International Relation & Diplomacy

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/47

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Geopolitical and Geoeconomic discourses on Nepal’s foreign policy
(2024) Chand, Hari Prakash; Khadga K.C
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Human trafficking and open border: Case of Nepal
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2019) Upreti, Nistha
The study looks into causes of human trafficking in Nepal, policy challenges and problems caused by open border. Major causes of human trafficking in Nepal are low levels of economic development and poverty, low levels of employment opportunities for women, harmful practices and gender based violence, natural calamities and dependence on tourism. Although Nepal has made various provisions to limit human trafficking through constitution to ratifying international agreements, there are still many challenges. At present Nepal has a blanket policy for women that bar women from going to gulf countries for domestic works. This has encouraged employment seekers to opt for illegal routes that make women vulnerable to trafficking. Nepal still has a long way to go in terms of implementing the laws formed to control trafficking. Open border poses many challenges to controlling human trafficking in Nepal. Traffickers find out different routes and ways to traffic. Trafficking from Western part of Nepal has increased after authorities in Eastern borders have intensified activities. There are various organizations working to control human trafficking in Nepal. Authorities from both India and Nepal have worked in collaboration to control trafficking and rescue trafficked persons.
Strategic Importance of China-India Cooperation in Nepal
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2020) Budhathoki, Hemanta
Nepal’s geographical location is geopolitically, geo-strategically, and geo-economically important for its immediate neighbors China and India and other great powers of the international arena.Nepal can be developed as a transit point for trade between China and India. Also, if trilateral relation between China-India and Nepal could be conducted, Nepal can be developed as the trilateral junction between China and India. China-India – Nepal Economic Corridor proposed by some of the scholars can be useful for proper trilateral relations between these countries. Lack of infrastructure is one of the major causes of backwardness of Nepal from the development perspective. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) can be an important platform for infrastructure development. Nepal is a mountainous country and one of the important destinations from a tourism point of view. There are also some effects of the China-India cooperation in Nepal. There are possibilities of pressure and intervention of Nepal’s internal affairs by China and India, due to the geopolitical, geo-strategic, and geo-economic importance of Nepal. There are also possibilities of effect/encroach of national interest, independence and, integrity, due to keeping China-India cooperation as current Lipulekh territorial issue. On the other hand, China and India are emerging powers of the world. So, there is a possibility of increasing concern towards Nepal by other great powers of the world as well. So, Nepal has to remain more conscious and aware to protect and promote its national interest, independence, integrity and unity. Being a small state; Nepal has to be conscious of the security aspect while cooperating with China, India, and other countries. Lastly, Nepal is sensitive in terms of geopolitics, geo-strategic, and geo-economic aspects. The immediate neighbors China and India have been emerging as a new great power of the world. On the other hand, other great powers of the world also have prioritized Nepal strategically. So, Nepal has to continue its non-alignment trend and focus on its economic development and prosperity.
Feminist foreign policy: A comparative study of Nepal and Sweden
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2020) Yadav, Kartika
This research was conceptualized to understand how gendered power relations affect international politics and foreign policy through predisposed notions and socially constructed gender norms and roles. Nepal’s foreign policy has primarily been dominated by dealing with geopolitical threats and discoursing on maintaining equidistance with its two neighbours- China and India. Its key occupance has been on how to assert its independence when two strong forces constantly pose a threat due to its landlockedness and trade dependence. In the wake of this scenario, a feminist foreign policy seems out of touch in the realpolitik being practised, and hence hardly any focus has been given to it- except for the recent quota system in politics, administration and other state structures and institutions. This research aims to delve deeper into how gender power relations undergird male dominated values and ethos in foreign policy on why it is necessary to bring about a radical change in the foreign policy of Nepal i.e. through a Feminist Foreign Policy. This research looks into Sweden’s feminist foreign policy, the framework it has adopted, and the areas of its operation. Through the gauging of how foreign policies of both countries differ and coincide, the research aims to enunciate the necessity of Nepali foreign policy to include women as active actors by building on feminist theory of international relations. Keywords: Feminism, Foreign Policy, Gender, International relations, Nepal, Sweden
Nepal's relation with China: A study in geopolitical perspective
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2023) Pandey, Ashok Raj
Nepal has a long run relationship with its immediate neighbours: India and China. This paper attempts to explore the account of Nepal-China relation along with its geographical constrains and gradually digs out the history of land connectivity with China. The research has been carried out to find how the land connectivity with China has benefited Nepal and assesses the future prospect of Nepal-China relation Nepal's geopolitical position along with the geopolitical challenges of Nepal in relation with China. Similarly, the objectives of this research is to identify the way land connectivity with China has benefited Nepal and assesses the future prospect of Nepal-China relation along with geopolitical challenges between these two neighbouring countries. The research is carried out in qualitative way and is exploratory since it attempts to find out Nepal-China relation in geopolitical perspective. The research also tries to explore geopolitical challenges in Nepal-China relation and also highlight some problems under Belt and Road Initiatives. Then, the research progress to explain Indian factor in Nepal-China relation and discuss the reasons India seems reluctant to support Nepal’s connectivity with northern neighbour. Based on this analysis, the paper offers recommendations to enhance land connectivity in a way that maximizes trade and mobility opportunities for Nepal. Key Words: Road, Connectivity, Geopolitics, Belt and Road Initiative, Foreign Policy
People to people connection: Merits and demerits of open border relation between Nepal and India
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Jha, Ambika
The relationship between Nepal and India is unique and has got long history from the time when British were ruling India. It has 1800 square kilometers open border system was formally regulated after Nepal and India signed Peace and Friendship Treaty in 1950. People of both the nations got legal permission to carry out their business and trading activities smoothly as mentioned in the Article VII of Peace and Friendship Treaty which has helped Nepal and India to maintain their traditional socio-cultural and economic relation. People to people connection has played vital role in maintaining harmonious relation between Nepal and India. It has significant impact on the border relations between both the nation because of bread and daughter relation, employment opportunities, facilitated medical treatment, quality education and trainings and so on. Despite of many prospects of open border, it has also created threats for national security, illegal activities and terrorism have increased. The misuse of open border has been done and to control that both nations have deployed border security forces on each sides but despite of that no minimization of criminal activities has been seen. Local people also face many hurdles to carry out their daily chores through which they used to earn their livelihood. These kinds of problem has weakened the harmonious relationship between the nation, time and again. Therefore, to maintain the friendly relation, the issues of open border system should be tackled diplomatically on the government level and for this government should employ special team which will work and do research on the grassroot level and come up with the solution which will create win-win situation for both Nepal and India. Keywords: People to people connection, open border, closed or restricted border, Nepal and India open border relation, border policies and mechanism.
Rise of sub-regionalism in South Asia: A study of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) Initiative and Nepal
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Nepali, Binita
Sub-regionalism in a simple term refers to cooperation and integration among a group of countries within a larger region. It involves the creation of mechanisms to facilitate economic, political, and social interactions among the member countries. Sub-regionalism, driven by narrow and focused goals, is often seen as a stepping stone towards greater regional integration, as it can help to build trust and cooperation among member countries, and create a foundation for more comprehensive cooperation. Over the past few years, there has been a shift towards sub-regional groupings within the larger multilateral regional grouping. In South Asia, one such sub-regional grouping is Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN). BBIN, formed in 2014, aims to foster greater cooperation among the member countries on a range of issues including trade, transportation, energy, and the environment. Four eastern South Asian signed an BBIN Motor-Vehicular Agreement (BBIN MVA) in 2015 to allow seamless movement of people and vehicles among the signatory countries. BBIN countries are attempting to strengthen trade ties amongst themselves through various connectivity endeavours. Bhutan has not ratified the agreement but encouraged the other three to approve and engage in the pact. Three nations are now responsible for fully implementing the accord. The BBIN Initiative is getting immense attention at present from the perspective of geopolitics, geo-economy, and geographical contiguity. However, there are still issues with the agreement's implementation, which calls for greater consideration. This thesis attempts to explain the factors, motivations and drivers behind the formation of BBIN as well as the impact on the member countries and broader region. Furthermore, it examines areas of possible collaboration as well as past efforts at sub-regional cooperation. Lastly, the study attempts to study how Nepal’s participation in such sub-regional forums can result in the much-needed resolution to Nepal's connectivity-related issues. The sub-regional cooperation has the promise to ease Nepal's connectivity issues and aid in the country's economic integration with the rest of the world. Opportunities are immense for Nepal but challenges are no less. Nepal needs to be free from political issues and work on to implement the high priority infrastructure and connectivity projects to reap the benefits that BBIN offers. Keywords: South Asia, Sub-regionalism, Nepal
Major global climate change policies: Nepal's policy response
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Basnet, Deepnarsingh
Climate Change is one of the rising issues in contemporary world. A slew of severe climatic consequences emerges, including disturbance of the hydrological cycle, fast glacier melting, and extreme and unpredictable weather patterns. These fast climatic changes are limiting human existence and have significant ramifications for critical supplies of livelihood and development such as water, food, and energy. Adapting to severe climatic consequences while also transforming its development model to efficient and renewable energy sources in order to meet the long-term goal of the Paris Climate Agreement (2015) is difficult. Climate change issue came into debate after Stockholm Conference, 1972. United Nation is biggest platform to deal with climate change with making difference treaties and accords and is helping to make policies internationally and domestically. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), U N Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol, and Paris agreement are key policies making base regarding climate change. Despite having huge consensus on those agreements and accords, still difficult on implementation and this is major challenge of global climate change policies. Nepal imust adapt to these negative iclimatic changes while still contributing isuccessfully to the 2015 iParis iClimate Agreement targets without jeopardizing iits economic development. Being much ivulnerable iin case of climate change, Nepal isuccessfully working with policies and different institutional imechanism more on adaptation. Nepal's National Climate iChange iPolicy (2019), Fifteenth Periodic Plan iand Sustainable development goals focus on iattaining ilong-term idevelopment via climate resilience. iClimate resilient development, on the other hand, inecessitates specific measurable and achievable mitigation iand adaptation targets, as well as ia iwell-coordinated institutional structure of itracking and facilitation from the center iand a well-informed and resourceful iclimate response structure at the local ilevel. iIn ipolicy iframeworks, such an integrated and iinclusive iapproach iexists, ibut it is not successfully incorporated in the institutional structure. Keywords: Climate Change Policy, Nepal, Mitigation, Adaptation
Nepal and Bhutan: Two Identical Small States with Different Strategies in South Asian Sub System
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Raj, Ramesh Kumar
Small states are not all the same in terms of their weight in the international system; some have a lot of influence, while others don't. Some small states are significant because of their geopolitical and strategic positions in the international system, particularly among or between great powers. Bhutan and Nepal are two identical small state; landlocked, developing and weak economies, mountainous terrain, and located between India and China. However, the strategies pursued by these identical states in the South Asian Sub System exhibits many differences while few similarities. During the pre-colonial period, Bhutan’s strategic choice limited to self-imposed isolationism while Nepal's defensive balancing attribute turning to bandwagoning with the then British India which continued till colonial period. In the post-colonial period, the two Himalayan countries adopted the strategies of alliance with India in response to the threat perceived by China’s aggression in the north and expansion of communism. Later, Nepal's strategy shifted to counterbalance India’s hegemonic traits by its soft balancing which increased in subsequent years taking advantage of the external balancer role of China. However, Bhutan's strategy focused on strengthening its alliance with India ignoring China’s growing balancer role in the region. These two strategic choices; Alliance and Balancing of Bhutan and Nepal respectively are major different strategies adopted by these two identical states in the same geo-political environment. Moreover, the differences in strategic choices are the act of Neutrality by Nepal and norm entrepreneurship by Bhutan. The similar strategic choices of Nepal and Bhutan are multilateralism and diversification of relations but Nepal has relatively pursued the strategy quite earlier (1955 onwards) and on a massive scale while Bhutan adopted it later (the 1970s onwards) and on a small scale. The strategic choices of Nepal seem to have acquired dynamism and changes in response to the geopolitical environment responding to China’s engagement in countering India’s hegemonic traits while Bhutan has relatively acquired static behavior of supporting hegemonic traits of India and ignoring the balancer role of China in the region. Keywords- Small states, Nepal, Bhutan, Strategies
Madan Bhandari's conception of Nepal's foreign policy: Thoughts on protecting national interests and conducting foreign relations
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2021) Shahi, Upendra
The ideas and opinions of the key leaders of major political parties play the crucial role in the determination of the foreign policy of any country. Madan Bhandari's thoughts mainly expressed in his noteworthy work of the people's multiparty democracy and his role in the protection of national interests is widely discussed. This dissertation has aimed to put light on the foreign policy prescription of Bhandari and his thoughts on protecting national interests and fostering cooperation and collaboration at the international level. The research work has followed the qualitative research methodology under which descriptive or elaborative research method was used to collect and interpret data. The dissertation has collected data from the official political documents, speeches, interviews, articles and books. Document analysis method has been employed for the analysis of the data. The research findings indicate that Bhandari recommended Nepal's foreign policy to be independent, non-aligned and progressive while being proactive and unfearful in the protection of its national interests. He advocated for the establishment and strengthening of the relations with all the countries on the basis of equality, mutual respect and independence. However, he has been criticized as an ultra-nationalist in his foreign policy perceptions. The research has concluded that Madan Bhandari was a staunch nationalist who believed in the "Pro-Nepal" policies without tilting towards any of the two large neighbors, India and China. He was the advocate of the practice of pragmatism at the international level. He favored the effective cooperation and execution of the policies of non-alignment and Panchasheel rather than using them just as rhetoric. Keywords: Madan Bhandari, Foreign Policy, Nepal, People's Multiparty Democracy
Nepali congress's foreign policy priorities since 1990
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2021) Maharjan, Rikesh
Nepali Congress one of the oldest party of Nepal is the subject of this research. The objective of this research is to have a better knowledge of the Nepali Congress's foreign policy's guiding principles and objectives. To obtain information from the materials accessible about the Nepali Congress, an archival research read method with a traditional methodology is used. The findings of this study show that the Nepali Congress' policy texts are founded on B.P. Koirala's ideas and are consistent in terms of guiding principles and foreign policy goals and objectives. The fundamental guiding concepts in their foreign policy have been world peace, neutrality, non-alignment, Panchasheel, UN Charter, international agreements, laws, human rights, and democracy. The core interest is to keep Nepal's independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. Other priorities of Nepali Congress foreign policy comprise economic development, friendly ties with neighbors and friendly countries, expanding diplomatic contacts, regional cooperation, promoting and safeguarding international norms and values, and expanding the party's international contact. The documents developed later are an extension in the scope based on the foundation laid by B.P. Koirala.
Impact of domestic political system in foreign policy of Nepal
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Thapa, Deena
This research provides precise knowledge of the foreign policy background in Nepal's different political systems. This research is directed toward the domestic constraints in achieving its foreign policy objectives, highlighting Nepal's political factors. The research is focused only on how the political system has affected the foreign policy of Nepal internally as well as externally. The dissertations explore the political domain of Nepal's political transition sphere, where the study from the time of unification to Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal now is portrayed. The political interest and opinion leaders often drive these political transitions. Meanwhile, the dissertations compare and analyze the political periphery of Nepal, which is guided by the foreign policy objectives in achieving the national interest of Nepal. Political constraint is one of the major domestic factors that play a vital role in a state's foreign policy. A strong political system shows the strength of the state in the international arena. Whatever the political changes happened in Nepal, the core values remain the same. The preoccupation of the Nepalese foreign policy has been a significant factor in securing and safeguarding the sovereign independence character on Nepal. Despite the various political transitions, the basic tenets of Nepal's foreign policy remain untouched, where the stability of Nepal's non-aligned character meets with the principles of peaceful co-existence and the UN charter. Nepal realizes the importance of its foreign policy choices, which could achieve the national interest. Therefore, Nepal has always tried to maintain a cordial relationship with every state globally, especially the balanced relationship maintained with its two giant neighboring countries, China and India, from the unification era to till date. Keywords: Foreign Policy, National Interest, Political Changes, Territorial Integrity
Comparative analysis of India and China Development Cooperation in Nepal (2008-2018)
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Roy, Pawan
Nepal has been the focus of development assistance since the mid-20 th century. The country has been reliant on financial aid from countries all over the world in various sectors. As the neighbors of Nepal, the aid cooperation of India and China is important to the development of the country. In this regard, a comparative analysis of aid cooperation from the two nations provided a solid background of diplomatic ties between the two countries. Whilst the theory of liberalism suggests that foreign aid is often altruistic and necessary for conditions of peace, realism argues the opposite. On the contrary realism describes the development assistance as the national interest of the donor nation rather than the interest of recipient nation. In this lens, India’s engagement in Nepal is mostly concentrated around the Terai region with the India’s interest to support major project adjoined with Indo-Nepal border. Similarly, China national interest in Nepal is to provide development cooperation support to the areas where Tibetan refuge influence in Nepal is prominent. China has spread their assistance to different sectors in areas with heavy Tibetan culture had influence. For more effective development, foreign aid must be provided with true altruistic intentions. The traditional division of foreign aid areas in Nepal by both India and China changed their strategy and covered the region of their strategic interest of late. Key Words: Official Development Assistance, Foreign Aid, Diplomatic Relations, Trade, Interdependency
Cybersecurity in foreign policy: Nepal's outlook and considerations on cyber space and cybersecurity
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Nepal, Sandhya
The global digital revolution has undeniably empowered the world to seek new horizons of growth and development by fostering innovations and facilitating positive change. It has also been helpful in spreading democratic values and creating immense opportunities in multiple sectors. However, the digital revolution has also been the harbinger of newer threats to the national security of the states. In the early time of digital adoption, cybersecurity and cybercrime were mainly viewed as technical matters rather than strategic issues, due to which firm government actions and proper security measures covering the digital aspects were missing. This posture started to change when significant cyber-attacks like the 2007 Estonia cyberattack and the 2010 Stuxnet worm attack began to make headlines. The cybersecurity has been part of foreign policy and national security of many developed countries, but many developing countries, because of structural constraints, have not been able to incorporate this into their national strategies. Realizing this research gap in the previous studies, the research explored the cybersecurity aspects of developed countries like the USA, China, Russia, and other SAARC countries. As qualitative research, the study is a systematic and holistic approach towards viewing different aspects of cybersecurity and relating to the Nepalese context. Notably, the research explained the cybersecurity concerns of Nepal, pointing out several cyberattack incidents. It also elaborated on Nepal’s different attempts or initiatives on cybersecurity. The study critically analyses the essentiality and significance of cybersecurity policy for Nepal as a developing country. The research focuses outlook and considerations of Nepal towards cybersecurity and recommends some strategies for comprehensive cybersecurity policies. Keywords: Cybersecurity, Foreign policy, Nepal and cybersecurity, Cyber strategies, Developing countries.
Nepal's response and diplomatic effort during Covid 19 crisis
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2021) Pahari, Prasna
The COVID-19 pandemic was originated from Wuhan, China, and has severely affected the world since December 2019. The pandemic is reflected in every country and there is a lack of domestic response mechanism towards the crisis preparedness. The COVID 19 pandemic caused a challenging impact on the economic as well as health sector of Nepal. In the context of COVID-19 national, regional, and global coordination is required to combat the existing global pandemic. COVID-19 has thrown the least developed countries into the shadow of crisis due to the lack of technologies and infrastructure. Nepal as one of the low-income countries, the task of controlling the COVID-19 spread was challenging and it required support from other countries. Taking the diplomatic efforts approach for analyzing the response of Nepal in the COVID-19 crisis, this research focuses on the bilateral and multilateral efforts made to pursue the international communities to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus. This thesis shows that for adapting and responding to the crisis small countries like Nepal needs to diversify their diplomatic effort with regional and global states. In addition to that the foreign policy of Nepal should be prepared to portray its self- interest, relying on data to prioritize essential ties and building the internal capacity maximizing the potential of the governmental and private sector ensuring human security. Keywords: COVID-19 crisis, Nepal, Diplomatic efforts, Government response, People
Role of culture in foreign policy: Confucius thought in foreign policy of China
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2019) Poudel, Prabesh
Foreign policy guides a country in its relations with other countries. It is geography, population, history, economic resources, ideology and the nature of the government that are taken to be factors that determine foreign policy. While realism and liberalism are the principle guides for understanding the foreign policy, this thesis argues that culture influences the foreign policy decisions and therefore should not be discounted while studying foreign policy. From the way a country is seen by others, to the way it wants to be seen as well to the way it perceives the international developments and reacts to them, culture plays role that can be used to understand and solve developments in international relations. This paper shows how countries make use of culture in shaping their soft power. Focus on China shows why and how the importance of Confucius as its cultural front man in the post Deng Xiaoping era, at a time when it needs to project its amicable image, especially when its economy is ready to become the first in the world and with issues like Thucydides Trap, China Threat are to be tackled with.
What causes poverty: Assessing its perceived causes in Itahari sub-metropolitan city
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Chaudhary, Bishnu
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Impact assessment of Sino-Indian competition on small states of the Indian Ocean Region
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2021) Sharma, Bibhu
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A game-theoretic model of the U.S. and China influence in Nepal
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2023) Joshi, Prateek Raj
One of the critical elements of Nepal's contemporary geopolitical reality has been maintaining cordial relations with the superpowers, i.e., the U.S. and China. Realizing its geostrategic sensitivity, Nepal's delicate balancing act is an attempt to avoid being drawn too closely into the trajectory of either country. At the same time, the rising cruciality of Nepal's geostrategic location in South Asia is also not to be ignored, the outcome of which is the more pronounced involvement of these powers in the Himalayan country. With both Washington and Beijing increasing their influence in every South Asian state, both powers compete to make their presence felt and enhance their influence. This sense of competition has been a significant motivator for new initiatives from both sides. These initiatives are generally soft-power based, with one usually countering the other. In the context of Nepal, similar soft-power competition has been visible since the start of the 21st century and is becoming more conspicuous with time. This attempt from both the players to court Nepal resembles a strategic game, where the decision and choice of one of the players define the next move of the other. This leads the research to realize that a game theoretical model of stylization and simplification of the U.S. and China initiative in Nepal attempts to understand better the players' behavior to help Nepal in its decision-making ultimately. Not limited to just the game between the U.S. and China, this research examines the U.S.-Nepal and China-Nepal game to provide insights into the complex strategic dynamics of the U.S. and China's influence in Nepal. Furthermore, using game theoretical attributes, the research also attempts to study the outcomes the games between the U.S., China, and Nepal., while also theoretically predicting the possible outcomes. Keywords: Game Theory, U.S.-China Game, Prisoner’s Dilemma, Nash Equilibrium
Role of remittance in poverty alleviation of Nepal
(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2022) Shah, Dipti
The research accesses the crucial role remittances play in Nepal’s poverty reduction and promoting economic growth often impacting families and economies much more rapidly than government or foreign aid does. The research uses data from secondary sources to examine the role remittances have played as an integral part in poverty reduction and refining the living standard of Nepali people, especially in rural areas. Remittance is a helping hand for many struggling families and communities in Nepal. Remittance help people access food, health care services, and quality education. If compared to other foreign aids, the household-to-household nature of remittances makes it an important and direct means of achieving accelerated poverty reduction in Nepal. The thesis examines the remittance status of Nepalwith a focus on poverty alleviation and economic growth. The research reviews various studies on the uses of remittances by Nepali households and their prospective poverty alleviation impacts. Further, the study explores and shows how remittance flows have remained decisive in Nepalese households through times of economic difficulties. The researchexamines the impact of existing policies, institutional features, and the legal framework adopted by the government on the productive uses of Remittance and stresses the government of Nepal needs to consider how to best manage remittance flows and how the body of research on remittances can be strengthened both to understand the impact of remittances in poverty alleviation and for formulating more effective policy for managing remittances. This study looks at these questions and explores ways to improve awareness of the impact of remittances on poverty alleviation. Keywords: Remittance, poverty, economy, migrants, alleviation

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