Browsing by Subject "Tradition"
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Item Conflict between Tradition and Modernity in Tawfiq Al-Hakim‘s The Song of Death(Central Department of English Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2015) Shrestha, RameshThe present research entitled ―Conflict between Tradition and Modernity in Tawfiq al-Hakim‘s The Song of Death‖ explores contradictions, conflicts and shows disagreements and disparity prevalent in the mid-twentieth century Egyptian society. The concept of younger and older generation of the then society comes in to clash in many aspects of their life such as thinking, behavior, treatment and lifestyle. The playwright takes character of new generation as agent to get exposure to the modern values, which he tries to apply in the traditional rural Egyptian society. In doing so, there arise problems of clash between two different values as well as in the life of the characters. University education, free life, individualism, social law and justice and some of the values are associated with modernity, which the main character adopts in his life but these values do not go with the conventions of the traditional rural Egyptian society. The consequence is further suffering. Older generation is represented by Asakir and Mabruka and younger generation by Ilwan and Simeida. Ilwan always hopes for new ideas and gives priority to social law and justice and modern way of thinking over the rural Egyptian orthodoxy culture and tradition. But older generation especially Asakir is against it and opposes Ilwan in many aspects of changes. Ilwan hopes to change orthodoxical thinking of the then society by adopting modern way of thinking and social law and justice. To study these issues, the research takes the support of primarily the theoretical concepts of modernity. The research explores how conflict comes in to existence among the people of the society because of modernization.Item Critique of Conventional Masculinity in Tawfiq Al- Hakim’s The Song of Death(Central Departmental of English, 2019) Upadhyay, Rita KumariThis thesis is a critique of conventional masculinity in Tawfiq Al-Hakim’s The Song of Death being based on gender studies. The research presents Hakim’s challenge to the masculinity especially in Arabian Islamic culture that is guided by revengeful motive of mother. Tawfiq was born in 1898 in a wealthy Egyptian family of Alexandria. He studied law in Cairo, graduated in 1925 and before died in 1987 translated and written so many articles, plays and books. Ahl al-Kahf, One Thousand and One Nights and ISIS are his exemplary plays. Being woman, Asakir is guided by the patriarchal motif of revenge i.e. eye for an eye. It is Asakir, a widow who ironically thinks that version of masculinity has to be preserved by her in order to do so she makes her son Ilwan take revenge of her father’s murderer but in vain. Ilwan is reflected as one of the modernists guided by social norms, decorum’s and laws. In order to critique the conventional masculinity the research makes use of theoretical insights of Judith Butler, Judith Halberstam and some more ideas of Glover and Cora Kaplan. Finally the research concludes that Hakim is critical of conventional masculinity. The mother is presented as a strong advocator of masculinity but her failure at the end of the play ironically displays the implacability of gender based roles in modern society like that of Cairo. Key Words: Gender, Masculinity, Tradition, Islamic culture, conflict, gender role.Item Cultural Implications of Myths in Paulo Coelho's The Pilgrimage(Department of English, 2017) Karki, Indra BahadurThis research tries to map the relation between an individual and tradition, especially at a time when tradition has seemingly fallen into disuse at the hand of the younger generations. The research studies the story of Paulo Coelho, who in the initial phase of his life drifts away from the ways of his ancestors, and later returns to the same tradition to seek clues to success in life. He is required to win a sword for success, for which, he takes up a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. His decision refers simultaneously to culture, myth and several rituals his ancestors teach him as a member of the society. Therefore, this research studies his action in relation with the impact of myth and culture upon an individual. For doing so, the research has used different aspects of myth criticism, including archetypal criticism, and ideas have been drawn from scholars like Levi Strauss, Northrop Frye, Joseph Campbell and Carl Gustav Young to explain how myths, archetypal images and traditions exert impact on the life of an individual.Item Guthi as a Performative Practice in Newari Culture with Reference to Jyapu Community Living in Kirtipur(Department of English, 2018) Pradhan, PurnimaThis thesis entitled “Guthi as a Performative Act in Newari Culture with Reference to Jyapu Community Living in Kirtipur” tends to highlight the traditional social organization being practiced by the Newar people of Kirtipur city since the ancient times. Kirtipur city has been chosen in the sense that it is inhabited mainly by the Jyapu castes of Newar people who are traditionally agriculturists according to the caste division formed during the 14th century. Guthi organization is a part of Newari culture. It is a performative act that performs on schedule at specific location and in remembering the past, maintaining cosmic order and cementing social relations within the Newar’s community. It performs a certain task which might be either social work or related to culture as to celebrate any festival or ritual work or to accomplish rituals related to a man especially at the time of death. It expresses particular Newari culture traits and maintains harmony within the Newar community providing a unique identity to them in Kirtipur. The essence of this research is to give value to this Guthi system in the present evolving modern world in relation to the influence of modernization. The crucial issue is related with the importance of traditional system and impact of modern activities to the traditional concept. The changes in cultural practices that are occurring these days have also been observed closely. Modernization is leading to the change of religious rituals and the whole Newar society towards a new dimension. So, basically these researches focuses on the issue of the essential point of reducing rampant, influences of modernity in the course of transforming the discriminatory and outdate cultural activities. Key Words: Newar, Newari, Culture, Kirtipur, Jyapu, Modernization, TraditionItem Interplay between Tradition and Modernity in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God(Central Departmental of English, 2019) Bajgai, Padma KumariThe aim of this research is to explore the significance of Nigerian tradition andnative people'sstruggle to keep their social unity intact.This research investigates how Western Imperial powerand cultural hegemonies wereestablished generally in Africa and particularly in Nigeria and also studies theirconsequences with reference to Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God. Theresearch ponders into how the conflict arises due to the need to adhere one's traditional faith and the compulsion to yield to change.The Nigerian religious society faces the devastation and disruption of their cultural unity with the hand of colonialism. It accumulates the pain adsuffering, troubles' and tribulation,acceptanceand rejection of native people. Takingtheoretical insights on the significance of tradition by ZiauddinSardarand critique of colonial hegemony proposed byAshisNandy respectably the research analyzes how Nigerian people were brain washed by white people and how Nigerian perceived the arrival of colonizing order. This research portrays the significance of tradition and communal value in Nigerian society and possible needs of modernity with continuum of tradition. Key Words: Tradition, Modernity, Cultural disjuncture, Ambivalence, Alternative modernity.Item Interrogating Patriarchy in Shanti Mishra’sA Widow’s Gift(Central Department of English, 2019) Bastola, Krishna KalaThe aim of this research is to critically analyze the traditional evil practices, and reflect how it affects women in Shanti Mishra’s fiction A Widow’s Gift. The famous Third World Feminist theorists Uma Narayan, and Chandra TalpadeMohanty’s ideas are main theoretical tools to analyze this paper. This paper focuses on the struggle of women as well as the changing scenario in Nepalese women in traditional conservative Brahmin community.It also examines the capacity and inner strength of the protagonist Radha, who defies the stereotypical feminine images of widow as a disease, powerlessness, and shows her journey of transformation from an inactive to active woman. Radha silently observes daily life of her mother. Her home’s environment, friend’s experience, own experiences as well as self-awareness motivate her to resist the patriarchy. Her self-respect, courage, growing consciousness shed light on her journey from passive to active. The stereotypes of depicting female as more victim, and weak have been altered in this fiction through the portrayal of Radha as an active woman. She further proves that change and transformation is possible if the initiation is taken. Women can able to bring change, one should voice out against the injustice and social inequality of the society. Keywords: Patriarchy, Tradition, Social injustice, Change, TransformationItem Representation of Yoruba Gender in Wole Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel(Department of English, 2023) Tiwari, SimrikaThe paper analyses an African drama entitled The Lion and the Jewel by African postcolonial dramatist and a playwright, Wole Soyinka, and argues that his representation of women characters disrobes his patriarchal position towards women as practiced in the cultural ethos of the pre-colonial Nigerian society. It further explores his failure of resistance towards colonial principles of the contemporary patriarchal culture of the Nigerian community. The researcher compares the characterization between male characters such as Baroka, Lakunle and female characters such as Sidi and Sadiku. While the male characters are portrayed as intelligent, powerful- both socially and intellectually, the female characters are presented as beings with low intelligence, high level of gullibility and powerless. Soyinka conforms to the patriarchal tradition of polygamy by stripping women of their potential power of resistance against the masculine exploitation of female characters like Sidi who gets raped by Baroka and finally subjects herself to the marriage with him. To further consolidate the argument, the researcher borrows the theoretical insights from the postcolonial feminism. Postcolonial feminists such as Gayatri Spivak, Sara Zargar and Antonia Navarro Tejero not only question the universalizing narrative of western feminism but also draw criticism upon some postcolonial male writers for their silence regarding the colonial nature of patriarchal attitude towards women. The researcher concludes with the findings that the postcolonial literature falls short in its representation of post-independent societies if it fails to inquire upon the ideology of gender construct. Key Words: Post-colonialism, Postcolonial Feminism, Gender Inequality, Patriarchy, TraditionItem Subjugation of Women inThe Bookseller of Kabul(Department of English, 2011) Shahi, Tek BahadurSeierstad'snovelThe Bookseller of Kabuldepictsthe picture of Muslim society that follows thereligious concepts based on Islam.The social structure and the assumptions in the Muslim society paved the way for womenwhere they are obliged to face the subjugation.It shows the inert life of the women obliged to live the life of slave under the patriarchy as well as Muslim custom and tradition, within their own family. The tradition and culture have the dominant role to form the social system and the society.In the name of religionand tradition most of the Muslim women suffer and often killed as Jamila is killed by her own brother and other membersof the family in the accusation ofbetrayingthe Muslim law.In the novel the family of bookseller named Sultan is typically Afghan family representing most of the Muslims. His sisters, mother and his wives suffer due to the religious conception existing in the society shaped by the Muslim archetype as in the third world most of the cultures are guided by the archetype.Item Tension Between Tradition and Modernity in Gerard Manley Hopkins's Poetry(Department of English, 2007) Upadhyaya, ParthivendraNot availableItem Tension between Tradition and Modernity in Markandaya's A Silence of Desire(Central Departmental of English, 2019) Chudali, LaxmiThe present research paper tries to investigate the clash between tradition and modernity in Kamala Markandaya's A Silence of Desire. This research focuses on western cultural encroachment upon Indian culture and tradition. It analyzes Sarojini's struggle to preserve her cultural heritage and tradition in the pace of changing time. The tension is primarily seen between the female and male characters who represent the tradition and modernity respectively. Sarojini valorizes her own tradition, culture and rituals and wants her womb tumour to be treated by faith healer but when Swamy suggests her to have operation in hospital, she does not deny him and willingly goes to hospital. Dandekar claims to be rational and scientific but what he perceives is colored by his distorted idea of rationality and science. He is trapped between two worlds, one 'scientific' not fully born, and the other, 'traditional' not fully thrown away. Markandaya's characters are in an ambivalent position: between tradition and modernity. They want to show outer reality even though they have no inner potentiality. It means they are hypocritical in nature. To analyze this problem, this research paper will analyze the text from alternative modernities perspectives forwarded by Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar, Charles Taylor, Dipesh Chakrabarty and Ziauddin Sardar. Primarily, it will use Gaonkar's theory of Alternative Modernities which will point out to think of alternative modernities does not mean completely abandoning the Western discourse on modernity rather it incorporates the Eastern views side by side. Keywords: Alternative Modernity, Tradition, Modernity, Ambivalence, CultureItem Tension between Tradition and Modernity in Rabindra Nath Tagore's The Home and the World(Department of English, 2008) Nepal, SitaRabindra Nath Tagore's famous novel The Home and the world has presented the issue of tension between tradition and Modernity in colonial Indian society. Because of tension, there is internal dynamics in Indian society and Indian nation state in general. The tension is primarily seen between the female and male character and male-male characters. As well that represents the tradition and modernity respectively. Moreover, the industrial revolution, colonial mentality and modern hypocrisy has remarkable influence on the characters which further support to add some bricks in the emergence of tension. Tagore also depicted the colonial Indian life.Item Tension of Tradition and Modernity in ManjuKapur'sHome(Central Department of English, 2019) Paudel, PardipThis research analyzes the novel of ManjuKapur'sHomefrom the perspective of modernity. Tensions between tradition and modernity, represented in the novel can be viewed against the influence of western culture that have taken place in twenty first century within the lives of people in India. Ideological stance on the notions of tradition vs. modernity in respect to the conflicting issue, through thecharacters asNisha, Rupa, Yashpal, Ajay,Vijaya and Raju, where they almost abandoned their parental business style, traditional thinkingand moves aheadtheir ownway either in their business or in the family life. Yashpal falls in love with a girl who is from lower class in economic strata and gets married to her which creates a kind of tussle in his family due to modernity. Similarly, shift from traditional clothshop to readymade fancy shop deals with the issue of metropolitan influences on Indian youths. Characters in the novel are deviated from their social norms and values due to the influences of western values on Indian society is a sign of modernity. In the novel, joint family dissects into single settlement, characters start to adopt modernity, forgetting their traditional norms and values for their benefit. Key words: Tension, Tradition, Modernity, IdentityItem Tradition Versus Modernity in Bharati Mukherjee‘s Desirable Daughters(Department of English, 2022) Khatri, Amar BahadurThis research studies and analyzes the transitional state of Indian society in Bharati Mukherjee’s novel Desirable Daughters. The tussle between tradition and modernity, represented in the novel can be viewed against the influence of western culture that has taken place in the twenty-first century in the lives of Indian people. The conflict between old and new generations in terms of the issues of marriage, education, family, and technological innovations. Padma, the eldest daughter, falls in love with Ronald Dey has a sexual relationship, and gives birth to a male child before her marriage. Tara moves to America with her husband Bish, gives birth to a male child. After that, she joins the college as well as the Indian-American women group, reads American magazines, makes a boyfriend that entices her toward individual freedom which she could not exercise being a wife of an Indian man. She divorces him and starts to live alone where she can exercise her feelings and emotions. Motilal moves from Faridpur to Calcutta city, takes the degree of Ph.D. and installs mega machines, and establishes Industry which transforms him from an agrarian society to an industrial world. Viewed from Hibernation’s theory of tradition to modernity, all the characters are transforming themselves from classical antiquity to technological development. Hence, this research concludes that through Desirable Daughter, Bharati Mukherjee tries to show the changing scenario of Indian social norms and values where women have also started to take stand for their right and individualism. Keywords: Tradition, Modernity, Science and Technology, Classical Antiquity, Identity, Discovery.Item Tradition versus Modernity in Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge(Department of English, 2022) Kapri, NirmalaThis study deals with the issues of tradition and modernity which brings ongoing tension in Thomas hardy’s The Mayor of Caster bridge (1886). Michael Henchard, a man of traditional force exhibits himself as a man of utter power and dominance over the people of his locality but he fails to continue his old conventional system in the hand of changing socio-political scenario. Mr. Donald Farfrae a versatile Scottish young man is familiar with modern tools and techniques outdoes his master, Michael Henchard in every respect and undoubtedly becomes successful to transform the rigid root of tradition of the town Caster bridge into flexible one. Henchard’s old and outdated way of dealing with business and relation falls in risk after the arrival of Farfrae who is synonymous to the ideologies of modernism. Tension arises in the world of Caster bridge ad life of some characters due to the two heroes contrasting way of dealing things. Along with these two main characters’ persistent attitude and manner to promote their own system, this research work somehow tries to excavate historical context of the then English society, which was welcoming change despite many obstruction.Item Tradition versus Modernity: A Search for Alternative Modernity in Markandaya's Nectar in aSieve(Department of English, 2016) Srivastaw, SushantThis research entitled “Tradition versus Modernty: A search of Alternative Modernity” in Kamala Markandaya'sNectar in a Sievetries to investigate clash between tradition and modernity. This research focuses on western encroachment upon Indian culture andtradition and Rukmani’s struggle to preserve her cultural heritage and tradition in the age of western modernization. The protagonist, Rukmani, valorizes her own tradition, culture and rituals in spite of accepting western culture in the pace of changingtime. Rukmani advocates for a distinct type of modernity which preserve her tradition and culture and study changes in it. .This research finds Rukmani accept modernism which has space for her tradition and culture and studies changes in it in pace of time.The westerners who come as a worker and settle in her village have great influence in villagers. Thus, this research reveals changes in tradition through alternative modernism. To conduct my research, I take insight from Dipesh chakarvartory, Ashish Nandyand Arjun Appadurai. [Key Terms: Alternative Modernity, Tradition, City, Western encroachment, Cultural Heritage,]Item Treatment of Female Characters in Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala's Sumnima(Department of English, 2006) Dhakal, AnjanaThe present research focuses to the treatment of female characters in Bisweshwar Prasad Koirala's novel,Sumnima. It will study the female characters who are from two different and distinct culture and backgrounds. Sumnima is from Kiranti culture andher action, behavior and lifestyle all represents theKiranti culture. Puloma is from Aryan culture and acts accordingly. The present work has been divided into four chapters. The first chapter gives the introduction of the work. The second chapter makes the theoretical study of feminism. The third chapter analyzes the text and the fourth chapter is the conclusion of the work.Item V.S. Naipaul and Masculinity in Crisis in A House for Mr. Biswas(Department of English, 2009) Baral, SushilaThe text of the research study is A House for Mr. Biswas by V.S. Naipaul and the issue is "Masculinity in Crisis" in the life of protagonist Mr. Biswas. This research study sheds light on the protagonist, Mr. Biswas's masculinity under crisis. He can not fulfill his role as a male due to poverty since he can not earn enough to run his life and family. Actually he wishes to build a house, quite modern but fails to build and has to depend on others even for shelter. He works in-laws' house as a worker and can not manage systematic law and order in his family. There is the lack of education and information in Mr. Biswas. Influence of tradition also plays the vital role in the life of Mr. Biswas. Thats why he can not perform his role as a successful male. The discovery of the research is to depict the idea of failure in management , impact of poverty, lack of education and information and then influence of tradition in the life of the male protagonist – Mr. Biswas in novel – A House for Mr. Biswas. He has become failure in his masculinity role. Thus his masculinity is in crisis