Browsing by Subject "local community"
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Item Biodiversity Conservation and Protected Area Management for Sustainable Livelihood: A Case Study of Shivapuri National Park(Department of Zoology, 2009) Basukala, SarjinaInformation on biodiversity such as wildlife distribution, home range, community interaction, and their contribution to ecosystem development is essential for conservation and management of wildlife and protected areas. The research was conducted in Shivapuri National Park (ShNP) from October 2007 to October 2008. Two villages viz. Vishnu Budhanilkantha and Tokha Chandeshwari was selected for detail study. My research employed both direct and indirect methods such as direct observation in the study area, indirect method including identification of footprints, feces, scrapes, scratches, burrows, and quills. A total number 18 trees species belonging to 12 families in 10 quadrats of (20 x 20) m2 each in major habitats of the study area. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) showed a cluster of Albizza procera, Alnus nepalensis, and Myrsine capitellata. Similarly, Rhododendron arboreum, Quercus glauca, Myrsine semiserrata, and Castanopsis indica formed another group but these two groups usually came together. Fifteen mammalian species belonging to five orders and 13 families were recorded. Five mammalian species such as barking deer (muntiacus muntjak Zimmermann), jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus), jungle cat (Felis chaus Guildenstaedt), monkey (Macaca mulata Zimmermann), and wild boar (sus scrofa Linnaeus) were recorded by either direct observation or indirect signs methods, which were distributed all around the study area. Livestock keeping and alcohol making were the main sources of alternative income generation. People collected leaf litter fall for manure making, insulator, and bed for livestock. Peoples were using firewood, kerosene, biogas, liquefied petroleum gas, electricity, cake etc for cooking food, heating and boiling for cowshed as different energy sources. From 60 household surveys, I estimated a total economic loss of Rs. 74182.5 per annum and Rs. 1236.37 per household. The null hypothesis was rejected in case of maize (t = 3.44, P ≥ 0.05, and df = 48) suggesting that there was a significant difference in crop loss between Vishnu Budhanilkantha and Tokha Chandeshwari. One ropani (0.36%) of the total land area was abandoned in Vishnu Budhanilkantha VDC due to crop depredation by wild boar. Total density of cut stumps was two individual per hectare. Similarly, lopping intensity was 137 individuals per hectare. Collection of firewood, fodder, and leaf litter fall and grazing of livestock inside the park, unmanaged garbage, trails inside the park and pilgrims generated significant disturbance to wildlife and their habitat.Item Conflict Resolution in Natural Resource management:A Case Study of Forest of Panchkhal Vdc in Kavre District(Department of Rural Development, 2010) Kharel, Tika Ramepal is rich in bio diversity including flora and fauna. Natural resources (NR)are the major component for the visualisation of its beauty even by the developedcountries. Nepal's position on biodiversity is 25th and 11th among countries in the worldand Asian continent, respectively. In such a condition, NRs are the major assets andornaments of the country. Therefore, its management process should be strong. Amongthe NRs, forest resources are special. The majority of the Nepalese people are survivingwith the help of forest resources. Forest is an important renewable NRs, whichcontributes is highly to the economic development of the country by providing a variety ofgoods and services. People use forests for many purposes such as fuel wood, fodder,timber,green grass, litter and minor forest products such as fruits, nuts, medicine, andothers. The forest resources have undoubtedly been utilized to satisfy the subsistenceneed of local people for a along time. Sustainable utilization of NR will be an effectiveway to reduce poverty. Although different schemes were adopted in the country for thesustainable forest management (FM) they could not achieve fruitful outcome and thus thepeople are facing various conflicts in NR used. Conflict over NR is developed not by onesingle factor but rather it caused by many others. Conflict usually brings positive results if it is properly handled .In Nepal forestmanagement (FM) system is facing an increasing number of disputes and conflictsinfected by the use of forest products, their distribution and management process. This research tries to analyse the causes of conflict, ways to conflicts, resolve andthe sound management strategy for NRs around Panchkhal in Kavre district. The aim ofthis research is to give a short description of sustainable forest management (SFM)scheme. For this purpose Panchkhal of Kavre district was selected purposively.Descriptive and exploratory methods of data analysis are used in this research. Mainlyprimarily and secondary data areused focusing on qualitative as well as quantitativeaspects. Stratified sampling method was used to determine the sample for the study. Forthe data analysis simple statistical method like tabulation, percentages diagram, pi-cartwere used where necessary. The study area was very heterogeneous in terms of caste/ethnic composition.About 48 percent of the sampled population is economically active. All HHs used fuelwood as the source of energy for cooking. The contribution of forest resources to the v localrespondents was in the form of firewood, green grass, fodder, timber, litter and rowmaterials for small-scale cottage industries. There may be different causes of conflict in NRs. In the study area the causes ofconflict were: lack of basic needs, boundary encroachment, racial discrimination, poorpeople's participation, poor decision-making process, lack of adoption of the rules andregulation by forest user groups (FUGs) and forest user group committee (FUGC),poverty dominant role of local elites andothers. In case of forest resources user groupare the main actors arousing the conflict themselves and also are candidates to solvethose problems. The effective ways of resolving conflict in NRs are found to be:demarcation of boundary, reasonable use of fund, general policy implicationsnegotiation, mediation, conciliation facilitation, consensus, information, optimumallocation of resources and benefit, poverty reduction and fulfil the basic needs.Item The socio-economic and environmental impact of Bhutanese Refugee camp of Beldangi in Damak Municipality of Jhapa District)(Department of Rural Development, 2008) Dahal, RadhikaThe problem of refuge is rapidly increasing in the world day by day, even though it is not a new problem in the world's history. Before several centuries the people who were not in favor of the governments law, political system, tradition and culture, they were victimized as refugee. In the world's history, many famous personalities had to face these problems. Some of them are Albert Einstein, Maying Bran, Henry Kissinger. In Nepalese context B.P. Koirala, Ganesh Man Singh, Man Mohan Adhikari etc are some personalities who were made refugee for certain period of time. For seventeen years now, Nepal has seen an enormous influx of Bhutanese refugees. These refugees are ethnic Nepalese, who have been living in southern Bhutan for up to four generations called as Lhotshampa by Bhutanese Governments. The Drukpa government implemented the decree of 'one nation one people' based on "Driglam Namga". According to the refugee's law, refugees must reside within their camps and not be engaged in economic activities outside the camp. In practice neither refugees are following this law nor is government of Nepal being able to effectively implement this law. As a result, employment opportunities and wage rate of Nepalese citizen is affected on the side the people of Nepal are suffering from lock of employment opportunities, and in other side refugees are obtaining facilities provided by UNHCR and other national and international organizations and at the same time. There are 1,80,000 refugees have been living in Nepal (Source: LWF, 2008) out of them 92,919 refugees have been living in Jhapa and 30,000 in Morang districts. There are 57,081 Bhutanese refugees at Beldangi 1 and Beldangi 2 refugee's camp. The presence of large number of refugees in close vicinity of the local community they have been bearing many negative impacts. Own of the livelihood activities. Since Nepal is developing country the state is still to manage the sufficient basic requirements to her own people. In such on situation the enforced Bhutanese refugees have become emerging issues for nation. So, to repatriate the Refugee Joint Verification (JVT) team has started to recognize the refugees. UNHCR has also been exercising to solve the refugee's problem as soon as possible. This verification programme has made the refugee very hopeful to repatriate to their homeland but the norms of acceptance by the Bhutani Government is still to be resolved bilaterally or multilateral.