Browsing by Subject "MRSA"
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Item Bacteriology of Urinary Tract Infection Among the Patients Visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH)(Department of Microbiology, 2013) Ghimire, SangitaUrinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases encountered worldwide and is a major public health problem in terms of morbidity and financial costs. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out from Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 in department of microbiology at TUTH. A total of 1,063 urinary tract samples (Mid stream urine, catheter, and suprapubic aspirate) from patients visiting TUTH were included. Samples were processed for routine microscopy and culture and the organisms were identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. ESBL producing organisms were detected by Combination Disk method, MBL producing organisms were detected by EDTA-Imipenem combined disk assay and Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected by Cefoxitin disk. Of the total 1,063 samples processed, 276(26.0%) samples showed significant bacteriuria. Twelve different genera of bacteria were isolated from total 276 isolates among which E.coli (57.6%) was the most common isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14.1%), Klebsiella spp (6.2%), Enterococcus faecalis (5.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.3%), Acinetobacter spp (2.5%), Enterobacter spp (2.2%), Burkholderia cepacia Complex (1.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.4%), Citrobacter spp (1.1%) and others (<1%). Among the gram negative isolates (210), majority (61.0%) of the isolates were found MDR. Nearly 58% of MDR isolates were ESBL producer and 5% were MBL producers. Most of the ESBL and MBL producing isolates were detected in E.coli and Klebsiella spp respectively. Most of the Gram negative bacterial isolates were sensitive to Polymyxin B followed by Imipenem, Amikacin and Cotrimoxazole. Among the gram positive isolates (66), 42.4% of isolates were MDR. All the MDR S. aureus (21/39) isolates were found MRSA. All Gram positive isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin and Teicoplanin followed by Amikacin. Among the oral antibiotics tested, Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most sensitive antibiotic for gram positive as well as gram negative bacterial isolates. It revealed that E. coli is the predominant Uropathogens in TUTH, Nepal. There is an increasing resistance to many antibiotics in the both community and hospital settings. Now-a- days, ESBL and MBL producing uropathogens are emerging. Keywords: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile, ESBL, MBL, MDR, MRSA, UTIItem Detection of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Along With E-Test in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical samples(Faculty of Microbiology, 2019) Subedi, SoniaStaphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is commonly isolated pathogen from clinical specimen with increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance. The main aim of this study was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from different clinical sample and tode termine their susceptibility patterns. This study was conducted from August2017 to January 2018. During this time period, a total of 3893 different clinical samples were processed by standard microbiological techniques. Following identification, isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and further admitted for screening of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), inducible clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aure usand MIC performed by E-test. Among 3893 different clinical isolates processed in this study, S.aureus was isolated from 97 samples (7.60%) which constituted 62 (63.9%) from male and 35(36.1%) from female; 60 (61.9%) from inpatient and 37 (38.1%) from outpatient.59 (60.8%) isolates were obtained from MRSA. In this study, all the MRSA isolates were obtained multidrug resistant (MDR), whereas 71.05% that meansout of 27 of 38 of MSSA isolates were MDR. Although none of the isolates shows showed constitutive resistance to clindamycin, there were 35 inducible clindamycin resistant isolates; 12 from MSSA and 23 from MRSA and theisolates were found susceptible to vancomycin by E Test method. On conclusion,observation of D- effect among some isolates provokes the necessities for development of new strategies. Keywords:Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Inducible clindamycin resistance, E testItem Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus from Various Clinical Samples Collected in Bir Hospital(Department of Microbiology, 2010) Raut, Krishna KumarStaphylococcus aureus is an important and common cause of community-acquired as well as hospital-acquired infections. Moreover, methicillin resistant strains ofS. aureus,usually being resistant to several antibiotics, are now presenting the major threat inmany different countries throughout the world.The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of infection caused byS.aureus as well as MRSA strains and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.In the study, total 744 pus samples collected during the period of November 2009 to March 2010 in Microbiology Laboratory of Bir Hospital. All the samples were analyzed by conventional culture method. Out of 744 clinical samples, a total of 125 S. aureusstrains were isolated. Among 125 isolates, 64.8% (n=81) were from outpatients and35.2% (n=44) were from admitted patients. Likewise, 53.6% (n=67) were from male patients and 46.4% (n=58) were from female patients. Overall, the highest percentage of S. aureus isolation (41.6%) was found in age group of below 10 years. Antibiogram of all 125 S. aureus strains showed chloramphenicol (77.6%) was most effective drug, followed by oxacillin (71.2%), ciprofloxacin (67.2%), cloxacillin (64%), tetracyclin (62.4%), erythromycin (54.4%), amoxycillin (49.6%) and the least effectivedrug was found to be co-trimoxazole (44%). Prevalence of MRSA, using oxacillindisks, was found to be 28.8% (n=36) whereas, vancomycin was found to be 100%effective. Out of 36 MRSA strains, the maximum number of strains (n=25) were isolated from the outpatients. Similarly, in overall, the highest number of MRSA isolates (n=12) was found in the patients of age group 21-30 years.High prevalence of staphylococcal infection and the infection due to MRSA in the hospital patients shows the need of regular surveillance. The study also shows the need of evaluation of antibiotic disks before the study in Nepal.Key words:S. aureus, antibiogram, MRSA, oxacillin, Bir HospitalItem Nasal Carriage Rate of Staphylococcus Aureus and MRSA among Health Care Workers in Tertiary Care Center(Faculty of Microbiology, 2017) Adhikari, SunitaStaphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium responsible for several bacterial infections. S. aureus especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), are usually resistant to several antibiotics which is a global public health problem, associated with considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus continues to be an important nosocomial pathogen and infections are often difficult to manage due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics. Healthcare workers are important source of nosocomial transmission of MRSA. This study aimed to determine the frequency of staphylococcal nasal carriage of health care workers (HCWs) and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates in Gandaki Medical College and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd, Pokhara. The study was conducted in altogether 288 samples. For isolation and identification of MRSA culture and different biochemical tests were performed. Out of 58 (20.14%) S. aureus isolated 18.97% are MRSA, more MRSA was noticed in female (19.15%) than male (18.18%). However, there is no significant association between gender and MRSA (p=0.723). The prevalence of nasal carrier MRSA is 3.82%. Hence, it was concluded that prevalence of MRSA still emerging. Nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among HCWs necessitates the need of control in the frequency of their exposure with the vulnerable patients and need of strict infection control measures to be followed to control the nosocomial infections. The results emphasize the need for high standards of infection control in tertiary care. Vancomycin and Amikacin was found to be most effective (100%) against Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus.