Frequency of gastrointestinal parasites of Indian spotted eagle (Aquila hastata, Jacques Brisson 1760) in Lumbini and Koshi Tappu, Nepal

Abstract

Indian Spotted Eagles are a vulnerable species and their population is declining due to various parasitic factors. Parasitic infections in wild birds, especially migratory ones, can affect their health and population dynamics. The objective of this study was to find the frequency and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in Indian Spotted Eagle (Aquila hastata) in Lumbini and Koshi Tappu of Nepal. Fresh fecal samples were collected during the breeding season in Lumbini and Koshi tappu in 2019, and samples were collected near the nesting tree. The collected fecal samples were processed and examined using direct microscopic examination, flotation technique, and sedimentation and concentration methods. A total of 40 fecal samples were analyzed and only 13 were positive for gastrointestinal parasites. The overall frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in Indian Spotted Eagles was 32.5%, and Neodiplostomum sp. is the most prevalent parasite. The Indian Spotted Eagle is infected with parasites, including helminths and protozoa. Lumbini had higher parasitic infections than in Koshi tappu. The frequency of parasites in the two locations did not differ significantly. Additionally, Indian Spotted Eagles displayed a variety of infections, including combinations of specific infections and mixed infections. The highest level of infection was found in Neodiplostomum sp. followed by Strongyle sp. and Nematostrigea sp. followed by Strigea sp. and Isospora sp. The results of this study suggest that Indian Spotted Eagles should be monitored regularly for parasitic infections including Neodiplostomum sp. Conservation efforts should also focus on habitat preservation and ecological balance to reduce parasitic infections risk in Indian Spotted Eagles.