Browsing by Subject "Representation"
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Item Absence of Dalit Women's Agency in Rajan Mukarung’s Damini Bhir(Department of English, 2021) B.K., GyanuThis research paper aims to examine the absence of Dalitfemale characters' agency in RajanMukarung’sDaminiBhir. The investigation of the absence of agency of Dalit female characters is important in order to understand the clear difference between the socio-cultural and economic status of women in general and Dalit women in the text.Fundamentally, the novel depicts the circumstances, psychology and practices of Nepali society during the ten years long Maoist insurgency in Nepal.The paper mainly analyses the social status, living condition, roles, and attitude that the author has assigned to the characters to understand the effect of lack of agency of Dalit female characters.Due to the lack of agency, Dalit women are unable to express their opinion and feelings.They are unable to act against the injustice they encounter.However, the ten years long maoist insurgency contributedto the empowerment of Dalit women to some extent. Also, it played a significant role inreducing untouchability to a very little extent.In comparison to non-Dalit women, Dalit women are doubly marginalized:on the basis of their caste and patriarchy.Item Counter-Hegemonic currents in SeemaRekha(Department of English, 2023) Khatri, KushalThis research tries to explore how Kishor Rana Magar's 1997 Nepali feature film SeemaRekha projects counter-hegemonic currents on the notion of shilanyas of Nepali nation- state beginning with Dravya Shah's conquest of Liglig. It further examines how the employment of cinematographic rhetoric serves for the SeemaRekha’s politics of drawing the border line of the Magar chiefdom Liglig in the rise of the House of Gorkha. It also shows this film does not picturize the state-sponsored line of ideology which records the history from aristocracy to get consent from the Magar nationality for approval of Dravya Shah's of victory over Liglig without shedding a single drop of blood from winning Liglig race competition. By taking theoretical sights on motion picture photography by James Monaco and Jon Lewis and Gramscian approach of hegemony and idea of representation by Stuart Hall, the present research concludes that the movie projects counter-hegemonic currents featuring the people of Liglig including their chief Dalasur Ghale Magar in the silver screen from behind the black curtain of history of hegemony to represent, speak out for, and testify to the sufferings of the Magar indigenous group. Keywords: counter-hegemony, representation, identity, discourse of nationality, foundational narrativeItem Critique on Dominant Culture: Representation of Islamic Women in Afghan Culture in Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns(Department of English, 2017) Phasikawa, RajjuThis thesis analyzes Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns to show how it critiques the dominant Afghan culture in relation to the representation of Afghan women. The dominant culture in the name of religion has affected the life of women. The major women characters in the novel, Mariam and Laila suffer in the male dominated culture. In order to prove this claim, this paper employs the theoretical concept of Sarah Franklin’s “Feminism and Cultural Studies”, and Kandiyoti Deniz’s “Bargaining with Patriarchy”, Beauvoir’s “Women as Other’, Stuart Hall’s notion of representation, Gramsci’s notion of hegemony and so on. Key words: representation, feminism, ideology, patriarchal domination, hegemonyItem Exploration of nationalist discourse through war in Mainak Dhar's line of control(department of English, 2023) KC, Mek RajThis research paper attempts to explore nationalist discourse through war in Line of Control by Mainak Dhar projecting the apocalyptic situation invited by Pakistan Army in collaboration with Mujahedeen through conflict, terror and war against India. It also highlights how the novel creates a nationalist discourse to represent the Indian Armed Forces, Pakistan Army and the Mujahideen; and how they are being represented through their different activities to hegemonize each other. Similarly, it also depicts how the nuclear weapon is the symbol of war and destruction. By taking theoretical insights on discourse, truth and power proposed by Foucault and Cultural Hegemony by Antonio Gramsci, this study argues how Pakistan joins hands together with the Mujahideen and tries to capture the POK by creating terror and leads towards possibility of nuclear threat and destruction in Indian continent. The research further claims evidence why Saudi Arabia provides fund to the fundamentalist group, the Mujahideen to spread Jihad against Indian continent. Key Words: - Representation, nationalism, nuclear warfare, fundamentalism, hegemony, discourse.Item The Gendered Body in Resistance in Popular Culure: A Critical Reading of Personal Narratives and Blogs(Department of English, 2020) Basnet, SujataThis research paper examines popular culture as a site where notion of normative sexuality and beauty are constructed, modified, and accommodated that creates space for resistance against such practices. For this purpose, the paper studies two memoirs: Victorie Dauxerree's Size Zero: How I Survived My Life as a Model, Lindy West's Shrill: Notes from a Loud Woman; and selections from two blog, Aviva Dove-Viebahn's Ms. Magazine and Caitlin Lansin's About Face. In a capitalist patriarchy, Zillah Eisenstein looks at women's position in contemporary culture from a dual stand point in that she locates the roots of existing notions of normative female sexuality in capitalism and patriarchy. Along Eisenstein's line, Mulvey's "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" examines the cinematic representation of the erotic female in the culture industry’s commodification of the gendered body in the capitalist-patriarchy. Likewise, Storey proposes two divergent functions of popular culture: the product of commodified practices made available by the culture industry and the practice in resistance to the dominant world values. These distinct perspectives of looking at popular culture will help us unfold resistance voices engaged in production, distribution and consumption of popular texts. Such an in–depth examination of the gendered body in the marketplace in popular personal narratives unravels as well as challenges the deeply-ingrained gender stereotypes and suppression existing in the capitalist patriarchy. Keywords: Popular Culture, Capitalism, Patriarchy, Representation, ResistanceItem Political narratives and intersectional representation: A critical reading of Michelle Obama's becoming(Department of English, 2023) Dahal, Radhika DeviThis paper examines political narrative and intersectional representation in Michelle Obama’s Becoming in the light of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s political theory and Stuart Hall’s notion of representation. The autobiography encapsulates Obama’s journey from the girl to becoming America’s First Lady. Highlighting highs and lows of her life, Obama describes how she transfigured her from becoming ‘me to us’. The memoir also depicts how political power transformed her identity and she gradually gained the potential to challenge and subvert the power structures. The research focuses on specifically there questions: What are the factors that affect Obama’s early life? How does she realize that there is racism everywhere in the USA? How does she succeed in maintaining her distinct identity despite the racism and political biasedness prevalent in American society? The paper embodies Hardt and Negri’s idea of political theory to highlight that by acquiring political power one can emphasize the role of social movements and gain the potential to challenge the submissive power structures. Similarly, Hall’s concept of representation has been adapted to present that representation locates the power as it is influenced by the dominant ideologies and can reinforce existing hierarchies. This paper, in this regard, concludes that political power works as a mechanism to bring a desired change in the nation making the sphere full of opportunities for those neglected and subordinated. Keywords: representation, politics, power, identity, intersectionalityItem Realistic Representation of Contemporary Nepali Society in Bhupi Sherchan’s Poems(Department of English, 2017) Poudyal, Naveen NiravThe research project on Bhupi Sherchan’s (1936-1989) poems attempt to explore the realistic representation based on the historical context of Post-Rana Nepali society. The quest of human suffering through socio¬-cultural crisis, economic agony, injustice, crisis on the livelihood of people, hypocrite manner is the concern of Bhupi’s poems. The research project aims to excavate the reformative instinct laid in the poems, implementing Stuart Hall’s Theory of Representation. Sherchan has used signs, symbols, and images in the poems from orient myths and locally available subjects. Sherchan talks about social subject matters; corruption on one hand and on the other hand patriotism, justice on one hand and injustice on another hand. Likewise hypocrisy and real conviction also goes simultaneously. He focuses on the real and just society through different images, symbols and issues. He pokes the real identity of people and splits the instinct of social transformation in the core of its heart.Item Representation of Chuck as a National Allegory in H.M. Naqvi's Home Boy(Department of English, 2022) Devkota, AavashRepresentation of Chuckas a National Allegory in H.M Naqvi's Home Boy The novel,Home Boy by H.M Naqvi, tells the story of Pakistanimen who migrate to America to fulfill their dream of freedom and prosperity. The novel is set during tragic event of 9/11 terrorist attack on USA and in volves the after math faced by Muslim citizens with no stalgic autobiographical representation of past, in form of sharing memories hugely associated with Pakistan. The concept of ‘home’ is highly stressed in the novel. The title Home Boy itself contradicts regularly in the text. The space between the character's present and his home is maintained by association of his home and home land memories.So, the research investigates Chuck's role in the formation of the meaning of the textin light of Fredric Jameson's theory of allegory and ideology. Naqviin his novelusesChuckasnational allegoryto represent the various elements experienced by immigrants away from their home land and to put forth the American response to the 9/11 event. He uses memories and nostalgic representation of past associated with the homeland of experiencing agent to deploy the meaning. Most common elements represented are hardships, fear, suppression, racism, stereotyping, inequalities,issues of identity andinhumane treatment suffered by the immigrants. Keywords: National Allegory, Representation, Agency, Immigrant, Stereotyping, 9/11Item Representation of Contemporary Afghan History in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns(Department of English, 2019) Joshi, PramodThis research intends to investigate Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns from the perspective of New Historicism, focusing on the historicity of text. This paper concludes that the novel reflects on history through the reconstruction of historical events.Hosseini re-examines the history of Afghanistan in about 30-year wars from a new perspective and with a new discourse.The novel represents the plight of the people of Afghanistan in the aftermath of the cold war and the deprived identities of people when the struggle reaches a nightmarish level.Hosseini's work becam a medium to understand Afghan culture and tradition.This novel coincides with the main points of New Historicism, based on which thesis attempts to analyse the historical background, the themes and the characters of the novel.Item Representation of Muslims as the Other: A Comparative Study of Updike's Terrorist and Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist(Department of English, 2018) Joshi, PramanandraThis research is a study of representation of Muslims in post 9/11 fictions. Particularly, the study mainly focuses on the comparative study of John Updike's Terrorist and Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist. Both Updike and Hamid present Muslim characters as protagonists, but representation of Muslims is quite different. Updike as an American represents Muslim from the American discourse 'Muslim as the other'. Hamid represents the Muslims from the view of Migrant Muslim, who became the victim of American torture after the event of 9/11. Updike's Terrorist represents the Muslims as fundamentalist, terrorist and aggressive figures, who are not ready to accept to freedom, modernity and secularism. On the Contrary, Hamid reverses the stereotypical representation of Muslims and represents Muslims as much tolerate and modern as Westerners. This study analyzes both writer's representation of Muslim and concludes that in the conflict of religion and culture of Western and Muslim civilization innocent Muslim people have become victims after 9/11. Muslims are stereotypically represented in Updike's Terrorist while Hamid challenges this kind of representation and reestablishes Muslim identity.Item Representation of Sherpa culture in Ortner’s Sherpas through their rituals(Department of English, 2016) Chaudhary, Dambar NarayanNot AvailableItem Representation of the Subaltern Characters in Selected Songs of Bob Dylan(Department of English, 2018) Duwal, Ashishhis research is an analysis of representation of subaltern character in the selected songs of Bob Dylan. Subalterns are politically dominated and kept aside from the state hegemonic power. This research work reveals that Dylan’s workcriticizes the function of popular culture institutionalized by hegemony through political domination. He addresses the dominated and subaltern class to seek the salvation and freedom from hypocritical authority. Bob Dylan’s literature stands unparallel with other form of American literature because of his attempts to question the authority and quests on the emancipation of poor and helpless. His songs are the songs of revival for the subaltern and victim of war. Dylan criticizes the technique of domination established by the elites. He also examines how this method makes individual conform to the rules and regulations, exposing them submissive and helpless. By using theory on subaltern propounded by scholars such as Gramsci, Spivak and Guha, this research examines the relationbetween the elites and subaltern with regard to their hegemonic power structure. Keywords: Subaltern, Representation, hegemony, emancipation, domination, Hypocritical, Power.Item Representation of the subaltern subjects in Rajan Mukarung's Hetchhakupa and Bina things Yambunera(Department of English, 2022) Rai, BidurThe present study argues that RājanMukārung and BināThīng represent the subaltern people as mute, muted, and unheard characters. This study applies the critical perspective of subaltern studies as furthered in postcolonial India to rewrite the social history in the post-independence period. The major theorists beginning from Ranjit Guha to Gayatri Chakravarti Spivak state that the people at the bottom tend to get misrepresented and termed inaccessible for the people at the top. However, this study assumes that J. Magio helps us understand the premise that the people express their voice through aesthetic works. Mukārung’sHetchhākupā focuses on the cultural, indigenous identity and lends a voice to the sufferings and marginalization of the characters. It implies that the subalterns are silenced due to the context of socio-political structure so their voices are unheard and ignored. Similarly, Thīng’sYāmbuneradeals with marginalization, poverty, illiteracy, subjugation, domination of subalterns and envisions their subsequent resistance. Using the critical perspective of Gayatri Chakrabarty Spivak, Ranjit Guha, Partha Chatarjee, Dipesh Chakravorty, and J. Magio, this study analyzes the fictions to conclude that the contemporary Nepali fiction depicts mute, muted, and unheard subjects in it. Keywords: Nepali Fictions, Subaltern, Indigenous People, Representation, Voice from the MarginItem Representation of Tibet in Mary Craig's Kundun(Department of English, 2021) Thapa, DiwasKundun: Mary Craig's biography is about fourteenth Dalai Lama and is generally read as an authentic representation of history of Tibet. Through this historical representation, Craig constructs a discourse about Tibet by mis-representing their history, society and economy. The way western writers do politics to represent negative stereotypical image about Eastern culture. It further clarifies why the writer takes sides and makes fairy tales, while delivering the history between China and Tibet. It blames the writer, dividing the world into two fragments: occident and orient. The aim of this study is to examine the stereotypes shown by mainstream writers and their politics behind it. Moreover, writer’s intention to distinguish among political authority, materialistic greed and spiritual ethos are blurred. It claims that the writer’s position is guided by materialistic and imperialistic canon. While doing it, the research has incorporated theoretical insights of Straut Hall’s Work of Representation and Edward Said’s book Orientalism. The research concludes that the writer’s politics behind the representation of the culture of Tibet is demonstrated openly. She lacks to gather ethical and accurate information during the time of representing culture. This paper concludes that Tibet’s invasion has been presented hypothetically and emphasizes on own way whereas, economical crisis, corrupted bureaucracy, autocratic feudal system and superstition are some reasons for Dalai Lamas’ fall which are hidden intentionally.Item Stereotypical Representation of the Muslim Characters in a Bollywood Movie Sarfarosh(Central Department of English, 2019) Tiwary, RajanThis paper studies the stereotypical representation of Muslim characters and Indian nationalistic ethos in famous Bollywood movie Sarfarosh. The movie deals with the cross-border terrorists and smugglers in which Amir Khan (Rathod) acts as a Hindu ACP assigned to rattle the network of smugglers. Formerly, Salim, a Muslim police officer was given the duty to deal with the terrorist network but as soon as Sultan escapes from his custody killing three constables, the department loses its trust upon him and the case was given to Rathod. Salim feels the minority status of being a Muslim but Rathod eases his dissatisfaction making him good accomplice in the case. It shows that Bollywood is promoting Hindu-Muslim fraternity in Indian society but at the same time, represents cross-border Muslims as terrorists and sells the hatred against Pakistani Muslims shaped by the discourses of patriotism and nationalistic ethos in Indian society. At the same time, it cashes on the deteriorating image of Muslims in recent years in Western media representations satisfying the psychological demand of the Western audience. This research also analyzes the discursive foundation of Indian hatred against the Muslims outside India analyzing the reasons behind Hindu-Muslim rift and religious riots and partition of Pakistan as an independent nation, ever minority status of the Muslim community along with the reasons behind stereotypical representation of Muslims in Bollywood movies.Item Tenzing Norgay as a Subaltern Hero in John Hunt‟s The Ascend of Everest(Department of English, 2021) Duwadi, SamirThe research paper examines the transition and transformation of a subaltern hero, Tenzing Norgey Sherpa with reference to John Hunt’s The Ascend of Everest. Though the text documents Sherpa as the supplementary agent of Mt Everest expedition of 1953 within hegemonic power structure, but his impressive personality which climbing skills establishes him as a subaltern hero. The transformation of Tenzing from an ordinary individual to an extraordinary climber creates an indispensable space within elitist discourse where Sherpa stands as subaltern hero. On the foundation of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s “Can the Subaltern Speak ?” , this paper investigates how Sherpa speaks as a subaltern hero, who in the very beginning, is represented as a porter but in the later part of the expedition establishes himself as a subaltern hero despite the fact that there is meager space to him to act as key actor.