Browsing by Subject "Frequency"
Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Diversity and Distribution of Invasive Alien Plant Species Along Road Network in Central Nepal(Department of Botany, 2015) Paudel, NirmalaInvasive alien plant species are spreading rapidly in Nepal and can have irreversible environmental and economic problem if not managed in time. For the proper management of IAPS detail information regarding their diversity and distribution is needed. In this study a detail survey of IAPS distribution was carried out during June- July in 2013 along road networks in Central Nepal. The study also dealt with the variation in species richness pattern across land use types and along elevation gradient. IAPS distribution was assessed through systematic location of sample plots at an interval of 10km in plain areas and 5km in hilly areas. At every specified distance, a 10 × 10 m x 2 plot was defined along the sides of the road. At each plot, IAPS encountered within the plot, their phenophases, presence of biocontrol agents and three most dominant IAPS in terms of cover were recorded. The cover was estimated visually and the frequency of individual IAPS was calculated. The geographical distribution map of each IAPS and overall species richness distribution pattern map was prepared using Arc GIS. A total of 340 plots were sampled covering 2075km of road network. Among the 18 species of invasive alien plants recorded from roadside vegetation, Bidens pilosa had the highest frequency whereas Eichhornia crassipes had the lowest. And Ageratina adenophora was the first dominant species in 30% of the sample plots. IAPS richness showed unimodal pattern of distribution along the elevation gradient. There was significant difference in species richness across land use types. Grazing and fallow land was more vulnerable to invasion, as reflected by the highest species richness in comparison to other land use types (Agricultural land>Shrubland>Forest>Wetland). A negative linear relationship was obtained between frequency (%) and year of record of the IAPS. There was no significant relationship between elevational limit and minimum residence time of IAPS. Most of the IAPS were concentrated to the tropical and sub-tropical region. Middle mountains had greater IAPS richness in comparison to other physiographic regions.This study concludes that IAPS have been spreading rapidly along road networks in Central Nepal. The road networks are acting as dispersal corridors and source areas for plant invasion. Therefore, comprehensive study of IAPS distribution and their impacts has to be carried out at national level which may be useful to develop management strategies for controlling biological invasion. Keywords: Biological invasion, Invasive alien plant species, Species richness, Elevation gradient, Disturbance, Road network, Frequency, Residence time, Distribution maps.Item Microflora on Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Seeds from Different Storage Condition(Department of Botany, 2018) Acharya, Laxmilack gram is a most important summer pulse, which has a great market demand with a good potentiality for trade and export in Nepal. The production of black gram has ceased at higher rate by many fungi, as fungi infest in seeds. In this research, contact and systemic fungicides were applied in different concentrations to prevent its post-harvest lose. Seeds of black gram from two different storage sources were tested for seed-borne fungi. PDA, Blotter and Sand methods were used to isolate seed-borne fungi, in which PDA method was found to be the best. Seeds from traditional storage were found to be more infested with seed-borne fungi in comparison to seeds from the market. Among 25 isolated fungi species, four dominant species such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium sp were taken for treatment with chemical fungicides. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were best controlled by Carbendazim, and Fusarium sp. and Alternaria alternate were best controlled by Mancozeb. Carbendazim was found to be most effective at the concentration of 1600 ppm. These chemicals have shown good inhibitory action against fungi. In addition to this, seeds were treated with plant extracts of Azadirachta indica and Ageratum haustonianum to reduce the presence and frequency of pathogens. Such seed treatment showed effective control over different selected seed-borne fungi. Plant extracts, which are residue free products and pose lower risk to pollution, were found to be good for reducing the pathogens. Keywords: Synthetic, Fungicide, Frequency, PathogenItem Use and Importance of Test Specificationgrid to Design Slc Question Paper of English(Department of English Education, 2014) Regmi, Bhim PrasadThe research entitledUse and Importance of Test Specification Grid toDesign SLC Question Paper of Englishis aimed at finding the perception ofteachers and education experts on the importance of specification grid to designquestion paper of English and analyzing the SLC question paper of English2013 in line with specification grid 2013. In order to conductthe research Icollected data from the secondary level English teachers and education expertsof the Kathmandu district. I also collected specification grid of 2009 preparedby CDC(Curriculum Development Centre)and question paper of English 2013to analyze the SLC question papers in line with specification grid. The samplesize consisted of 35 secondary level English teachers from public and privateschool of Kathmandu district and 5 education experts (school supervisor andresource person) of the same district were also consulted. The teachers andexperts were selected by using purposive non-random sampling procedure. Thesame opinionnaire forms were distributed to the teachers and experts to elicittheir responses. The data were analyzed and discussed to find out theperceptions of the teachers and experts towards the importance of specificationgrid to design question papers. The SLC question papers of English 2013 werealso analyzed based on the test specification grid 2009 to find out the use ofspecification grid to design the SLC question paper of English. The researchfindings show that there is an immense role of test specification grid to designSLC question paper of English. Approximately, all teachers and experts havebeen aware ofthe importance of test specification grid to design questionpaper. In the same way, regarding the use of specification grid it was found thatapproximately all questions of SLC English 2013 have been asked from theareas as specified in the specification grid. It wasalsofound that the presentgrid doesnot fully reflectthe spirit of curriculum. The study consists of five chapters which are given as follows: Chapter onedeals with the introduction. It consists of background of the study, statement ofthe problem, rationale of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, viii significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational definitionof the key terms. Chapter two containswith the review of related literature andconceptual framework. It encompasses review of related literature, implicationof the review for the study and theoretical as well as conceptual framework.Chapter three introduces the methods and proceduresof the study, whichincludes design of the study, population and sample, sampling procedure, datacollection tools and data collection procedures. Chapter four consists of resultsand discussion of the data. Thishas been done under the heading viz. resultsand discussion. Chapter five incorporates summary, conclusion andimplications. On the basis of results and discussion, some significant findingsand some implications for the policy level, practice level and further researchhave been made. This chapter is followed by references and appendices.