Browsing by Subject "Rai community"
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Item Access to higher education among Rai people (A case study of Godak Village, Ilam District)(Department of Sociology, 2018) Rai, Gita DeviNot availableItem Basic Mathematical Concept and Process Used by Rai Community(Department of Mathematics Eucation, 2021) Rai, RoshanThe present study is on the, "Basic Mathematical Concept and Process used by Rai Community". The main objective of the study was to find out identify the numerals used in representing number by Kirati. I used qualitative research with case study. This research is ethnography study, so the sample size in this study is not fixed. Mainly, Interview, Photographs, observations were used as techniques to generate data from the participations. The study was conducted and analyzed based on the conceptual understanding on which information and data were garnered. The research design of the study included survey design. The researcher used two tools to collect data. They were interview and photographs. This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one includes background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, delimitation of the study and operational definitions of the key terms. Next, chapter two deals with the review of relevant literature and the conceptual framework of the research. Chapter three deals with the methodology adopted for the study in terms of sources of data, population of the study, sampling procedure, tools and process of data collection and ethical consideration. Chapter four contains the analysis and interpretation of the data. Chapter five deal with the findings, conclusion and implications of the study.Item Basic Mathematical Concepts Practiced in Nachhiring Rai Community(Department of Mathematics Education, 2020) Rai, SamjhanaNot availableItem Domestic Violence Against Women(A study of Champe VDC in Rai community” in Bhojpur District)(Department of Population Studies, 2009) Rai, BabitaThis research is the case study of "Domestic Violence Against Women" in Rai community in Champe VDC of Bhojpur District. Mainly, the study focused on the level of knowledge and awareness of women on domestic violence, to examine the cause and impact on domestic violence among Rai community and identify the types of violence among the Rai community. This study is based on the primary data as well as secondary data. There are out of 126 household but only 108 household purposively selected and 856 populations in study areas where male are 452 and female are 404.According to the 2001 census 203018 total population in Bhojpur district. This study includes 108 married women between the age group of 15-49. In case of household where two eligible women were found, among them, most recently married woman was selected. Highest proportion(25.9%) of women interviewed are in their age groups 25-29 years, and lowest proportion (4.6%) of women interview in their age groups 45-49 years.According to the field survey, the highest percent of women were married in their age 15-19 years and low percent (15.7) of women were married 25+ Similarly,Out of 108 respondents, 88percent women have given birth to children11.2 percent women have not given birth. 52.9 percent respondents are literacy and 47.2 percent respondents are illiterate. According to the field survey, 60.1 percent respondent live in nuclear family and 39.9 percent respondents live with their joined or extended family. Among the total interviewed women highest percentage(42.5%)were involved in agriculture occupation and then second highest percent were in housewife. According to the field survey highest percentage followed(59.2%) kirat religion and followed by 31.5 percent Hindu. According to the opinion of respondents the cause of domestic violence is misunderstanding, unemployment, alcohol, gambling, not able to work and marital problems. For support of victim, majority of respondents give emphasis on awareness raising and counseling and family mediation. The study area Champe V.D.C of Bhojpur district is one of the remote area where women are fully depended upon the husband or male person of the family. Education of women may play important role in decreasing the domestic violence against women. There was not any responsible organization to listen to the voice of victim women. They are deprived from education, communication and information.Item Epidemiology of Intestinal Parasites in A Rai Community of Nuwakot District(Department of Microbiology, 2013) Puri, RajuIntestinal parasitosis is highly endemic in developing countries and usually implicates the children and pregnant women along with the people residing in filthy environment, urban slums and crowded areas. The dissertation was conducted from March to October 2012 to study the prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasites in a Rai community of Nuwakot district. Soil, vegetables, water and fecal samples were collected, processed and studied to correlate the distribution pattern of the intestinal parasites. Sucrose floatation and saturated brine floatation techniques followed by direct smear were used for the processing of soil and vegetable samples respectively. The soil samples contamination rate was found to be 26.5% with the dominance of Ascaris lumbricoides followed by hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). Soil samples from toilet vicinity and vegetable fields were the most contaminated soils. Vegetable samples were collected directly from the field. Of the 59 samples tested, 39% were found to be contaminated with the intestinal parasites. Helminthic preponderance was observed with the Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm topping the list. Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba coli were also isolated from the vegetables. Leafy vegetables were the most contaminated vegetables which were followed by root vegetable. Water sample was processed following elution with saline after filtration. Only water samples from irrigation channel were found to be contaminated and the parasites detected were Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. The intestinal parasitosis was highly prevalent in the community with the prevalence rate of 56.7%. Helminthic parasites superseded the protozoans. Protozoans were detected only from polyparasitic infection. Monoparasitism (70%) was common to polyparasitism (30%). Trichuris trichiura was found predominant among the community children. It was implicated in almost twothird of the cases. Unavailability of toilet facility in home imposed statistically significant (P<0.05) risk of parasitic infection. Male children were the major victim of the intestinal parasites in comparison to female children and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A statistically significant relation was detected between the intestinal parasitic prevalence and fathers’ involvement in agriculture (P<0.05). The children of age group 4-8 years were most vulnerable to parasitic infection which was closely followed by age group 8-12 years. Besides, irregular footwear using habit, absence of antihelminthic drug uptake within last six months, poor hygiene, joint and family with more than five members were found to be favorable for the intestinal parasites. The contaminated environment and unhygienic habits were the major contributing factors to facilitate the distribution and prevalence of intestinal parasites in the community. Key words: soil, vegetables, water, fecal sample, intestinal parasites, Rai communityItem Indigenous Confict Resolution Mechanism: Study of Lohorung Rai Community(Faculty of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies, 2021) Dahal, MibitIn Nepal, there has been attempt to uncover huge number of indigenous communities through academic gates, yet the numbers are not sufficient. There are more hidden mysteries than anyone can think of, given the geographical area of Nepal. The diversity in cultures and ritual application has made each group different with one another. Under the given premise, this study focused on conflict resolution practices by Lohorung Rai community. The main focus of research was to understand the procedure of conflict resolution within Lohorung Rai of Nepal. With only two literatures on Lohorung and silent about conflict resolution as of today made the task even more difficult. This confirmed that non of the primitive mechanisms exists today. The task was set with following some of the key literatures within the area of conflict resolution, culture and other social context. As perceived, it was hard to differentiate the path of inquiry. The inquiry into the research question following qualitative method adopting phenemenological approach proved supportive yet challanging. The data were collected through observation and interview and collecting stories, myths, songs, jokes, narratives and all other forms of orally transmitting ideas. Deep inquiry were done with the older generation people to evaluate the collected materials. The oral informations proved to be stock of valuable informations explaining how things were done in the past. With the informations obtained, it was clear that Lohorung people had understood conflict and conflict resolution in much better ways than one can imagine. In their own way of understanding, Lohorung community divided conflict into three structures: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Intergroup. The division of conflict as such was based on the parties attached to the conflict. In the same way they had already defined different mechanisms to address the problems. Use of techniques like “Sheer Uthaune” is still taken as a means to address intra-personal conflict as of today. For interpersonal and intergroup conflict, approach similar to mediations were used. But, in primitive sense, those issue addressing sessions meant more than just resolving conflict. The act of resolving conflict amongst Lohorung resembles near to that of modernday mediation practice. However, it differs in many scenario as option to resolution and reaching the consensus were less, they had to adopt either complete settelment through compensation or through friendship (meet laune) or through pardoning the person or party or even through punishments. The process of resoultion done by Lohorung community cannot be easily explained by modernday theoritical approach, specially in intrapersonal conflict.It’s role is not to narrate wrong doings but also restoring communal bond and faith within each other. It implies rituals and other platforms to aware people about the consequences and difficulties associated with it. Also, social activities were added advantage to ensure proper community participation for other actions as well. The use of rituals as platform to perform and culture to carry it to next generation was solid approach to transmit the knowledge. Yet, with difficulty in knowledge transfer due to modernization and migration, Lohorung have managed to reel off their knowledge through greater participation. The value that Lohorung Rai people within the cultural activities have is much more than what the outcome shows. The way they solve their problem by themselves and vlaue their system is complex yet can be a source for modern techniques of conflict resolution.Item Quest for the Root: Identity Formation and Reformation among the Women Limbu of East Nepal(Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2010) Rai, Bhim Prasadnot availableItem Reproductive Health, Contraception and Fertility among Dummali Rai’s in Bhojpur District, Nepal:(Department of Population Studies, 2011-05) Rai, BigyanThe study "Reproductive health, Contraception and fertility in Dummali Rai community" was carried out using primary data obtained from 165 respondents of currently married women aged 15-49 years Sano-Dumma of Bhojpur, Nepal. Knowledge, practice, use and reasons for nonuse of contraceptive among currently married women aged 15-49 years were examined in the study. The total population of sample household was 970 in the study area, among them males were 514 and 456 were females. The sex ratio was 112.7. The result indicated that 84.3 percent people were literate and 15.7 percent were illiterate. The major occupation was agriculture with 27.5 percent people was engaged in this sector. If we analyze the availability of food production is 98.8 percent out of the total population. The 53.9 percent people’s household income per month is Rs. 5,000-10,000. The 95.8 percent have toilet facility. The 55.2 percent husbands are decision maker where as 55.8 percent female take advice every day. Out of the 165 household, 53.6 are unmarried where as 44.3 percent are unmarried,60.7 percent have the knowledge of RH, 85.7 percent do not have the knowledge of contraceptive, 3 currently married women had aborted unwanted pregnancy. Before 15 years, 1.2 percent youth keep first sexual intercourse. The 52 percent people viewed an organization’s information programmes. The 99.4 percent receive RH service easily, the 95.8 percent got information of FP from radio/TV and in the last pregnancy, and 77.8 percent take ANC service. Efforts are to be made to enhance the situations of education, with RH knowledge; outreach of policy implementation at the grassroots level; sexual and reproductive health related educational programmes for young population; opportunities for economic improvement of the families; and, establishment of the health facilities in each wards of the VDC.Item A Socio-Cultural Study of Chhiling Rai(A Case Study of Bishnupaduka VDC, Sunsari District)(Department of Sociology, 2012) Rai, Durga BahadurNot availableItem Socio-Cultural Study of Kamdung Bantawa Rai Community (A Case Study of Dewantar VDC, Bhojpur District, Nepal)(Department of Rural Development, 2007) Rai, PradeepNepal is a land of multi-religious, multi-cultural, multi-lingual and multi-castes or ethnic groups. Unity in diversities' is the main feature of Nepalese people. Among the various castes or ethnic groups, all Kirat Rais have been broadly subsumed together with several other Tibeto-Burman groups of eastern Nepal. The Kirat Rais are an ancient ethnic indigenous people of Nepal, who have their own unique socio-cultural norms and values. The socio-cultural patterns as well as languages are different with each other among all Rai clans and sub-clans communities. The Bantawa Rai is a famous clan of Kirat Rai. There is also much difference in socio-cultural patterns among every sub-clan of the Bantawa Rai. The Kamdung Bantawa Rai is a sub-clan of the Bantawa Rai. This study has been focused on the ethnographic and socio-cultural status of the Kamdung Bantawa Rai community. This study area of Dewantar VDC, Bhojpur district is the main settlement place of this Rai community. Agriculture is the main source for their livelihood. Education status is very low in this Rai community. They have their own socio-cultural norms and values and indigenous knowledges, which are different to other Bantawa Rais. The religion of this Rai community is 'Kirat Mundhum' and its main feature is to love to the natural resources and remember to own ancestors. They worship and protect the natural resources. But due to lack of infrastructure facilities and lack of awareness, they are facing various socio-cultural problems. So such type of problems should be solved properly and only then the door of socio-cultural prospects also would be open for development in this Rai community. Their unique cultures are most important for the ethnographical study and ethnic cultural tourism. The government of Nepal should make policy and strategy about it. It will provide a quality of life not only to the Kamdung Bantawa Rai community, but also to the entire communities of this area. Thus, it plays a vital role in sustainable rural development of this remote study area.Item A Study on Educational and Political Status of Tamang Women(Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2010-09) Lama, SapaniThis study is an analysis of “A Study On Education And Political Status Of Tamang Women; A Case Study on Currently Married Tamang Women of Bishnu Budhanilkanth VDC of Kathmandu District”. The objective of this study is to perceive the phenomena of educational and political status and decision-making power of currently married women in each sector of household activities. The specific objectives are to identify the social and economic conditions, marriage pattern as a cultural factor and belief in faith healer as a traditional customs. Purposive sampling method of probably sampling design to select the research area is taken for this study. There were 100 women of currently married of 15-49 age groups in total. Therefore, all they were taken as universe sample for the study that could represent the situation of whole VDC. Face to face, interview with the help of structured and open-ended questionnaires to obtain qualitative data and structured and semi-structured questionnaire were distributed to the concerned respondents to collect the quantitative information. Collected quantitative data are presented with percentage in simple and cross table along with essential narration, and qualitative information are explained in descriptive way in paragraphs. Women play the catalyst role for household decision-making in the family. However, as far as the matter of decision making beyond family is seen very low. Male is the centre of the family and decision maker who make decision for economic, social sectors and in other major sector like mostly dominating the village level decision and meetings. Looking at the overall participation of women in village level, women’s participation was not remarkable due to hesitation, illiteracy, and unawareness. Although, patriarchal domination found in research area is not so strict in Tamang community, but they self do not want to involve in any political and socio-economic functions. However, they found to be involved in socio-cultural functions like marriage ceremonies, rice feeding, head shaving, and death rituals openly. Majority of respondents in research area found to be involved in agriculture sector. Literacy rate in women found 57 percent. Overall, decision-making role of male and female was in ratio of 55:45. Therefore, literacy rate and decision-making power of women found satisfied. All most of people of that VDC believed on faith healer more than doctor still yet. If someone falls into sick, first they visit the faith healer to identify that what happened and what will they have to do immediately. Therefore, conservative feeling and customs are still deeply rooted in Tamang community. Due to these conservative thinking and practice, still, they are pushing down to backward and involvement in upper house decision and policy-making level is still in zero percent. It has found in Nepal especially in Tamang caste that more than 66 percent are still illiterate and more than 61 percent are under the poverty line according to NLSS, 2004.