Browsing by Subject "Antioxidant"
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Item Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of in Vitro raised dendrobium Amoenum wall. Ex lindl.(Department of Botany, 2023) Sharma, SujataDendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl., the most prominent epiphytic orchid, is recognized for its attractive blossoms and has been used in traditional medicine in various South Asian countries. D. amoenum yielded a variety of compounds, including amoenylin, iso-amoenylin, moscatilin, bibenzyl derivatives, phenols, phenanthrenes, and sesquiterpenoids. The study’s objectives were to assess the phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of D. amoenum methanolic fractions grown in vitro. FMS medium enriched with 0.25 mg/l NAA and 10% CW produced the healthiest shoots (19.33±2.40) and shoot length (4.17±0.58cm). The highest root number (8.67±5.17) and root length (2.13±0.55cm), were found in IAA (0.25mg/l). The yellow fraction was found to have the highest phenolic (206.38 g GAE/mg extract) and flavonoid content (101.88 g QE/mg extract). The yellow, green, light green and dark green fractions of the methanolic extract inhibited DPPH free radicals (IC50 ) at values of 63.73±0.38 µg/ml, 179.76±1.47 µg/ml, 105.79±0.57 µg/ml, and 204.27±2.75 µg/ml respectively. At 200 µg/ml concentration, the green fraction inhibited the growth of HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cells by 82.36±5.79%, the dark green fraction inhibited the growth of U2OS (osteosarcoma) cells by 64.75±3.41%, and the light green fraction inhibited the growth of Normal cells by 13.51±4.43%. Except for Normal cells, which are non-toxic to humans, the fractions of methanolic extract suppress cell growth by 50% against HeLa and U2OS cells. The antioxidant potential of the methanolic fraction of D. amoenum extracts is related to the presence of antioxidant-rich chemicals such as polyphenol derivatives, which have a high potential to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, elucidating the orchid's potential in alternative medicine toward medication development.Item Biological Studies of Some Selected Medicinal Plants from Kathmandu Valley and Isolation of Chemical Compounds(Department of Chemestry, 2021) Kapali, JunuThe aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical and biological properties of some selected medicinal plants from Kathmandu valley and isolation of phytoconstituents from active plant extract. The methanolic extracts of Ageratina Adenophora, Cupressus sempervirens and Lantana camara aerial parts were analyzed for their phytochemical analysis, toxicity test, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content, antidiabetic properties and isolation of chemical constituents from active plant fraction and FTIR analysis. The toxicity test was studied by brine shrimp lethality test. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The amount of total phenolic and flavonoid was estimated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride method, respectively. The α amylase enzyme inhibition activity was performed to evaluate the inhibition percentage for each extract. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, coumarins, glycosides, polyphenol, carbohydrate, saponin, tannins, terpenoids, quinones, and volatile oil & fats. The methanolic extracts of Ageratina adenophora was found to be cytotoxic against brine shrimp as shown by its LC50 value of 833.68 µg/mL. The methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (106.179 ± 11.390 µg/mL) showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity as its IC50 values were close to standard ascorbic acid (17.456 ± 0.822 µg/mL). Lantana camara showed the highest phenolic (10.2 ± 0.343 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (1.872 ± 0.16 mg QE/g) respectively. In addition, Ageratina adenophora methanolic extracts were found to inhibit enzymatic activity of α-amylase under in-vitro starch digestion bioassay with the IC50 value of 1.843 ± 0.007 mg/mL. The FTIR measurement revealed the presence of C=O, O-H and C-H stretching bands at the functional group region. Keywords: Phytochemical, antioxidant, phenolic, flavonoid, antidiabetic, αamylase.Item Chemical Analysis, Biological Activities, and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bioactive RHUS Chinensis Mill Extracts(Department of Chemistry, 2023) Bhusal, ManishaAvailable with full textItem GC-MS, ANTIBACTERIAL, CYTOTOXICITY AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF (SPRENG. PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY T.U. REGISTRATION NO.: DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE OF MS, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, TPC, TFC TOXICITY AND FTIR ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTS AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF AGERATINA ADENOPHORA SPRENG.) R.M. KING & H. ROB. FROM PALPA DISTRICT OF NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2022-07-10) Thapa, ArjunAgeratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. is an important perennial medicinal herb that belongs to the family Asteraceae. It has scented leaves that have historically been used as a medicine. The plants of A. adenophora were collected from the Palpa district and were air-dried. The goal of this study was to look into GC-MS analysis, phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antibacterial and antifungal activity, toxicity, Thin layer chromatography, and column chromatography of A. adenophora extracts and essential oil. Clevenger-type hydro distillation apparatus was used to extract the essential oil. The air-dried powdered plant materials of A. adenophora were extracted with methanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate solvents for the extract. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of A. adenophora plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, quinones, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrate, terpenoids, proteins, and amino acids. The GC-MS study of chloroform extract revealed ten different possible compounds, whereas essential oil revealed fourteen. 1-naphthalenol (24.33%) and α–bisabolol (18.01%) were the most numerous components in the chloroform extract, and 1-napthalenol (24.56%) and α-bisabolol (14.74%) were the most abundant components in the essential oil of A. adenophora. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using (DPPH) free radical. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was determined to be 50.24 % at 15 mg/mL of sample solution, while the antioxidant activity of chloroform extract was 62.84 % at 2 mg/mL of sample solution. The IC50 value of essential oil was found to be 17.21 mg/mL whereas that of chloroform extract was found to be 1.46 mg/mL. The TPC content of the essential oil and extract was found to be 53.42 mg gallic acid/g of equivalent and 89.75 mg gallic acid/g of equivalent. The TFC content in essential oil and chloroform extract was found to be 3.372 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract and 49.252 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract respectively. The essential oil, as well as chloroform extract, also showed LC50 values of 64.56 µg/mL and 174.78 µg/mL respectively. Antibacterial activity was shown to E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus subsp. aureus in both chloroform extract and essential oil of A. adenophora. There was no evidence of antifungal action. In FTIR analysis of chloroform leaf extracts of A. adenophora studies revealed the presence of these functional groups: 1° amine (N-H), the carboxylic acid (-COOH), alkane (C-H), aldehyde (-CHO). A single spot was seen in the solvent system of ethyl acetate and hexane (5:95), (10:90), (20:80) by the use of column chromatography.Item Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Berberis Asiatica from Arghakhanchi District Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Berberis Asiatica from Arghakhanchi District(Department of Chemestry, 2021) Dhakal, DevendraThe aims of the present study were to prepare methanolic extract of Berberis asiatica and subjected for their phytochemical screening and biological activities. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Berberis asiatica showed the presence of different chemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, reducing sugars, steroids, glycosides but tannin and volatile oils were absent. The total phenolic content of methanolic extract of Berberis asiatica was found to be 37.686 ± 2.728 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid content of was found to be 115.568 ± 8.012 mg QE/g. The radical scavenging activity of the extract was evaluated by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical method. The IC50 value of methanolic extract of Berberis asiatica was found to be 205.7 ± 5.353 μg/mL. The smaller the IC50 value, the greater is the antioxidant property. The antibacterial activity methanolic extract of Berberis asiatica was studied against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. typhi using agar well diffusion method. The result showed that the plant extract exhibit maximum activity against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae having ZOI value 14 mm and 19 mm respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus was found to be 0.39 mg/mL and for K. pneumoniae was 3.125 mg/mL. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for S. aureus and for K. pneumoniae was found to be 6.25 mg/mL. Qualitatively, GC of hexane extract of Berberis asiatica showed 35 compounds. This can be categorized into ketones, alkanes, cycloalkanes, other are identified as aromatic compounds. The plant under study was potential medicinal plant due to variation and availability of phytochemicals. Keywords: Berberis asiatica, Phytochemicals, DPPH, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, MIC, MBCItem PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, GC-MS ANALYSIS, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, TPC, TFC, AND CYTOTOXICITY ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTS AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF AEGLE MARMELOS (L.) CORREA(Amrit Campus, 2022-07-17) Karki, HomaAegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae family), also known as the Bel fruit tree, is a widely distributed plant and is found in Nepal, Bangladesh, India, China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, etc. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the phytochemicals and bio-activities of extracts and essential oil of A. marmelos. The A. marmelos leaves were successively extracted using methanol, hexane, and chloroform organic solvents. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol and chloroform extracts of A. marmelosleaves confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, protein, and tannin. GC MS analysis of crude chloroform extract showed 9 different major compounds among which Limonene dioxide (27.78 %) and Germacrene B (20.65 %) were the most abundant. The IC50 value of the chloroform extract against DPPH was found to be 308.21 μg/mL. The result showed that the total phenolic and flavonoid content in A. marmelos leaves with the value 58.36 mg gallic acid equivalent and 142.29 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract respectively. The extract also exhibited higher toxicity against brine shrimp with the LC50 value of 157.50 μg/mL. The essential oil by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC-MS for its composition and exhibited the presence of 12 different compounds. The most abundant were Limonene (25.06 %) and Germacrene B (18.63 %). Antibacterial activity was performed against six bacterial species and Bacillus subtilis was susceptible to the essential oil showing zone of inhibition (ZOI) 7 mm. The IC50 value of the essential oil against DPPH was found to be 13.63 mg/mL. The total phenolic content and flavonoid content in the essential oil of A. marmelos leaves were found to be 10.65 mg gallic acid equivalent and 3.27 mg quercetin equivalent/g of essential oil respectively. The toxicity of essential oil of A. marmelos tested by brine shrimp lethality (LC50) was found to be 58.17 μg/mL.Item Studies on Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Coccinia Grandis (L.) Voigt, Datura Metel (Linn.) and Tagetes Patula (L.) from Rupandehi District of Nepal(Department of Chemistry, 2020) Kharel, PrabhatNepal is great country having all the types of biodiversity which is suitable for the growth of different type plants. Different types of natural products and their biological activities can be obtained from these plants which could have great benefits in cure of different diseases. Phytochemical screening of different plant extracts showed the rich resources of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols etc. Calculations of TPC and TFC value of plant extracts showed that T. patula content highest value TPC (630.839±2.633 mgGAE/g) and TFC (79.605±1.808 mgQE/g) respectively. Antioxidant activities of these plant extracts studied by both DPPH and FRAP both showed D. metel with IC50 value of 0.039 mg/mL and 357.0365±0.682317 mm Fe (II)/L respectively, as a potent antioxidant among the selected three plant extracts. The antibacterial activity was studied by well diffusion method which showed plant extract of T. patula only showed the activity of 10 mm ZOI value at concentration of 50 mg/mL as compared to standard drug against S. aureus while other plant extracts did not showed any activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme widely distributed among mammalian tissues, is associated with the oxidation of xanthine and hypoxanthine to form uric acid. This is the serious effect on the human being many people are suffering from this disease. The antigout activity of these plant extracts were studied by xanthine oxidase inhibition assay where methanolic extract of C. grandis with IC50 value 0.491 mg/mL showed the highest xanthine oxidase inhibition activity among selected plants, refers it as potent antigout. Since C. grandis was selected for column and FTIR analysis of different fraction was observed. FTIR analysis showed different carbonyl, phenolic, alkane compounds are present in the extracts. This study may provide scientific basis for the use of selected plants and may provide valuable information for further research.