Browsing by Subject "Modernization"
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Item Conflict between Tradition and Modernity in Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons(Department of English, 2013) Oli, Bhup BahadurThe present research entitled "Conflict between Tradition and Modernity in Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons" excavates contradictions, conflicts and shows disagreements and disparity prevalent in the mid nineteenth century Russian society. The concept of younger and older generation of the then society comes into clash in many aspects of their life such as thinking, behavior, treatment and lifestyle. Older generation is represented by Nikolai Petrovitch and Pavel Petrovitch and younger generation by Arkady and Bazarov. Bazarov always seeks for new ideas and gives priority to western science and technology over the Russian orthodoxy culture and tradition. But older generation especially Nikolai Petrovitch is against of it and opposes Bazarov in many aspects of changes to the society. Bazarov succeeds to change orthodoxcal thinking of the then society by adopting the modern science and technology. The research explores how conflict comes into existence among people of the society because of modernization.Item Cultural Confluence in Naipaul's Half a Life(Faculty of English, 2008) Rai, Dhan BahadurCultural Confluence is the central issue in V.S. Naipaul’s Half a Life. Willie Somerset Chandran, the protagonist of the novel, experiences mixed ideas between his Indian and other cultures. Willie’s name itself shows the mixture of the two cultural traditions viz. Western i.e. “Willie Somerset” and eastern i.e. “Chandran”. Willie experiences dilemma to adopt any particular cultures so that he is tortured psychologically. In order to fulfill his desire he travels from India to London and Africa but he gets himself a sense of loss, neither he goes to his root culture nor adopts new cultures completely because of his Creole roots, Brahman and untouchable caste. Ultimately, he comes to know that the amalgamation of cultures makes an individual fragmented. Furthermore, the first chapter tries to define the introduction of the Thesis and the writer’s background. Similarly, the required theory has been used in order to prove the hypothesis in the second chapter. There are some factors that cause cultural confluence and fragmented in self. The text has been analysed according to the theory in the third chapter that how does Willie face challenges in his life? Willie travels from India to London and Africa in order to search authentic self but he experiences fragmented in self due to the amalgamation of cultures. There is brief description of the whole Thesis in the conclusion.Item Deep Ecology in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things(Department of English, 2017) Lamichhane, KamalThis research paper makes an attempt to explore a concern for deep ecology in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. Due to the eco- imbalance and the environmental pollution, the whole world is under the curse of global warning. The healthy well balanced environment is the need of time. The world needs eco-friendly atmosphere for the proper growth and development, sustainability and prosperity. Roy has dealt with the subject matter with the environmental concern. In her novel, she has focused her attention on the value of eco balance and environmental balance. This paper deals with exploitation of nature beyond its limits of regeneration. Key words: Nature, Eco criticism, urbanization, modernization, deep ecologyItem Guthi as a Performative Practice in Newari Culture with Reference to Jyapu Community Living in Kirtipur(Department of English, 2018) Pradhan, PurnimaThis thesis entitled “Guthi as a Performative Act in Newari Culture with Reference to Jyapu Community Living in Kirtipur” tends to highlight the traditional social organization being practiced by the Newar people of Kirtipur city since the ancient times. Kirtipur city has been chosen in the sense that it is inhabited mainly by the Jyapu castes of Newar people who are traditionally agriculturists according to the caste division formed during the 14th century. Guthi organization is a part of Newari culture. It is a performative act that performs on schedule at specific location and in remembering the past, maintaining cosmic order and cementing social relations within the Newar’s community. It performs a certain task which might be either social work or related to culture as to celebrate any festival or ritual work or to accomplish rituals related to a man especially at the time of death. It expresses particular Newari culture traits and maintains harmony within the Newar community providing a unique identity to them in Kirtipur. The essence of this research is to give value to this Guthi system in the present evolving modern world in relation to the influence of modernization. The crucial issue is related with the importance of traditional system and impact of modern activities to the traditional concept. The changes in cultural practices that are occurring these days have also been observed closely. Modernization is leading to the change of religious rituals and the whole Newar society towards a new dimension. So, basically these researches focuses on the issue of the essential point of reducing rampant, influences of modernity in the course of transforming the discriminatory and outdate cultural activities. Key Words: Newar, Newari, Culture, Kirtipur, Jyapu, Modernization, TraditionItem Impact of modernization on Koich Sunuwar cultur A case study of Sunuwar people of Uma-Kunda Gau Palika of Ramechhap District, Nepal(Department of Sociology, 2022) Sunuwar, RamilaThis thesis entitled "IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION ON KOICH SUNUWAR CULTURE: a case study of Umakunda Gau Palika Ramechhap, Nepal". The general objective of this study are to observe Koich Sunuwar culture of Language, religion, dress pattern and festival. How young generation familiar with their Koich Sunuwar culture? To find out the impact of modernization on Koich Sunuwar culture. These objective will be addressed in this study based on research collected during fieldwork. Umakunda Gau Palika is situated in the northern part of Ramechhap district. In this Umakunda Gau Palika, there are 760 households. In the study area 122 households are selected for the random sampling from Umakunda Gau Palika. Simple random sampling technique has been used to select the sample. In this study data are collected from field survey by applying household's survey, questionnaires and observation. This research contains the interviews to 122 households who reported that they had typical Koich Sunuwar. The total population of 122 household are 257 among them 129 are male and 128 are female. Among the 122 respondents houses, 45.08% house have been found familiar with their language and 54.91% house unfamiliar with their language. It was found from study that 20.4% respondents familiar with their Koich Sunuwar religion, 26.2 respondents are Hindu and 53.3% respondents are familiar with Christian religion. And 33.6% respondents are familiar with Koich Sunuwar traditional dress 66.3% houses are unfamiliar with their own dress. The total population of 122 households have been 28.6% respondents are familiar with their own festival and 71.3% respondents are unfamiliar with their own festival. In this case study founded Koich Sunuwar people are unfamiliar with their own language, religion, dress pattern and festival than familiar. This study focuses on the impacts of modernization on Koich Sunuwar culture examines the impacts on cultural and rituals values on Koich Sunuwar indigenous community in Nepal.Item Impact of Modernization on Socio-Economic Changes of Dalit Community (A Case Study of Kabre VDC, Dolakha)(Department of Rural Development, 2008) Bishokarma, ArjunModernization is a process of change where a less developed society acquires the characteristics of modern developed society. Nepal is geographically unique and socio-culturally diverse and distinct secular country with varied ethnic/ caste morphology. Dalits in Nepal are in general illiterate, unemployed, landless, poor, ignored, exploited and their socio- economic condition is sunken. After the restoration of democracy in 1990 and a decade long Maoist Movement has positively helped to bring change in social dignity. The study Impact of Modernization on Socio-Economic Changes of Dalit Community (A Case Study of Kabre VDC, Dolakha) analyzes the socio-economic condition and examines the impact of modernization on the Dalit community of Kabre VDC, Dolakha district. The specific objectives of the study were; a. To examine the socio- economic status of Dalit community b. To analyze the effects of modernization in the socio-economic changes amongst the Dalits, and c. To recommend appropriate suggestions for the development and standardization of Dalit community. The study was carried out being based on both descriptive and exploratory research design. The primary data were generated through Household Survey, Direct Field Observation, Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussion. Out of 175 HHs of Dalits of Kabre VDC, Dolakha, 60 HHs were selected as total sampling size. Simple random sampling method was applied to conduct household survey from purposively selected wards. The average household size of Dalit community of Kabre VDC is 5.4. The majority of the couples get married in-between the age of 17-20 year. About 70 percent of them lead nuclear family. The literacy rate is 62.4 percent and 98 percent of the children (under age of 10) enroll at school. About 43.33 percent HHs have their own private tap, 38 percent of respondents have modern latrine. The landholding size is only 0.708 Ropani. About 33.33 percent of respondents have transformed their traditional occupation as business or small enterprises. The estimated per capital annual income of respondent households is NRs 37,365. About 85 percent of the households have access to electricity for lighting. The average food sufficiency of the community is for 4.68 months. Overall about 61.33 percent of the respondent reported that they have got better change in their socio- economic status in comparison to a decade back. The overall socio- economic condition of Dalit is not better but in comparison to a decade back, a positive change can be seen which can be called the positive impact of modernization.Item Impact of Water Supply and Sanitation Activitieson Social Change A Study of Simle Kusunde Community Lekhnath–9, Kaski(Faculty of Sociology, 2013) Subedi, Shukra RajThe Impact study of water and sanitation activities at Simle Kusunde commuity has been conducted to explore, explain and analyze on social changes and impacts on health, hygiene and sanitation among the people before and after water and sanitation activities. The study has been focused on the pattern of personal, household and environmental sanitation as well as improvement on social status after adaptation social activities by the people of community. The major objective of the study is to explore and find the impact of Water and Sanitation Activities as well as changes by WASH activities over human lives focusing particularly its social impact on the study area before and after the Simle Kusunde water supply and sanitation project implementation. At the end,research questions were raised and combinations of qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted. On the basis of the research objectives, the trend of social change and impacts on personal, household and environmental sanitation were analyzed and explained comparing on the issues of social change trend and status of health, hygiene and sanitation before the project and after ten years of the project implementation. Further,organizational development of socio-economic institutions and behavioral change among the people, trend of occupational structure have also been explored extensively. The other major task was income generating activities and the pattern of decision making role at household as well as community has been examined and explained. Household survey,observation, a schedule interview, case study and focus group discussions were adopted as part of techniques of sociological research so as to collect data. However, the primary data played a dominant role into drawing a valid conclusion. Some relevant and useful secondary data were also incorporated. To give a vivid picture of social changes and trend of behavioral change on health, hygiene and sanitation, the comparison of social status and sanitation status among the people of Simle Kusunde community before the water and sanitation project and after ten years of implementation were depicted. The concept of natural resource management has shown the best way of safe water resource management for their healthy and hygienic life in the study area. Nepalese society can fitwell into increasingly emphasized grassroots level for domestic and community level decision–making, participatory development and fair equity distribution. Here, in the Simle Kusunde community, the using water from traditional pond, lake and stream, have been XI replaced by safe water from water taps near their surrounding with the adequate planning of water management, biodiversity conservation and the future sustainability of industries like agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries, and forestry which helps to save time for water fetching. Local people have been utilizing their saved time for social works, animal husbandry, farming and children education. They are improving their health, hygiene and sanitation using safe drinking water, proper use of latrine, applying personal, household and environmental sanitation measures. The major traditional Income generation activities like fishing, goat keeping and agriculture has been changed to Bee keeping, small shop operation, hotel business and kitchen gardening along with agriculture.The concept of modernization has affected the Simle Kusunde community from traditionalism to modernity in a decade. They have updated traditional methods of water fetching, applied new means of occupation, institutionalization of community activities as a product of human planning and action, an active process capable of being both changed and criticized.The theory of social change isan alteration of social order, change in the thought process in humans, access a paradigmatic change in socio-economic structure and driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces, people at Simle Kusunde community has alteration of occupation, extension of socio- economic organizations, change in role of decision making,change in health, hygiene and sanitation,adaptation of income generation activities and change in status of awareness. However, compared to the yesteryear lifestyle, health hygiene and sanitation, involvement in social activities, occupational practices, involvement in income generation activities and decision making role for household and community decision trend of the community, the study has found that the water and sanitation activities along with time, technology and awareness has massive change the lifestyle, health, hygiene and sanitationand so on.Item Modernization in the performance of wedding ceremony in Rajbanshi community(Department of English, 2009) Rajbanshi, Dharma KumariThis thesis presents Modernization effect in the performance of marriage ceremony in Rajbanshi community of Nepal. In Rajbanshi community, marriage procession is compulsory. The purpose of this survey in effect of modernization in Rajbanshi culture and rituals is to assess the present cross-cultural situation. The traditional social organization of Rajbanshi especially marriage, family, kinship, religion, economy etc are gradually changing in accordance with the time, place and situation. However, still the Rajbanshi people have preserved some of their traditional custom and at the same time adopted some parts of the western culture. Influence of modernization high caste, education as well as shifting to other modern activities and services in different organization are the main process of social change observable in the Rajbanshi society. Nepal is the land of various language, culture, social organization, myths, customs, moral values and tradition. They are settled in the different parts of Nepal from the plain of south to the high Himalaya of North. The people of Nepal who have settled in different parts of the country from the southern plain to Northern Himalayans are responsible to build a complex whole, the unique Nepali culture. The Nepalese culture is the national, where the culture of particular local group for example; the culture of Sherpa, Rajbanshi, Tharu, Brahmin, Chhetri, Dhimal etc. If we study the Nepalese national culture or the culture of the ethnic groups at one time, it will be very difficult. Hence, this present study tries to focus on the cultural change due to the effect of modernization and acculturation in Rajbanshi community particularly in marriage procession.Item Sense of Alienation in William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying(Department of English, 2007) Regmi, Keshab PrasadWilliam Faulkner in his novel As I Lay Dying deals about the funeral journey of the female protagonist Addie from the hill of Yoknapatawpha to Jefferson. The Bundren family carries the dead body of Addie to the town, Jefferson for her cremation that is quite difficult. Faulkner hasn’t used fixed narrator and composed of different characters to reveal their inner thoughts and emotions. In this context, we can see the subjective description of each character that is totally different among each other. In the novel As I Lay Dying, communication gap, proper awareness of mutual family relationship and the impact of modernization exist constantly and that led them toward alienation. In the novel, Anse, Addie, Darl, Cash, Jewel, Dewey Dell and Vardaman are the characters from the same Bundren family however they do not have similarity in their expression. As a result, alienation grows in their family. Similarly, the use of narrative technique in this novel is equally important through which it becomes easier to expose the sense of alienation in the psyche of the Bundren family.Item Socio-Economic Status of Lepcha in Shree Antu VDC, Ilam(Department of Geography, 2007) Sharma, SarmilaNot availableItem Traditional Continuity and Change in Gurhi(Department of English, 2022) Chaudhary, DeepakThe thesis entitled "Traditional Continuity and Change in Gurhi" explores the impacts of modernization and the other neighbouring cultures in Tharu community. It studies the continuity and change of the Gurhi ritual and explores how cultural assimilation, globalization, modernization, and development of science and technology affect the Gurhi festival, especially for the new generation. The objective of this study is to show how cultural hybridity is going to be dominant among the Tharu people. To support the idea, the notions of performance by Elizabeth Bell, Richard Schechner, Victor Turner, and the notions of cultural hybridity by Homi K Bhabha, Chris Barker, and Bill Ashcroft et al. are used as theoretical tools. However, Tharus have adopted some traits of other Nepali cultures and global culture in terms of dress, language, festivals, and rituals as well as the impacts of information and technology, they have also managed to conserve and promote some tribal cultural patterns of their own cultural identity.