Browsing by Subject "Conflict"
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Item Assessment of the Effectiveness of Human-Snow Leopard Conflict Mitigation Measures in Ghunsa and Yangma Valley of Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal(Department of Environmental Science, 2011) Bhandari, DineshThe Human-Snow Leopard conflict has recently become one of the fundamental aspects of wildlife management as it represents the most widespread and complex challenge, currently livestock predation appears to be the single most important cause that has brought Snow leopards into direct conflict with human populations. This Dissertation was carried out to asses the effectiveness of adopted Human-Snow Leopard conflict mitigation measures and degree of tolerance towards the Snow Leopard considering livestock depredation in the Ghunsa and Yangma valley of Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA). Purposively, the study was carried out in two areas namely Ghunsa and Yangma of KCA. All together 34 household was taken for the study through a combination of social survey methods involving participatory techniques, structured questionnaire surveys of households and key informant interviews. The study assessment of the human-snow leopard conflict was the most serious issue in the high mountains of Nepal’s Himalaya. Animal husbandry was one of the most important economic enterprises in Ghunsa and Yangma of KCA. But these livestock were depredated by Snow Leopard which results serious conflict between the community and the wild predators. Thus, guarding livestock was the best practice to minimize the depredation. For the effectiveness of adopted mitigation measures there should be the provision of predator proof corrals during the night time and herders should be monitored for their guarding practice during the grazing and day time. A community based livestock Insurance program was initiated in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area in 2005 by WWF-Nepal in collaboration with locals so as to reduce retaliatory killing and conflicts and create communal effort for Snow Leopard Conservation. It is strongly recommended for the KCA to improve guarding system during day and night time in pastures and pens. Similarly, the number of predator proof corrals should be increased on required sites to reduce depredation rate of livestock.Item Conflict among the Colonizers: A Study on Colonial Resistance in Le Clezio’s Onitsha(Department of English, 2011) Dangi, Bed PrasadOnitsha highlights resistant campaign carried out by some colonizers against the colonial rule in African country, Nigeria. Maou, Fintan and Geoffrey are the colonial agents who stand against the colonial rule in Nigeria. Some colonial agents could not tolerate the series of colonial torture and exploitation by colonizers upon the colonized people. They find the beautiful Nigeria ravaged by the colonial rule. Then, Maou, one of the colonial agents, adamantly stands on the side of local Nigerian people protesting the colonial cruelty. She befriends the local people instead of wives of other colonial agents posted in Nigeria. She strongly advocates the rights of colonized people and gives voice to the voiceless African people. And she fearlessly faces the challenges appeared before her after she acts against the colonialism and in support of the local people. Some colonial agents like Maou, Fintan and Geoffrey adopt the local culture renouncing their colonial culture. They learn pidgin language and practice. Thus, they resist the colonialism in Nigeria both politically and culturally. Tension heightens between and among the colonizers. As a result, the colonizers not only face the tough hindrances from the local people but also from the colonizers themselves.Item Conflict and its Impact on Nepalese Tourism Industry: (1996-2006)(Department of Economics, 2007) Shrestha, SantosNot availableItem Conflict between Fatalism and Freewill in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha(Department of English, 2017) Tiwari, SantoshThis present research deals with various cultural and religious aspects of the western and non-western philosophies in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha. This research focuses upon the complexity and conflict between fatalism and freewill expressed through the different classical, modern and post-modern philosophers and their views. Besides excavation of the inner conflict of human beings can be accessed through the life style, doing attitudes, values and norms of different people in different period, that is manifested by the protagonist Siddhartha and other characters of the novel. To show how relative and controversy of non-Western philosophy by mainstream of Western philosophy about the conflict between fatalism and freewill is challenged in this research Theoretical insights of different critiques and philosophers of classical Greek philosophy, as well as references of Hindu Buddhist and Christian philosophy, texts like; Ved, Vedanta, Upanisad Bible, Shree Mada Bhagwad Gita Buddha Mimamsa. Moreover modern and post modern scholars like; Kurt Vonnegut, Magister Ludi, Minner Rober, Michal J Cummings, and non western scholars; Anita Desai Yogi Peramhamsa, Bhiksu Shanti, Swami Chinmayananda, Dor Bahadur Bista, Swami Shraddhananda are mobilized to justify the claim of the research.Item Conflict Induced Internal Displacement and Its Impact Upon Adolescent and Youth (A case study of Pokhara Sub-Metropolitancity)(Department of Population Studies, 2006) Adhikari, Ramesh PrasadThe researchstudy on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Pokhara Submetroplition,Kaski District based on primary data explores the causes of conflict-induced internaldisplacement and its impact upon adolescent and youth. The aimed of the study was tofulfill the main objectives as: To examine the socio economic status of internallydisplaced youth and adolescentand toanalyze the socio economic effects of internallydisplaced youth and adolescent in place of origin and destination. In this study, by using purposive sampling method 60 householdswere selected from thedifferent partsof Pokhara valley and from the 60 households,110 adolescentsand youthsfor ages 15-24 years for both sexes were included for this study. Among the totalrespondents, 45 percent were from Kaski district and 55 percent werefrom other districts.Around 83 percent of internally displaced adolescent and youth were suffered by Maoistsand remaining 17 percent were suffered by thestate. More than 80 percent respondentswere displaced due to political causes.Among the total respondents, the proportion ofmale and female were 64 percent and 36 percent respectively. Most of the respondentsreported that agriculture was the major occupation before displacement but, afterdisplacement, most of them were involved in labours.Around 64 percent respondentshave been living on rent, 15 percent on camp, 7 percent in relatives/friendshouse and 14percent have been living their own house after displacement. This study explores the problems created by conflict between security forces and Maoistsand explains the major causes of internal displacement among adolescent and youththrough social, political, economic, cultural, health and violence against adolescent andyouthgirls. Internally displaced adolescent and youth had very good relation to their neighbours andrelatives before displacement. But after displacement this proportion was founddecreased. The proportion of respondents falling sick increased after displacement.Similarly, the access of natural resources decreases after displacement among adolescentand youth. Involvement in occupation has been cut off after displacement. Before displacement,respondents were involved in various jobs and social works. But after displacement, vast majority of respondents couldn’t get any job in the place of destination. Due to different kinds of obstacles and problems most of the respondents are feeling odd to expose their position in political party. The research study has presented a set of recommendation for governments, CPN(Maoists), political parties and civil society and international community and I/NGOs.Item Conflict of Modern and Postmodern Attitude in Jane Green's The Other Woman(Department of English, 2018) Ghimire, Maya KumariJane Green, in her novel The Other Woman,projects the condition of the modernist and postmodernist women who cannot ignore the family, but they have conflict.Modernist woman, Linda is guided by unity, rationality, forms, values and fixed rules and regulation whereas there is no fixed rules and regulation, no final center and no valuable unity for the postmodernist woman, Ellie. She is guided by plurality. She is not feeling good with conservative restrictive society. The research applies some key concepts developed in the field of modernism and postmodernism, specially, Habermas, Lyotard, Richard Tarnus. Hambermas theorizes the concept of modernity by looking at the history of the word 'modern' itself. Modernity of the time has not brought anything new but it has repeated what was in the past. Lyotard's concept of postmodernism is a form of experimentation, it appears in the form of art, literature culture and life of the people. Likewise, Tarnus criticizes the postmodern mind as the complex human mind. Complex thinking rejects the modern thing. Key Words: Modernist, Post-modernist, Experimentation, Culture, ConflictItem Conflict-Induced Internal Displacement (A Case Study of Hapur VDC Dang District)(Department of Geography, 2008) Pokhrel, UmakantNot availableItem Cultural Disparity and Conflict of Generationin R.K. Narayan's The Vendor of Sweets(Department of English, 2007) Sharma, RajendraThe chief problem with which the novel The Vendor of Sweets deals is that of cultural disparity and generational conflict between two generations in India. In R.K. Narayan's The Vendor of Sweets,the protagonist, Jagan is a conservative person who wants to live in an idealized traditional Indian life. He tries to adopt the moral and ethnical codes of the traditional society for gaining eternal peace and tranquility in life. Mali, on the contrary, ignoring hisown typical Indian culture attempts to imitate western culture as well as lifestyle. Leaving his further study in India he prefers to go to America for story-writing machine and begins to adopt American way of life in terms of food, education policy, individual lifestyle and so forth.Cultural disparity between two generations looms there and this kind of cultural disparity creates generational conflict which leads towards family disintegration, i.e. irreconcilable conflict between two generations.Item Exploration of Cultural Conflict and Equilibrium in Chetan Bhagat's Two States: The Story of My Marriage(Department of English, 2023) Mandal, SudipThis paper entitled Exploration of Cultural Conflict and Equilibrium in Chetan Bhagat’sTwo States: The Story of My Marriage tags and dissects the forces of culture, conflict, cultural diversity, relativism, sociocultural traditions, tolerance, multiculturalism, intercultural marriage and equilibrium in the protagonists named Krish, Ananya and other characters. The study enthralls around the multiculturalism such as sociocultural practices, unity, cultural diversity, amalgamation and national unity of this contemporary time and all these all Bhagat testifies in his novel. This research also inspects confusion between traditional culture and modern culture colliding in the critique of protagonists’ circumferences and other events inside the novel observing the father son relationship, struggle and freedom. This research assumes theoretical insights associated with multiculturalism and cultural conflict elaboratedby Bhikhu Parekh, Patrick West, Jonathan H. Turner and Alexander Grewe. This research sums up that Bhagat’s novel uncovers the trends and characteristics of life living culture of the young generation, sociocultural values and cultural relativism in different situations emerging in modern times.Item Human-Leopard Conflict in Palungtar Municipality in Gorkha District, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2020) Shrestha, BinodHuman-Wildlife Conflict is a common phenomenon from the past and has become a significant problem throughout the world. Livestock depredation, property damage and human casualties are the most common forms of conflict. Human-leopard conflict is a major issue in the Palungtar Municipality. This study had been conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 using structured questionnaires and focal group discussion. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in 265 households at seven mostly affected villages of Palungtar Municipality: Khoplang, Aapipal, Palungtar, Gaikhur, Chyangling, Dhuwakot and Mirkot. Altogether 21 transects were drawn to represent different habitats of Palungtar area, where the direct and indirect signs of the species were recorded. Signs of Leopard were recorded on both sides of transect within ten meters. A total of 45 signs was obtained in the seven different Community Forests of the study area, indicating the presence of the Leopard. About 79% households suffered livestock depredation problem from Leopard in the study area. There were 375 domestic animals were killed and 49 domestic animals were injured due to Leopard attack from 2016 to 2018. Chyangli Village was the most affected village for livestock depredation and Khoplang Village was the least affected for livestock depredation. A total of two human attack cases was recorded. Linear regression (R xiv 2 = 0.93, F=12.56, P=0.03) was used to analyze the distribution of Leopard. More than half (63%) of the respondents had positive attitude towards the presence of Leopard conservation. It assessed the tolerance level and perception of the local people towards Leopard conservation by mitigating human-leopard conflict. This study was also designed to explore the status of Leopard (Panthera pardus) in the study area. This study aimed to explore the human-leopard conflict in terms of livestock depredation, human causalities and other causes of human-leopard conflict. Major causes of Leopard decline are due to deforestation, forest fire, low prey species, habitat degradation, poaching, killing and others. Afforestation, habitat conservation, awareness program for local people and regular monitoring of Leopard might help to reduce the human-leopard conflict. Key words: Leopard, Palungtar, Conflicts, Livestock depredation, Household survey.Item Human-Rhino Conflict in Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal: A Case Study from Madi Valley(Department of Zoology, 2009) Prasai, AnilAgricultural crop and livestock depredation by wildlife results in disputes between the park authorities and the local people. Human–rhino conflict poses a serious threat to rhino conservation in many parts of Asia including Nepal. The study entitled “Human-Rhino Conflict in Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal: A Case Study of Madi Valley” was carried out between July to October, 2008 to assess the causes and extent of human-rhino conflict in Mandi valley adjacent to Chitwan national park. The questionnaire survey of 222 households and key informant interviews were used to assess the level human- rhino conflict in Madi valley. Compensation claim against the human harassment by rhino were collected from park head quarter and analyzed. A total of 50 quadrates of the size 1x1 m2 and 24 quadrates of 20x20 m2 were used for vegetation analysis in the grassland and forest respectively in the rhino habitat. . The Total crop loss per household was NRS 12, 474.93 (paddy 649.15 kg accounts NRS 9088.12,maize 125.26 kg accounts NRS 1753.68, lentil 8.47kg accounts NRS 466.22, mustard 6.52kg accounts NRS 359.40 and wheat 16.26kg accounts NRS 292.82), NRS 10,516.79 (paddy 613.52 kg accounts NRS 8589.36,maize 19.45 kg accounts NRS 272.41, lentil 3.83kg accounts NRS 210.67, mustard 2.69 kg accounts NRS 148.10 and wheat 72.01 kg accounts NRS 1296.25), NRS 7896.43 (paddy 270.72 kg accounts NRS 3790.08,maize 28.53 kg accounts NRS 399.53, lentil 3.88kg accounts NRS 213.84, mustard 4.70kg accounts NRS 258.81 and wheat 50.23kg accounts NRS 904.17) and NRS 7,000.76(paddy 467.78 kg accounts NRS 6548.97,maize 25.66 kg accounts NRS 359.35, lentil 0.28kg accounts NRS 15.84, mustard 0.06 kg accounts NRS 3.36 and wheat 4.65 kg accounts NRS 76.60) in Gardi, Kalyanpur, Bagauda and Ayodhyapuri VDC respectively. A total of 7 killings and 9 injuries have been recorded during the year 2008. Among those west and south sector of CNP are highly vulnerable for conflict between human and rhino. Relative frequencies of preferred species of rhino were Saccharam spontaenium (16%), Trewia nudiflora (8.33%) and Narenga porphyrocoma (10%). An alien species Mikania mikarantha (18%) was found in the habitat. The effective management for alien species like Mikania mikarantha inside the park seems very essential and the management of problem of human harassment, injuries and killing outside the park or in the settlements and cropfieldItem Impact of Maoist Insurgency in Achham: A Case Study of Kuika VDC(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Saud, SurajNepal once a peaceful country is now in a critical Juncture due to various internal conflicts. One of which has been the Maoist insurgency that started its movement in the name of "People's War"; since 13th Feb.1996. Since the Maoist rebels launched the armed struggle against the state, 13092 individuals have lost their lives, similarly 47076 have been abducted and thousands of others become the victims of conflict(INSEC, 2006). At the same time, Nepal has created a new record in the world's history, in the sense of transforming the age old feudalisticpolitical system (Monarchy) through the 19th day's peaceful movement which is renounced in the name of "April Revolution". It is proved that the awareness level of people is very high and the whole sector (social,political, cultural, Economics) of the country is in the process of restructure. This study has aimed to assess the overall (political, socio-cultural and economic) impact of insurgency at Micro level/VDC level. The studyarea is Kuika, VDC of AchhamDistrict. Three wards, 2,3,4 has been sampled. The total households of study area are 258. Among them 65 household have been sampled randomly. Among them 27 household are from Brahamin, 23 from dalit and 15 from Chhetri. The information, for this study,has been collected from the primary and secondary sources. The primary data have been collected from focusgroup discussion, observation, questionnaire survey and key informant interview. The secondary data have been collected from published and unpublished written documents from individuals, experts and institutions. The study has identified the negative as well as positive impacts of insurgency in study area. Displacement of local people, demands of 5 food and shelter without payment, killings, stoppage of development activities, destruction of infrastructure, arbitrary law and order system,spread of sense of insecurity and fear are the negative impacts of insurgency. Similarly, reduction of social discriminations in terms ofcast and gender, reduction of social abuse as alcoholism and gambling has been stopped, lowered interest rates of moneylenders, control over corruption, suppression, transparency, empowerment of lower castes,ethnic groups and women, reduction of untouchability, reduction of Chupadi system are the positive impacts. In the present, changed situation, after the "April Revolution, 2006",people are looking for lasting peace and prosperity. People are very hopeful about the salvation from violence and murder. The great "Aprilrevolution 2006, has given a new knowledge to all stakeholders of conflict. The negotiation is the better way for solution. The displaced people want to return their homeland. All are playing no more bloodshed in the homeland. i.e. birthplace of Buddha. People arewaiting not only for peace but for the guarantee of their rights. The peace without rights is meaningless. So, for the lasting peace and prosperous society, both parties (GON/MB) should be honest/responsible toward the negotiation and peace building process.The essence of 12 points, 8 points understanding should be complied sincerely. The cease-fire monitoring mechanism should be made powerful and effective. Transformation of inhuman socio-cultural,economic and political discrimination should be addressed by the new political system in days ahead.Item Indigenous Confict Resolution Mechanism: Study of Lohorung Rai Community(Faculty of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies, 2021) Dahal, MibitIn Nepal, there has been attempt to uncover huge number of indigenous communities through academic gates, yet the numbers are not sufficient. There are more hidden mysteries than anyone can think of, given the geographical area of Nepal. The diversity in cultures and ritual application has made each group different with one another. Under the given premise, this study focused on conflict resolution practices by Lohorung Rai community. The main focus of research was to understand the procedure of conflict resolution within Lohorung Rai of Nepal. With only two literatures on Lohorung and silent about conflict resolution as of today made the task even more difficult. This confirmed that non of the primitive mechanisms exists today. The task was set with following some of the key literatures within the area of conflict resolution, culture and other social context. As perceived, it was hard to differentiate the path of inquiry. The inquiry into the research question following qualitative method adopting phenemenological approach proved supportive yet challanging. The data were collected through observation and interview and collecting stories, myths, songs, jokes, narratives and all other forms of orally transmitting ideas. Deep inquiry were done with the older generation people to evaluate the collected materials. The oral informations proved to be stock of valuable informations explaining how things were done in the past. With the informations obtained, it was clear that Lohorung people had understood conflict and conflict resolution in much better ways than one can imagine. In their own way of understanding, Lohorung community divided conflict into three structures: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Intergroup. The division of conflict as such was based on the parties attached to the conflict. In the same way they had already defined different mechanisms to address the problems. Use of techniques like “Sheer Uthaune” is still taken as a means to address intra-personal conflict as of today. For interpersonal and intergroup conflict, approach similar to mediations were used. But, in primitive sense, those issue addressing sessions meant more than just resolving conflict. The act of resolving conflict amongst Lohorung resembles near to that of modernday mediation practice. However, it differs in many scenario as option to resolution and reaching the consensus were less, they had to adopt either complete settelment through compensation or through friendship (meet laune) or through pardoning the person or party or even through punishments. The process of resoultion done by Lohorung community cannot be easily explained by modernday theoritical approach, specially in intrapersonal conflict.It’s role is not to narrate wrong doings but also restoring communal bond and faith within each other. It implies rituals and other platforms to aware people about the consequences and difficulties associated with it. Also, social activities were added advantage to ensure proper community participation for other actions as well. The use of rituals as platform to perform and culture to carry it to next generation was solid approach to transmit the knowledge. Yet, with difficulty in knowledge transfer due to modernization and migration, Lohorung have managed to reel off their knowledge through greater participation. The value that Lohorung Rai people within the cultural activities have is much more than what the outcome shows. The way they solve their problem by themselves and vlaue their system is complex yet can be a source for modern techniques of conflict resolution.Item Jim as a Tragic Character: A Psychoanalytic Study of Conrad’s Lord Jim(Department of English, 2011) Sedai, RishikeshThe present thesis explores Joseph Conrad’s best-known novel Lord Jim as a text of analysis to explore its themes that are the ambiguous nature of good and evil, the importance and fragility of ideals, the isolation of the individual, and the threat of disaster and failure that looms behind the calm surface of every day. It focuses on the psychological process of the protagonist, Jim, by employing Freud’ and Lacan's psychoanalysis approach.The major concern of this study is how anxiety is reflected in the major character’s personality.Thus, Conrad describes human psychological problem which appears in his main character Jim.Therefore, with the theories of characterization, conflict, and redemption as well as psychological and psychoanalytical theories, the writer tries to analyze the process of Jim's search for recognition to gain his honor but he is entangled between desire and lack throughout his life.Item Nature and Impact of Conflict Induced Internal Displacement in Dharan, Sunsari(Department of Population Studies, 2006) Rana, Janga BirStudied on the"Nature and Impact of Conflict Induced Internal Displacement in Dharan, Sunsari", on the basis of the primary data, this dissertation had aimed at fulfilling the main objectives as: (a) To examine social,economic and demographic characteristics of IDPs and (b) To analyze the impact of displaced persons in the place of origin and destination. There were 105 internally displaced persons selected for respondents by purposive sampling method. All of the respondents were from rural areas. Among,total respondents, 55 percent were Janajati followed by Chhetri (23%), Brahmin (20%) and Dalit (2%). Male and female proportion was 76 percent and 24 percent respectively. Similarly, 23 percent were 20-29 years, 27 percent 30-39 years, 29percent were 40-49 years, 19 percent were 50-59 years and 2 percent were60yearsand above. Among the respondents 77 percent were married, 17 percent were unmarried, 4 percent were widowhood and 2 percent were divorced. Similarly, 37percent were joint family and 63 percent were nuclear family. Of the total respondents90 percent were literate and 10 percent were illiterate. Among the total respondents 45percent had agricultural occupation before displacement followed by job (33%),business (13%) household workers (3.8%), no job (3.8%), others (3.8%)and labor(1.5%). Similarly, 29 percent respondent had job followed by no job (35%),agriculture (6%), labor (12%), business (11%) and others (2%) after displacement of the total IDPs. Around94 percent IDPs were victimized by the Maoist party and 6 percent were victimized by the state. IDPs had very good relation to their neighbours and relatives before their displacement. But this proportion is decreased after displacement. Involvement in occupation has been cut off. Before displacement respondents were involved in various works. But large number of population could not get any work in the place of destination. They are searching for a job but they are not getting. Most of the respondents were from agricultural based communities they were compelled to leave their place of residence because of the Maoist's pressure. Males are usually compelled to flee, and women find themselves helpless and lonely.Item Peace building and internally displaced persons in Nepal(Department of History, 2010) Panth, MahadevThis thesis examines peacebuilding in Nepal. The term peacebuilding is crosscutting issue and multi-layered in nature. It implies that the transformation of society towards prosperity through the developmental process and it protects the society by preventing present and potential conflict in the future. Many African and some Asian countries are affected by violent conflict resulted mass people internally displaced. Nepal also affected from the violent conflict more than 10 years but it had ended after signing the Comprehensive Peace Accord between the conflicting parties in 2006. Government lunched various programmes to promote returning process of displaced people but few IDPs returned than expected. From the international experience, returning procedure of IDPs can make attractive through removing the financial independence by securing livelihood for themselves and their dependants from production or gainful employment. Thus, economic integration of IDPs is the best way for peacebuilding but it is often difficult in the areas where unemployment is high, poor economic growth exists and the individuals in question do not have marketable skills. Empowerment through the training and skill development and linked their resource and product to the market can provide livelihood, sustainable reintegration of IDPs and peace building. Key words: Conflict, Mass people internally displaced, Reintegration, Income assurance helps to return, Peace building.Item Revolt Against Racism In Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman(Department of English Education, 2008) Acharya, SujanNot availableItem The Socio-Economic Impact of Internal Displacement Due to Armed Conflict: A Case Study of Rupandehi District(Department of Population Studies, 2006) Dhakal, TulsiNot availableItem Two-state Solution Between Israel And Palestine: Viable or Obsolete Idea(Department Of International Relation & Diplomacy, 2021-03) Paudel, BhuvanTwo-state solution between Israel and Palestine has been one of the most contested and old issue continuing since the mid of 20th century and is debated among international communities. The existence of this unsettled matter in the Arab region has tremendously changed the dynamics of power relation, peace and stability in the Middle East, differences between religions and multiple aspects that have changed life of many people since decades. The Balfour declaration of settlement of Jews; UN Mandate of partition, Arab Israeli war of 1948 causing displacement of 750,000 Palestinians and division of territory into the State of Israel; the West Bank and the Gaza strip; war of 1967 with territorial gain for Israel over the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt; the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria; Camp-David accord of 1979 between Israel and Egypt, first intifada of Palestinian in 1987, Oslo Accord of 1993 and 1995, second intifada from 2000-2005, US attempt to revive peace process in 2013, hostility of Fatah and Hamas with Israel, decision of Trump administration to relocate embassy from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem were the major stances to be looked upon for Israel- Palestine relation. In this context, the course for two-state solution with enduring peace is definitely not an easy task with multiple actors involved with numerous interests. Despite this fact, the efforts manifested by both parties’ time and again in the lane of history sprout the seeds of solution where two-states with enduring peace might seem possible despite the odds. In this regard, this study attempts to check the viability of the possibility of two-state solution and the complexity that arises to make this idea obscure.Item Women’s Quest for Independence in Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun(Department of English, 2023) Adhikari, Rashmi ThapaThis research work has investigated into the endeavors of the protagonists especially Olanna and Kainene to release them from the traditional social framework imposed upon them as depicted in Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun. Although the women with education degrees and affluent family background endeavor to lead independent lives without subordinating to men, most of them fail to retain their idealized status in African society that is predominantly patriarchal. The Nigerian society as depicted in the novel does not accept women’s leadership as exemplified in the case of Kainene who runs her father’s business. Both Olanna and Kainene are competent and highly educated. However, they cannot establish their identity as independent individuals. They are forced to abide by the principles of patriarchy that women can only be subordinates to men. The objective of the study has been to investigate the causes of the conflict between modern values embodied by Olanna and Kainene and traditional norms and values of rural Nige-ria represented by Odenigbo’s mother. This conflict is similar to the conflict that caused the Bia-fran war and that ultimately pushed the nation to disintegration. The year the novel was pub-lished in 2006 was the year of violence among different ethnic groups for political powers. Be-sides, the problems of the human rights were not resolved that year. Adichie created the novel to reflect on the ongoing political turmoil of Nigeria as well. The conflict between them implies the possibility of transformation by adapting to the circumstances created in the aftermath of the Biafran war. The war has become a productive opportunity for women like Olanna and Kainene to express their prudence and boldness in social affairs. Their public exposure symbolizes the pos-sibility of tremendous growth and development on the part of women in Nigeria as portrayed in the text. The study has employed Womanism as a theoretical tool to analyze the text. Womanism, a branch of African feminisms advocates for rights of women and care for men. It seeks to have a world of equality and independence regardless of gender discriminations. By using the concept of Chikwenye Ogunyemi, the research has explored the boldness and intelligence attained through education and financial independence by the women of the current generation are the weapons to combat the male-domination.