Browsing by Subject "Wildlife"
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Item Crop Depradation by Wildlife in Tarakeshwor Unicipality of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park Kathmandu, Nepal(Central Department Of Zoology, 2018) Joshi, ManishaPark-People Conflict (PPC) is defined as any event in which park inhabiting animals injure, destroy or damage human life or property (including the destruction of crops) and are killed, injured, captured or otherwise harmed as a result – i.e. both humans and animals suffer from the interaction with each other. Retaliatory killing and loss of habitat are threats to the survival of many species around the world. This thesis explain the various aspects of PPC in the residing village of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. During March and April 2016 data were collected using combination of semi-structured questionnaire survey methods, focal group discussions, formal and informal interviews and key informant interviews. The major crops grown in the area were Maize, Wheat, Paddy and Vegetable. The average yield of maize per Household (HH) per year was 836.8 kg which was highest, than that of Wheat and of Mustard. The average yield of these crops indicates that the land was highly fertile. The people in Tarkeshwor Municipality, specially two study sites (Kavresthali and Dharmasthali) perceived that crop depredation was the major problem caused by the wild animals. Most destructive wild animals were Wild Boar, Monkey, Porcupine and Common Leopard. The average number of livestock per Household (HH) was around 12. The average number of goat and chickens was highest along with cattle and buffalo. Most respondents believed that the populations of these problem animals like monkey were increasing and incident of human-wildlife conflict was also increasing. Among crops, the damage to Maize was the highest. Regarding the measures to mitigate PPC, most of them have applied different local technologies. Conservation awareness program and public participation are other major aspects that should be considered to mitigate the PPC. Key words: Crop Depredation, Conflict, Livestock, Wild animals, Protected areasItem Human Wildlife Conflict In Parshuram Municipality Area Of Dadeldhura District, Far-western Province, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2019-09) Pandey, Jharna KumariHuman-wildlife conflict (HWC) is closely associated with the economics and social well being of the local people. Parshuram Municipality of Far-Western Nepal; one of the main hotspot for the HWC. Field survey were conducted from August 2018 to May 2019. Questionnaire survey in 150 households was conducted at ward no. 3 and 4 of more effected villages of Parshuram Municipality: Katal, Ratamati, Lopa and Todina. Study was also designed to find out the status of Leopard, Monkey and Wild boar. In the 12 transects total of 48 signs of Leopard, Wild boar and Monkey were recorded, which indicated the presence of the species in study area. The average annual economic loss of crop was found to be NRs. 549105 (4859.579 US$). Katal had highest crop loss and Maize was the most frequent crop loss. Similarly, the average annual economic loss of livestock was found to be NRs. 257100 (2275.335 US$). Lopa had the highest average annual loss of livestock. Goat was the major livestock depredation by Leopard and Chicken was the major avian stock depredation contributed by Jackal. Total 33 wild animals were killed by farmers in last two years; among them Wild boar (26) was highest. Perception relative to wildlife conservation was found to be negative. Construction of fence, habitat conservation, change in crop plantation, awareness program for local people and regular monitoring of wild animal might help to reduce HWC.Item Human Wildlife Conflict Management for Sustainable Livelihood: A Case Study of Bahundagi VDC, Jhapa(Central Department of Rural Development, 2016) Siwakoti, SagarHuman-wildlife conflict is an increasing phenomena occurring at multiple places all around the world. Degradation of forest and declination of habitat of wildlife animals are the main causes contributing to human-wildlife conflict. Due to this conflict, people living near to the forest and conservation area are living a vulnerable livelihood and animals are being killed making eco-system more and more unbalanced. The major components of the ecosystem, the human and the animals are both in danger, causing natural/ biological threat to each other. There should be an assurance of safe habitat for wildlife animals and secured livelihood for the people in conflict area around the world. In concern to subject matters written above, some objectives have been set in this study to search some possible solutions and manage human-wildlife conflicts. This study is directed to present some relevant recommendation to ensure the sustainable livelihood of affected people. Objective of this study is to manage the ongoing conflicts between human and wildlife. This study has been carried out on the basis of exploratory, qualitative and descriptive research design. Observation, interview, focused group discussion has been conducted to find out the fact based information from the affected area. Maximum available literatures have been used to enlarge the knowledge related with the subject matter. Bahundagi VDC of Jhapa district is one of the affected area by the wildlife animal, especially the elephant. Many casualties and deaths of humans and also of an elephants is an ongoing event in this VDC. Various kinds of other critical issues exist in relation to human-wildlife conflict. Existence of these problems is the reason for selecting Bahundagi as the location of study. Out of three hundred seventy two household in ward number two of Bahundagi VDC, thirty seven households have been taken as the sample of this study. Dimensions of conflict like loss of lives and property, effect in livelihood, level of insecurity, effect on social relation, effect on environment and bio-diversity, etc. have been presented in this study. Socio economic condition of affected area also has been gathered and processed significantly. Study shows that the livelihood of people in study area is in a vulnerable state. Necessary components for sustainable livelihood are in critical condition. All the five basic component of sustainable livelihood: human capital, social capital, physical capital, financial capital and natural capital are threatened. It can hence be concluded that livelihood of people in Bahundagi VDC is in a very vulnerable condition due to ongoing human-wildlife conflict. The main cause of this conflict is a degradation of forest and increasing human settlement in the study area. The travel corridor of elephants for many centuries has been encroached by people and used settlement since decades. Because of the lack of food, elephants started to attack in village in search of food. This results in the human-wildlife conflict in Bahundagi. Effective technology based electric fencing may control the access of outsider elephants coming from India. But there are many other local elephants living around. So, maintaining the travel corridor of elephant by managing human settlement could be a long term solution to manage the human-wildlife conflict. Conservation of forest and habitat of wildlife animal could make the village free from the attack of wildlife animals.Item Human-Elephant Conflict In The Adjoining Areas Of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2021-08) Tiwari, AmbikaHuman-Elephant Conflict (HEC) has worsened in the past decade and has had its influence till now. There has been a significant increase in human-elephant conflict for land and resources, which has important implications for their respective distributions. This study aims to explore the elephant occurrence, pattern, causes, and impact of human elephant conflict on humans and also explore the relationship of HEC with farming practice using a questionnaire and sign survey. The pattern of human-elephant conflict was analyzed using the secondary data reported to Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve from 2017 to 2019. During three years of study period a total of 1,119 incidents of human-elephant conflict was recorded. Overall nineteen signs of elephant were reported during the study period out of which seventeen new footprints and two fresh dung were recorded which revealed the occurrence of wild elephants near water bodies and agricultural field. Elephant behaviour and inadequacy of preventive measures were the foremost reasons for conflict. Variables such as nearest forest and water sources showed a significant association between conflicts. This study reported seventy-four incidents of crop damage, fifty-eight incidents of property damage, and only a case of human casualty during three years. Total economic loss from crop damage was US$ 80.850 per household (HH) and property damage was US$ 81.296 per household (HH) in three years. Traditional farming practice such as paddy, maize, wheat increases the higher chances of elephant attacks. This study has also shown that crop damage is most intense in November at night whereas property damage and human casualties were peak on January. Moreover, Kusaha- Lauki and Prakashpur Buffer Zone User Committees were very much affected by conflict. Hence, understanding the ecological behavior of elephants and reducing the human interference inside the reserve would be the most useful method to reduce conflict.Item Livestock Depreciation and Crop Raiding by Wildlife in the Buffer Zone of Bardia Nationa Park, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2021) Sijapati, Raj kumarBiodiversity is globally declining due to anthropogenic activities. Human-wildlife conflict is one of the major drivers for declining the species. Human-wildlife conflict is common everywhere due to resource use competition between humans and wildlife on limited resources. However, limited information on the livestock depredation and crop-raiding was found from rural areas near Bardia National Park (BNP), Nepal. This study investigated the issues of livestock depredation and crop-raiding using questionnaires survey to the local people. A total of 300 households were asked for a questionnaire survey. The majority of the respondents (64%) were male, and almost all households (95%) relied on agriculture for their livelihood. Overall, 1476 hoofed livestock were reportedly depredated by Leopards and 209 by Tigers during 2015-2019. Leopards killed hoofed livestock each season was at least 86%, and more than killed by Tigers. Most depredations occurred in winter, followed by summer, spring, and fall. In addition, people in the studied area also suffer from herbivores, including Wild Boar, Indian Crested Porcupine, Rhesus Monkey, and Rabbit, through crop raiding. The Wild Boar, Rhesus Monkey, Indian Crested Porcupine, and Rabbit mainly damaged paddy (198.97 kg), maize (132.68 kg and wheat (92.68 kg) per household, respectively. Because of severe effects created by livestock depredations and raiding near to BNP, this study recommends using more efficacious deterrent techniques, where feasible, in addition to improved livestock husbandry practices such as night penning.Item Park and People Conflict:A Case Study from Dibyapuri Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park(Department of Sociology, 2010) Karki, AmitThe study of park people conflict was conducted focusing in Dibyapuri VDC of Nawalparasidistrict, located adjacent to the north -western side of park. The survey was done in 88households by questionnaire method to assess crop and livestock depredation by wildlife for theyear 2010. The main crop raiding animals are Rhino, Wild Boar and Deer. These animals causeof losses 45211.08 kg of agricultural crops in the 88 households of study area. Paddy was themost affected crop by wild animals causing 30865.13 Kg of total crop loss followed by potatoand vegetables 4735 kg , maize 4994.54 kg, lentil 2413.16 kg, mustard 1282.79 kg, wheat735.29kg and linseed 185.17kg . Monetarily, the total loss of 88 surveyed households of the year2010 was Rs. 996933.64. Among this, the loss of paddy was worth Rs. 617302.60 followed bypotato and vegetables Rs. 94700, lentils Rs. 108592.20, maize Rs. 89901.72, mustard Rs.61573.92, wheat Rs. 18382.25 and linseed Rs. 6480.95.Thus the estimated loss was Rs. 11328.64per household on an average. The total economic loss of livestock was estimated Rs. 192100 in BZ of Dibyapuri VDC andaverage loss was Rs. 2182.95 per household. Themain livestock raiding animals were Tiger,Leopard, Jackel, Wild cat etc. Rhinoceros and Tiger have killed two person and several peoplehave injured so far. Park animals, visit cropland due to inadequate amount of food in the protected area, taste ofagricultural crops, lack of effective physical barrier, introduction to exotic species and successioninside the park. Although, affected people do not get compensation or not enough according totheir loss. Park is affected by the visit of people, allowing livestock to graze, herb and thatchgrass collection, timber and firewood collection, fishing and fish poisoning. Park authorities arealso not running enough programs to divert the people occupation along with the awarenessprograms. These are the main causes of conflict. Machan guarding, chasing with fire, shouting, drumming and fencing are preventive methodsused by local people and those are partially effective. Keywords: Park, People, Wildlife, Casualties, Conflict, Damages, Depredation