Browsing by Subject "Gastrointestinal parasites"
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Item A Comparative Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites among Intensive, Semi- Intensive and Abandoned Cattle in Kathmandu District, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2019) Thapa, BigyanAnimals suffer from several infectious and non-infectious diseases especially that originate from parasites. To compare the gastrointestinal parasites between intensive, semi-intensive and abandoned cattle in Kathmandu district, a total of 300 dung samples were collected (100 from each three groups) and collected samples were preserved in airtight sterile vials containing 10% formalin solution and transported to the parasitology laboratory of Central Department of Zoology, Kirtipur and processed using direct and concentration method. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of Kathmandu district is 53%, 61% and 72% in intensive, semi-intensive and abandoned cattle respectively. Sex wise prevalence of this study revealed 36.36% in male and 49.44% in female of intensive cattle and there was statistically not significant association (χ² = 0.627, df = 1, p-value = 0.592>0.05). The overall gastro-intestinal parasitic infection in semi-intensive cattle were 70.27% in male and 55.56% in female but there was statistically not significant association (χ² = 0.294, df = 1, p-value = 0.587>0.05). The overall gastro-intestinal parasitic infection in abandoned cattle were 73.68% in male and 69.76% in female and there was statistically not significant association (χ² =0.0003, df = 1, p-value = 0.986>0.05). Out of 10 calves, 17 heifers and 73 adults in intensive cattle, gastrointestinal parasitic infection was were 30.00%, 35.29% and 60.27% in calves, heifers and adult respectively and association of parasitic infection with age was not statically significant (χ² = 3.781, df = 5, p-value = 0.602>0.05). Similar result revealed by semi-intensive cattle from 16 calves, 23 heifers and 61 adult, among them gastrointestinal parasitic infection was 56.25%, 56.52% and 63.93% in calves, heifers and adult respectively and association of parasitic infection with age was not statically significant (χ² = 2.612, df = 5, p-value = 0.809>0.05). But in case of abandoned cattle, among 14 calves, 17 heifers and 69 adult, among them gastrointestinal parasitic infection was 8.33%, 27.78% and 63.89% in calves, heifers and adult respectively and results revealed the association of parasitic infection with age was statically significant (χ² = 12.562, df = 5, p-value = 0.02499<0.05). There was not statically significant relationship between local breeds and cross breeds of all three categories (P>0.05). Heavy intensity was found only in case of Fascioloa in all three categories. This study revealed that the abandoned cattle have high prevalence (72%) of gastrointestinal parasitic infections than others. GI parasites of Cow may get transmitted to other animal as well as man.Item Comparative study of gastrointestinal parasites of wild ruminants and chauris in Langtang National Park, Rasuwa, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2016) Achhami, BishnuThe study was conducted from May to June 2014 in Langtang National Park to show the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild ruminants and chauris and compare the gastrointestinal parasites between wild ruminants and chauris. A total of 71 fecal samples including 16 from Himalayan Tahr, 31 from Barking Deer, 9 from Musk Deer and 15 from Chauri were collected. Fecal samples were preserved in a 50 ml vial with 10% ethylalcohol and analyzed by concentration method in the laboratory of Central Development of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu. Result revealed that the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 85.92%. Seven species of parasites wereidentified with one protozoan (Eimeria sp.), four nematodes (Ascaris sp., strongyle,Strongyloides sp. andTrichuris sp.), one cestodes (Moniezia sp.) and one trematode(Paramphistomumsp.). Statistically it was found that the parasites of wild ruminants and chauri had no significance difference i.e. the parasites found in both ruminants were same. It was found that the parasites can transmit from wild ruminants to Chauri and viceversa. Contaminating the grazing land of wild ruminants by chauri was found to be one of the main reasons for presence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild ruminants. Besides these,presence of vectors or intermediate host may play the important role in transmitting the gastrointestinal parasites where moist and shady condition of Langtang National Park favoured the parasites viability. Controlling or restricting the grazing of domestic ruminants in the habitat of chauri is must to control the parasitic infection in wild ruminants and vice versa.Item Frequency of gastrointestinal parasites of Indian spotted eagle (Aquila hastata, Jacques Brisson 1760) in Lumbini and Koshi Tappu, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Gharti Magar, LinishaIndian Spotted Eagles are a vulnerable species and their population is declining due to various parasitic factors. Parasitic infections in wild birds, especially migratory ones, can affect their health and population dynamics. The objective of this study was to find the frequency and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in Indian Spotted Eagle (Aquila hastata) in Lumbini and Koshi Tappu of Nepal. Fresh fecal samples were collected during the breeding season in Lumbini and Koshi tappu in 2019, and samples were collected near the nesting tree. The collected fecal samples were processed and examined using direct microscopic examination, flotation technique, and sedimentation and concentration methods. A total of 40 fecal samples were analyzed and only 13 were positive for gastrointestinal parasites. The overall frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in Indian Spotted Eagles was 32.5%, and Neodiplostomum sp. is the most prevalent parasite. The Indian Spotted Eagle is infected with parasites, including helminths and protozoa. Lumbini had higher parasitic infections than in Koshi tappu. The frequency of parasites in the two locations did not differ significantly. Additionally, Indian Spotted Eagles displayed a variety of infections, including combinations of specific infections and mixed infections. The highest level of infection was found in Neodiplostomum sp. followed by Strongyle sp. and Nematostrigea sp. followed by Strigea sp. and Isospora sp. The results of this study suggest that Indian Spotted Eagles should be monitored regularly for parasitic infections including Neodiplostomum sp. Conservation efforts should also focus on habitat preservation and ecological balance to reduce parasitic infections risk in Indian Spotted Eagles.Item Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Asian Elephant (Elephas Maximus Linnaeus, 1758) in and Around Chitwan National Park, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2018) Shrestha, SabinaAsian elephant is an endangered species in Nepal and its numbers are declining day by day. Present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Asian elephant in and around the Chitwan National Park. A total of 20 dung samples from wild elephants were collected by opportunistically from Chitwan National Park whereas as a total of 80 dung samples were collected from 40 captive/domestic elephants by the duplicate sampling technique with interval of 15 days in the month of May 2017. The collected dung samples were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate and microscopically examined using the direct smear method and concentration methods. Prevalence of protozoan and helminthes parasites was found to be 90% and 57% in wild and captive/domestic elephants respectively. In both wild and captive/domestic elephants, one protozoan parasite was reported: Eimeria sp. with 15% and 7.5% respectively. Among the helminthes parasites, one genus of cestode was reported from wild elephants: Anoplocephala sp. (10%) but was not found in captive/domestic elephant. Eight different genera of nematodes were identified in wild elephants (Ascaris sp. (45%), Strongyloide sp. (85%), Haemonchus sp. (25%), Trichostrongylus sp. (10%), Dromeostrongylus sp. (30%), Chabertia sp. (15%), Bunostomum sp. (10%), and Nematodirus sp. (10%) whereas four different genera of nematodes were identified in captive/domestic elephants (Ascaris sp. (27.5%), Strongyloide sp. (52.5%), Haemonchus sp. (7.5%), Bunostomum sp. (2.5%). No trematode was reported from the both wild and captive/domestic elephants. Location wise analysis suggested the higher prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite in dung samples collected from Chure area (30%) where as it was found higher from the Khorsar breeding center (15%) and Tiger Tops Tharu Lodge (15%) in captive/ domestic elephant. Mixed infection was reported in wild elephant with double (35%), triple (40%) and multiple infections (15%) but no single infection. However, in case of captive/domestic elephant’s single infection (32.50%) was reported with some mixed infection such double (17.50%) and multiple infections (7.50%). Intensity of parasites suggested that the light infection is prevalent than that of heavy infection in both cases. Comparing the morphologically similar parasites, the statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in the prevalence of parasites among the wild and captive/domestic elephants (χ xii 2 = 5.0931, P-value= 0.02). However, the parasites such as Dromeostrongylus sp., Nematodirus sp., Chabertia sp., Trichostrongylus sp. and Anoplocephala sp. were only observed in wild elephants.Item Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) in Laxmipur VDC, Dang, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2018) Rana, GitanjaliSheep (Ovis aries), a member of Bovidae family is supposed to be one of the oldest farm animal domesticated, meant as an important livestock. Gastrointestinal parasite causes significant impact on health of sheep. Present study was conducted to assess the prevalence, seasonal variation and concurrency of gastro-intestinal parasites of sheep in Laxmipur Village Development Committee, Dang. A total of 110 sheep were randomly selected from the study area by visiting to farmer’s bawn. 55 faecal samples were collected during the month of April 2017 and rest 55 during the month of August 2017 and examined by direct smear and concentration methods (sedimentation and floatation techniques). The study revealed overall 80% prevalence of gastro intestinal parasites including total 15 genera belonging to 5 classes. The study demonstrated Haemonchus sp. as predominant species having the prevalence rate of 33.64%, followed by Strongyloides sp. (30.91%), Strongyle sp. (25.45%), Trichostrongylus sp. (14.55%), Oesophagostomum sp. (13.64%), Fasciola sp. (10.91%), Bunostomum sp. (10%), Trichuris sp. (8.18%), Paramphistomum sp. (7.27%), Moniezia sp. (6.36%), Nematodirus sp. (5.45%), Chabertia sp. (4.54%), Eimeria sp. (3.64%), Entamoeba sp. (2.73%), and Ascaris sp. (1.82%). Higher infection of gastro-intestinal parasites in sheep was observed in rainy season (92.93%) than in summer season (67.27%). Statistically there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in two seasons. Multiple infection was observed in 80.68% and single infection was 19.32% of sheep. Management practices, grazing area, nutritional factors, traditional rearing system, climatic conditions, environmental and geographical factors were considered as important factors which influences the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites.Item Gastrointestinal Parasites in Goats (Capra hircus) of Devdaha Municipality-3, Rupandehi, Nepal(2018) Shris, Shree DeviGoat (Capra hircus) belongs to the Bovidae family which plays an important role in livelihood of farmer but time to time they are encountered with various gastrointestinal parasitic diseases as a major constrain for both the goat and farmers. The study was conducted in Devdaha municipality-3, Rupandehi, Nepal to assess the prevalence of various gastrointestinal parasite of goat. Furthermore, the awareness level, attitude and goat husbandry practice of goat farmers were assessed by using questionnaire survey. For the purpose of determining prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite of goat 160 fecal samples were collected. Parasitological method including direct smear, floatation and sedimentation were employed in the study. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 76.23% including 11genera. The most common parasites encountered were Eimeria sp. (43.75%), Bunostomum sp. (20%), Haemonchus sp. (17.5%), Trichuris sp. (15.62%), Strongyloides sp. (10%), Fasciola sp. (6.87%), Moneizia sp. (5.62%), Trichostrongylus sp. (3.12%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.12%) and Muellerious sp. (2.5%). Nematode (53.75%) was the most prevalent parasite in the area than protozoa (43.57%), trematode (6.85%) and cestode (5%). The study revealed the significant difference in prevalence of GI parasites in association with age and sex of the goats. Female were found to be more susceptible than male. Multiple infection was observed in 41.87%. Questionnaire survey revealed that about half of the total responded had knowledge about parasitic disease of goat and also have practice of cleaning the goat sheds and giving antihelminthic drugs to their goats. Majority of them were not aware about the source of transmission of these parasites. Age, sex and the husbandry practice could be the reason for the variation in prevalence of the gastrointestinal parasites in goat.Item Gastrointestinal parasites in human and rhesus monkey of Nilbarahi area, Bhaktapur, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2022) Chhetala, SabinaGastrointestinal parasites are usual threats to primate populations. The study was conducted from March to April-2021 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and monkeys in the Nilbarahi area, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Altogether 200 samples from humans (100) and monkeys (100) were collected and preserved in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. These samples were analyzed microscopic by direct wet mount method and concentration procedures, viz. flotation technique and sedimentation technique, in the laboratory of Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. Out of 100 samples of humans, 13(13%) samples were found positive, with the prevalence of protozoan parasites found higher compared to helminthic parasites. The most common protozoan parasites detected were Cryptosporidium sp. followed by Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia sp. The infection rate was found higher in females than in males. The old age (above 60 yrs.) indicated the highest infection rate than other age groups. Only one parasite Cryptosporidium sp. showed heavy infection. The single parasitic infection was significantly high as compared to double infection. Similarly, in 100 fecal samples of monkeys examined, 81 (81%) were found positive prevalence with protozoan parasites indicated greater as compared to helminthic parasites. Among the protozoan infection, the most common parasites detected were Entamoeba spp. followed by Entamoeba coli, Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium sp., Cyclospora sp., Giardia sp., Eimeria sp., and Endolimax sp. Among the helminthic infection, the infection of Ascarid spp. and Strongyle sp. were highest followed by Taenia sp., Hookworm whereas Fasciola sp., Controrchis sp. and Capillaria sp. infections were equal. All the identified parasites showed light infection. The single parasitic infection was high as compared to double, triple, and multiple infections. The common parasites were detected from two hosts were Cryptosporidium sp., Taenia sp., and Ascarid spp. due to poor sanitation habits, lack of safe drinking water, open place defecation, barefoot walking habits, demand for traditional practices, and sharing houses with animals increases the chance of infection with intestinal parasitic infection in people of the Nilbarahi area. There is a great need of generating awareness regarding periodic anti- parasitic treatment of such animals and other prevention and control measures.Item Gastrointestinal Parasites of Feral Pigeon (Columba Livia Gmelin, 1789) at Two Temples of Kathmandu Valley(2017) Jha, BinaPigeons (Order Columbiformes) are found worldwide and are known to be originated from Europe, North Africa and Asia. Feral pigeons are found almost everywhere except the Sahara desert, Antarctica and high Arctic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the general prevalence, specific prevalence, compare area-wise prevalence, infection-wise prevalence and identification of gastrointestinal parasites of feral pigeons in two temples viz. Pashupatinath temple and Krishna temple of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Total 120 fecal samples were collected by opportunistic random sampling method on 22nd and 23rd April, 2016 A.D. to determine the gastrointestinal parasites of feral temple pigeons. The qualitative examination of fecal samples was done by direct microscopic examination, flotation technique and sedimentation technique whereas Microsoft Excel 2007 and “R” version 3.3.1 software package was used for data analysis. Out of total 120 fecal samples examined, 109 fecal samples were positive with overall prevalence of 90.83%. Total of six GI parasites were identified that includes one genera of protozoa: Eimeria sp. 52 (43.34%) and five genera of helminthes: Capillaria sp. 62 (51.67%) followed by Ascaridia sp. 33 (27.50%), Heterakis sp. 23 (19.17%), Syngamus sp. five (4.17%) and Tetrameres sp. two (1.70%). The prevalence rate of helminthes 100 (83.34%) was higher than prevalence rate of protozoan parasites 52 (43.34%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of helminthes and protozoan parasites were found to be significant (χ²=15.14, P<0.05). The infection rate in two study areas, Pashupatinath temple and Krishna temple was found 57 (95%) and 52 (86.67%) respectively. Statistically, the difference in prevalence of GI parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (χ²=0.24, P>0.05). Mixed infection was more common 61 (50.84%) than single infection 48 (40%). Statistically, the differences in the prevalence of single and mixed infections were found to be insignificant (χ² =1.56, P>0.05). Among multiple infections, double infection showed the highest rate 53 (86.88%) than the multiple infection 8 (13.12%) in this study. The current study revealed heavy infection in feral pigeons at two temples of Kathmandu valley. The study indicated that feral pigeons are highly susceptible to GI parasites. Therefore, sustainable action should be designed and implemented to control the parasitic infection and reduce the health hazards of feral temple pigeons.Item Gastrointestinal parasites of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758) in Nagarjun turkey farm, Kathmandu, Nepal(2023) Kunwar, KabitaGastrointestinal (GI) parasites can affect poultry productivity by compromising its health. The study was conducted from December to June to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in turkey in the Nagarjun turkey farm, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 200 fecal samples, male turkeys (100) and female turkeys (100) were collected and preserved in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. These samples were examined microscopically by direct wet mount method and concentration methods viz. flotation technique and sedimentation technique, in the laboratory of Central Department of Zoology for detection of GI parasites. A total of 73.5% of turkeys were infected with one or more GI parasites. Six different parasitic genera were identified in turkey. Among the nematodes, Ascaridia sp. (26%), Capillaria sp. (17.5%) and Heterakis sp. (16.5%) were recorded. The cestodes were Hymenolepis sp. (10%) and Raillietina sp. (6.5%), while only Eimeria sp. (22.5%) was recorded as protozoa. The study revealed that female turkey (80%) had higher parasitic infection compared to male (67%). Statistically, the difference in sex-wise prevalence of GI parasite in turkey was found to be significant (χ2=4.338; P>0.05). Finding of this study shows that the prevalence of GI parasites of turkey was the highest during summer season (78%) and lowest in winter season (69%) with no statistical significant difference in between summer and winter season (χ2= 2.079; P>0.05). Single mode of infection was high revealing that maximum number of turkey was infected with single parasites with no significant differences in the prevalence of single and mixed infection (χ2= 0.250; P>0.05). Common parasites were detected from male and female turkeys because of their similar climate, food resources and environment. No any activities on the health care of turkeys regarding the GI parasites were found. Therefore, increasing awareness of regular anti-parasitic treatments for turkeys as well as other preventative and control measures is crucial.Item Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Community Forest of Suryodaya Municipality llam, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Niroula, DarwinThis study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites in Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) within three community forests in Suryodaya Municipality, Ilam, Nepal. A total of 36 fecal samples were collected and examined for parasites using concentration method. The results showed that 86.11% of the samples tested positive for gastrointestinal parasites, with protozoans being the most prevalent (69.44%), followed by nematodes (64%) and cestodes (13.89%). Among the protozoans, Eimeria sp. and Entamoeba sp. were identified. Different community forests exhibited variations in prevalence rates, with Singhadevi Forest showing the highest prevalence. Altogether seven types of helminth parasites were recorded; including Ascarid, Strongyle and Moniezia sp. Multiple infections were observed in 74.19% of the positive samples, with varying levels of intensity. These findings provide insights into the parasitic burden and highlight the importance of monitoring and managing gastrointestinal parasites in Red Panda populations for their conservation and overall well-being.Item Parasitic Impediments of Ostriches (Struthio camelus Linnaeus 1758) Farming at Gangoliya Vdc-1, Rupandehi(Department of Zoology, 2013) Poudel, Youb RajParasitic impediments of Ostrich farming in Gangoliya-1 Rupandehi was investigated by random faecal sampling and inspecting management practices in the farm. A total of 92 fresh pooled samples from four subdivided farms of Ostrich Nepal Pvt. Ltd. (The only one Ostrich farm of Nepal) were collected in a wide mouth sterile vial with 2.5% potassium dichromate. Collected samples were subjected to sedimentation and floatation processes followed by Lugol’s Iodine mount and Saline mount. Management systems of the farm were inspected through Questionnaire survey and Observational study. Out of 92 faecal samples examined 80 samples were positive contributing 86.96% as prevalence rate of endoparasites. Ostriches belonging to those four subdivided farms were found to harbour a variety of Protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba (57.6%), Eimeria (7.6%), Balantidium (5.43%), Isospora (3.26%) and Histomonas (1.09%) and Helminths parasites such as unidentified Cestode (4.35%), Nematodes such as Ascaridia (43.48%), Serratospiculum like (36.96%), Libyostrongylus (14.13%) and Codiostomum (6.52%). Most interestingly three species of ectoparasites were isolated during faecal examination. These includes Goniocotes (1.09%), Gabucinia (2.17%) and Dermoglyphus (1.09%). The results reveals a commercial production of Ostriches by 100% with the farm engaged in production of other livestock species (Emus). Similarly, all the sub-divided farms were provided with premix based compounded foods which includes Grass (Lucerne or clover) (50%), Wheat (12%), Maize (18%), Soyameal (17%), Vitamins and minerals (1%) and Others (2%). High prevalence of endoparasites could be due to lack of antihelminthic medication and faulty management practices. Since these parasitic infections may lead to poor performance and efficacy in laying and weight gain in Ostriches, effective deworming program and management strategy should be conducted in order to upgrade the health status of Ostriches and hence to maximize the benefits from them.Item Prevalance of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Domestic Pig ( Sus Scorfa Domesticus Carl Linnaeus, 1758) in Two Farms of Pokhara Valley(Department of Zoology, 2018) Poudel, SaralaParasitic infection in pig is a common global burden causing loss of production and several parasitic diseases to them. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (GI) of domestic pigs in two farms viz. Phursekhola pig farm and Saaru pig farm of Pokhara. A total of 120 faecal samples were collected by opportunistic random faecal sampling method. Iodine wet mount and different concentration technique (floatation and sedimentation) were used for faecal qualitative tests and verbally administered questionnaires for interview. Out of 120 faecal samples examined, 73 faecal samples were positive with 60.83% prevalence of parasitic infection. Total of eight GI parasites that includes protozoan: Isospora sp. (8.33%), Eimeria sp. (5.33%) and B.coli (25%) and helminths: Ascaris sp. (10.83%), Trichuris sp. (20.83%), Strongyloides sp. (8.33%), Trichostrongylus sp. (10.83%), and Fasciolopsis sp. (1.67%) were identified. Statistically, the difference in GI parasitic infection in specific parasites were found to be insignificant (χ²=38.083, P>0.05). The prevalence rate of protozoan parasites (39.17%) were higher than helminthes parasites (21.67%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of GI parasitic infection among Protozoans and Helminthes parasites were found to be insignificant (χ²= 3.505, P>0.05). The higher prevalence of GI parasites was in Saaru pig farm (71.67%) and the lowest was in Phursekhola pig farm (50%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of GI parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (χ²= 1.11, P>0.05). Whereas the difference in prevalence of single infection (64.38%) and mixed infections (35.61%) were insignificant (χ²=3.50, P>0.05).Item Prevalence of Gastro- Intestinal Parasites of Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta Zimmermann,1780) and Hanuman Langur ( Semnopithecus entellus Dufresne, 1797) in Devghat, Chitwan, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2017) Adhikari, Pujan PrasadAvailable with full textItem Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Blackbuck ( Antelope cervicapra Linnaeus, 1758) of Blackbuck Conservation Area, Khairapur, Bardia, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Thapa MunaBlackbuck is a species of antelope native to the Indian subcontinent. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, diversity, and concurrency of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in the blackbuck population of the Blackbuck Conservation Area in Nepal. A total of 150 fecal samples of blackbuck were collected and examined using the iodine wet mount and concentration technique. The results revealed an overall prevalence of 96% for GI parasites, with females having a higher prevalence than males. Ten different genera of parasites belonging to protozoa, cestode, trematode, and nematode groups were identified with Paramphistomum sp. (55.33%) having the highest prevalence followed by Strongyloides sp. (52%), Fasciola sp. (36%), Haemonchus sp. (26%), Moniezia sp. (24%), Trichostrongylus sp. (21.33%), Eimeria sp. (19.33%), Entamoeba sp. (15.33%), Ascaris sp. (8.67%) and Trichuris sp. (7.33%). The study also revealed mixed infection with one to six genera in each sample, with triple infections being the most prevalent. Most of the blackbucks exhibited light infection, while five specific parasite types showed heavy infection levels. These findings suggest a significant threat to the health and survival of the blackbuck population, highlighting the need for effective parasite control measures to prevent the spread of infection and improve overall health.Item Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Malarani Rural Municipality of Arghakanchi, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Chhetri, BasantiThe primary component of Nepal's agricultural system and a substantial contributor to the country's economy is livestock. Buffaloes are one of the main types of livestock grown in Nepal. Total 200 fecal samples were collected in order to determine the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites in buffaloes of Arghakhanchi, Nepal. The samples were microscopically examined by direct wet mount, sedimentation, and floatation techniques. One or more intestinal parasites were detected in 125 (62.5%) of the samples. Female buffaloes (58.5%) had a higher frequency of parasitic infection than male buffaloes (4%). Among the 200 samples, 60 were collected from young buffaloes and 140 from adults. Age wise prevalence of parasitic infection indicated that 32% in young and 68% in adult buffaloes were found infected. Adult buffaloes had a significantly high parasitic infection compared to young one ((χ2=16.20, df=1, p<0.05). Protozoan parasites Eimeria and Entamoeba were found equally common in young and adult buffaloes. Trematodes including Fasciola, Paramphistomum, and Eurytrema, which are helminths, were more abundant in adult buffaloes. Except for Ascaris and Capillaria, other nematodes had a higher prevalence in adult buffaloes. Only adult buffaloes were found to be infected with cestode parasite. Buffaloes of Malarani rural municipality were found to be highly infected with Ascaris sp and Entamoeba sp belonging to helminth and protozoan parasites respectively. Ward wise parasitic prevalence rate indicated that the distribution of parasitic prevalence was not significant (χ2=1.216, df=2, p>0.05). Overall parasitic prevalence showed protozoa (42.50%), nematodes (37%), trematodes (15.50%), and cestodes (1%) infection in buffaloes of study area. Overall, ten different parasitic infection was found in buffaloes of Malarani rural municipality with high prevalence indicating urgent need of intervention programms.Item Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic pigs (Sus Scrofa domesticus, Carl Linnaeus, 1758) of Jalthal VDC, Jhapa, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2018) Shah, SugandhaAvailable with full textItem Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Duck in Four Wards of Harpur Vdc, Parsa, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2017) Chaudhary, Gyanu KumariDomestic mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) are reared in rural area for eggs and meat which also reduces poverty by fulfilling the demand of cash. The present study was conducted to determine the general prevalence, identification, compare area-wise, sex wise, intensity wise as well as infection-wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic ducks belonging to the genus Anas sp., Cairina sp. and their cross breeds in four wards of Harpur VDC of Parsa district i.e. ward no.6 (Ektanga), ward no.7 (Teliya), ward no.8 (Baderwa) and ward no.9 (Ramauli). A total of 200 faecal samples were collected from October to November, 2016 A.D and examined by saline wet mount, floatation and sedimentation technique. Out of 200 faecal samples examined, an overall prevalence of 73.5% were found positive for parasitic infection. Total of eight GI parasites were found that include 6 genera of nematodes: Ascaridia sp. 60 (30%), Capillaria sp. 40 (20%), Heterakis sp. 36 (18%), Syngamus sp. 21 (10.5%), Amidostomum sp. 6 (3%) and Oxyspirura sp. 4 (2%) whereas 2 genera of trematodes: Echinostoma sp. 46 (23%) and Prosthogonimus sp. 19 (9%) for the first time in Parsa district. The prevalence rate of nematode parasites (83.5%) were higher than trematode parasites (32%). The higher prevalence of GI parasites was in ward no.8 (82%) and the lowest was in ward no.6 (64%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of GI parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (χ²=1.3549, P>0.05). Similarly, the prevalence rate of GI parasites in female (73.68%) was higher than male (73.33%) but the prevalence of GI parasites regarding gender was insignificant (χ²=1.5018, P>0.05). Whereas significant difference in prevalence of intensity of parasite was observed between light intensity (53.5%), moderate intensity (49.5%) and heavy intensity (12.5%) (χ²=21.517, P<0.05). This study provides baseline data on prevalence and species distribution of helminths of domestic ducks in different wards of Harpur VDC.Item Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Earthquake Victims of Chautara Municipality of Sindhupalchok District, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2016) Ghimire, AagyaAn earthquake of intensity 7.6 magnitude on April 25, followed by 6.8 magnitudes on May 12, 2015, affected 35 districts of Nepal including Sindhupalchok. This study wasconducted between March to December, 2015 to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the population displaced by earthquake in camps of Chautara municipality.The displaced population inhabiting in camps were using common toilet with poor sanitary condition, the camps lacked garbage disposal and tap water was the major sourceof drinking. The study was based on stool examination and questionnaire survey.Altogether 82 stool samples were collected and examined by direct wet mount method.The baseline household survey was carried out with prepared questionnaire to determineknowledge and practices regarding intestinal parasites. The overall prevalence ofintestinal parasites was 54.88% where helminthic infection was higher than protozoan infection. All together five different intestinal parasites were identified among themAscaris lumbricoides identified as a most common parasite. Out of different age groups 020 year’s age group has maximum prevalence whereas 20-40 age groups have minimum prevalence. Statistically significant difference was found in infection rate among different age groups of people (χ2= 11.474, P< 0.05). Sex wise prevalence showed parasiticinfection higher in female (60%) than in male (50%) with statistically insignificant association (χ2=0.2, P>0.05). Single infection was found higher followed by double andmultiple infections. Prevalence of parasitic infection shows significant difference with awareness, hand washing behavior, methods of using drinking water and use ofdeworming tablet, whereas insignificant association with site of defecation and source ofdrinking water. Thus, a high prevalence of intestinal parasites was found in people living in temporary houses after 2015 earthquake in Chautara and to control the parasiticinfection health awareness, well managed public toilet and provision of anthelminthicdrug is must.Item Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants in Gurbhakot Municipality Surkhet, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Shahi, RekhaAvailable with full textItem prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Barn Swallow (Hirundo Sp. Linnaeus 1785) in the Tansen Palpa, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2021) Resmi, DolmaThe barn swallow (Hirundo sp.) belongs to the Hirundinidae family and is the most widespread species of swallows in the world. The barn swallows are migratory birds found on all continents of the world except Antarctica. The present study was conducted for the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of barn swallow in Tansen, Palpa. Total 120 fecal samples were collected by random sampling method from March 5 to May 25, 2019. The qualitative examination of fecal samples was done by direct microscopic examination, floatation technique and sedimentation technique whereas Microsoft Excel 2016 was used for data analysis. Out of 120 fecal samples examined, 105 fecal samples were positive with 87.5% prevalence of parasitic infection. Total six gastrointestinal parasites were encountered including one protozoan: Isopora sp. (35.23%) and five genera of helminths: Ascaridia sp. (48.57%), Echinostoma sp. (35.23%), Heterakis sp. (19.05%), Strongyle sp. (11.43%) and Trichostrongylus sp. (9.52%). The prevalence rate of helminths (93.33%) was higher than protozoan parasites (35.24%). The higher prevalence of GI parasites was in Bus park and Batase dada (95%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (χ²=0.662, P>0.05) whereas the difference in prevalence of single infection (50.47%), double (37.14) and triple infections (13.33%) were significant (χ² =23.547), P<0.05). The intensity of heavy of Ascaridia sp. was seen in only one sample, moderate infection of Ascaridia sp. and Ehinostoma sp. was seen in six and seven samples respectively. The study indicated that barn swallows of Tansen, Palpa were highly susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites due to improper management of waste products and improper handle of fecal sample of certain domestic animal. In order to minimize the GI infestation in barn swallow, first intermediate host should be identified and should be controlled by using different pesticides.