucial for future investigations concerning fish diversity, distribution, and water quality in the Daraundi river of Gorkha district. Keywords: Daraundi River, Fish Diversity, Gandaki River System, Water Quality Parameters
Habitat use and conservation Threats of Otters in the western bend of Karnali River, Nepal
(2025) Acharya, Madan; Laxman Khanal
Otters are carnivorous mammals in the family Mustelidae. They face many conservation challenges, including habitat loss, pollution, lack of resources, illegal hunting and trade. Three species of otters- the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), the smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) are recorded from Nepal. Due to limited studies, baseline information on otters is lacking for most of the wetland sites in Nepal. This study investigated the habitat use and conservation threats of otters in the Western Bend of the Karnali River in western Nepal. Otter distribution was surveyed using direct observations and recording indirect signs, such as scat, pugmarks and food remains, environmental and anthropogenic variables potentially affecting their occurrence were also recorded in the field. Logistic regression model identified key habitat factors influencing otter occurrence, including river width (CI -4.36–0.62, P < 0.05), water current (CI = -2.35 to -0.8, p < 0.05), and substrate type width (CI 0.49–2.12, P < 0.05). Results indicate that otters prefer narrower river sections with small stone bank substrates and moderate water flow, while avoiding areas with high human density (CI -10.15– -3.12, P < 0.05) and domestic dog presence (CI 0.95–4.94, P < 0.05). Conservation threats such as habitat degradation, illegal fishing, and human encroachment were documented from the study area. The study highlights the need for targeted conservation efforts, including habitat protection and community-based program to mitigate human activities as well as dog-otter conflict, to ensure the long-term survival of otters in this ecologically significant region. Findings provide baseline data for future monitoring and management initiatives.
Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Bantar community in Koshi Rural Municipality -3 Sunsari Nepal
(2025) Mahato, Mukesh Kumar; Kishor Pandey
Intestinal parasitic infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among individuals with low socioeconomic status and poor hygiene and sanitation. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the Bantar community of Koshi Rural Municipality-3, Sunsari District, in relation to their socioeconomic status. A total of 150 stool samples were randomlycollected in September 2022 from individuals of various age groups and genders and preserved in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was determined through stool examinations using direct smear and concentration techniques (Sedimentation and flotation) at the Central Department of Zoology, Kirtipur, and Kathmandu. Additionally, a structured questionnaire was used to identify potential risk factors.Out of 150 participants, 95 (63.3%) were found to be infected with one or more intestinal parasites. The prevalence was higher in females (51, 34%) than in males (44, 29.3%), though the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The highest infection rate was observed in the 10–20 age group (23%), while the lowest (4.6%) was recorded in individuals aged 51–60 years, with no statistically significant variation (P > 0.05). Six species of intestinal parasites were identified, with Ascaris lumbricoides (18.8%) being the most prevalent, followed by Giardia lamblia (14.6%), Entamoeba histolytica (10%), Strongyloidesstercoralis (8.8%), Hymenolepis nana (8%), and Trichuris trichiura (3%). Single infections (46.6%) were more common than double infections (16.6%). A lack of awareness about intestinal parasitic infections was evident among most participants. The high prevalence of these infections in the Bantar community appears to be directly linked to unsafe drinking water, inadequate health education, poor sanitation, and low socioeconomic conditions, all of which contribute to the continued burden of infection within the community.
Distribution, Habitat use and Threats of Elongated Tortoise ( Indotestudo elongata) in Bahungadi forest, Jhapa, Nepal
(2025) Rai, Binu; Laxman Khanal
Turtles of Nepal are grouped into three families: Geomydidae, Testudinidae, and Trionychidae. Among them, the elongated tortoise (Indotestudo elongata) under the Testudinidae family is a medium sized terrestrial tortoise native to South and Southeast Asia, including Nepal. It is listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is included in CITES Appendix II. The specific distribution patterns and ranges of the elongated tortoise in Nepal are poorly known. Bahundagi Forest at eastern part of Jhapa District, bordering India to the east, is one of the optimal habitats for elongated tortoise, however, detailed ecological records that are vital for adequate conservation and management strategies are still lacking. This study aimed to understand the factors influencing the distribution and habitat uses of elongated tortoise in Bahundagi Forest and their conservation threats and understand the people’s knowledge on the elongated tortoise of Bahundagi Forest. The Bahundagi Forest was split into 500 m × 500 m grids, and 50 % forest coverage was statistically chosen using QGIS 3.38.0. A total of 60 grids were surveyed to collect data on the presence and absence of the species, using both direct and indirect evidence. Ecological variables, along with direct and indirect evidence, were recorded every 100 m within each grid. Spearman’s rank correlation was applied to detect multicollinearity among continuous variables, with those showing high correlation (ρ > |0.7|) were excluded. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was employed from the MuMIn package in R Studio (version 4.2.3) to identify the most significant factors influencing tortoise presence. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between tortoise occurrence and three key factors: canopy cover (CI = 4.73398–0.13866, p < 0.03), food availability (CI = 3.89–4.03, p < 0.04), and proximity to rivers (CI = 1.656559–0.00082, p < 0.001). From the questionnaire survey, hunting for meat and medicine, habitat destruction, and wildfire were the major threats in decline of elongated tortoises in Bahundagi Forest. To safeguard this species, conservation initiatives such as reforestation programs, forest fire prevention strategies, and wildlife protection measures should be implemented.
Effects of Urban forest patch characteristics on Bird community Assemblage in Kathmandu Valley
(2025) Osthi, Sabina; Laxman Khanal
Urbanization poses a significant threat to biodiversity, leading to habitat fragmentation and ecological imbalance. In fast growing cities like Kathmandu, the effect of rapid urbanization had serious impact on biodiversity. In this study the effect of urban forest patch characteristics on bird community structure of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal was investigated. A total of 92 of point counts in 15 patches were surveyed for birds using the point count method. Bird species richness and abundance as the response variable were analyzed using 23 explanatory variables (distance to source forest, area, perimeter, round, Shape Index, interior to edge (IE) ratio, urban strata, monkey presence (high, low, medium), place (15 forest patch), habitat (edge or not), season (summer and winter), cloud cover, wind, humid, precipitation, canopy cover, percentage of pine, and vegetation ground attributes (percentage of tree, bush, soil, grass, and litter; tree height). Generalized linear model was used to analyze the relationship among forest patch characteristics and bird species richness and abundance. Winter season showed negative relations to both bird species richness and abundance. Vegetation covers such as tree percentage, bare soil, litter have significant relation to both species’ richness and abundance. Forest patch area showed a positive relation to species richness, with larger patches supporting higher species numbers. However, the patch shape index showed a negative impact on species richness suggested by a lower species richness in irregular shaped patch containing higher shape index. Patches closer to the source forest support higher individuals of birds while the patches far from source have low species abundance as they are more isolated. This study found that within the urban green patches in Kathmandu Valley, the forest patches that are closest to the city center and that are most disturbed have the lowest Shannon diversity index. The results suggested that urban forest patches that were far from the disturbed city center and with diverse habitatssupported higher species richness of birds. Within the context of conservation, promoting these urban green patches in a fast-growing city should be a priority for urban planners and conservationists.
Copro-microscopic study of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of rodents (Family: Muridae) of Gokarneshwor municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal
(2025) Kalwar, Rabina Gupta; Janak Raj Subedi
Many parasites that are of medical importance have their definitive host as small mammals and are also zoonotic. Some of these rodent species are peri domestic meaning they are in close contact with humans and the intermediate host that help in the transmission of the disease. A cross sectional study was conducted between July to November 2022 to determine the gastrointestinal helminth parasites and their risks in rodents in Sundarijal, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 110 fecal samples were collected from rodents (73 rats, 46 Rattus norvegicus and 27 Rattus rattus and 37 house mice, Mus musculus), and examined using direct wet mount, floatation as well as formal-ether sedimentation techniques. The results showed that the overall prevalence of endoparasites was 29.09% with the following genera: Hymenolepis nana (17.27%), Hymenolepis diminuta (6.36%), Strongyloides stercoralis (4.54%) and Trichiuris spp. (0.9%). The result of the interview revealed that, walking bare foot and playing in open grassland has been identified as the major risk factors for the zoonotic diseases among the people living there. Thus, more studies should be conducted in the rural areas of Gokarneshwor Municipality with changing climate conditions to further explore the parasite diseases in wildlife and their impacts on human health and environment.
A Study on intestinal helminth parasites of goats ( (Capra hircus) brought to Khasibazar, Bagbazar (Kathmandu) for slaughter purpose
(2011) Pathak, Chanda; Janak Raj Subedi
A total of 202 stool samples of Capra hircus (goat) from Khasi bazaar (Bag bazaar) Kathmandu were microscopically examined to identify the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasite. Both sedimentation and flotation technique were used for the detection of helminth parasites. Out of total 202 samples, 161(79.70%) samples were found positive for more than one helminthes. The overall prevalence of different genera of helminth results statistically significant in goats (χ2 =101.49, P<0.05, d.f. =17). There is significant difference in prevalence of trematode, cestode and nematode infection among goats. The infection with trematodes was 5.94%, with cestodes 4.45%, with nematode 69.30%. The trematode genera identified with their prevalence percentage was found to be Fasciola 3.46% and Paramphistomum 2.47% The difference in the prevalence of different genus of trematodes result statistically significant (χ2=0.332, P>0.05, d.f. =1). Among cestodes, the prevalence percentage of identified genera was found to be Moniezia 1.48%, Taenia 2.97%. The difference in the prevalence of different genus of cestode result statistically significant (χ2 = 1, P>0.05, d.f. =1) Nematodes include Strongyloides 3.46%, Haemonchus 13.36%, Chabertia 4.95%, Oesophagostomum 11.88%, Trichuris 7.42%, Ostertagia 5.94%, Trichostrongylus 2.97%, Nematodirus 2.97%, Cooperia 2.47%, Dictyocaulus 1.48%, Dioctophyma 1.48%, Capillaria 5.94%, Bunostomum 0.99%, Oxyuris 0.99%. The difference in the prevalence of different genus of nematodes result statistically significant (χ2 =84.37, P<0.05, d.f. =13). Single infection was observed among 38 samples and highest due to Haemonchus. Mixed infections were observed among 123 samples positive samples. Among Trematodes the heavy infection was found due to Fasciola, among cestode, due to Moniezia and among Nematodes, due to Oesophagostomum.

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