Economics

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/33

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Economic analysis of street vendors during covid-19 in Kathmandu Valley
(2024) Ghimire, Ganesh; Raghu Bir Bista
Street vendors tend to be among the lowest income earners in society, with many living below the poverty line. COVID-19 has the impacted in food production, distribution which impact in street vending’s to operate their business. The study aims to analyze the economic status of street vendors during COVID-19 in Kathmandu valley. The study is based on primary data and cross-sectional research design is used. The data was collected from 197 street vendors of Kathmandu valley. The data is analyze through both descriptive and inferential while software such as Microsoft Excel and STATA is used for descriptive and inferential respectively. The results of this study indicate that age, highest education of children, nature of family, family working in permanent job, working capital difference made by the company, and gender are all significant factors that affect the probability of the people engaged in street vending during COVID-19. Further, the challenges the street vendors faced such as inadequate customer, harassed by municipality, distance from residence street vendors has faced problem to operate their business. Providing license, free space for trade, fixing the rate of vegetable, providing financial assistant are some of the solutions to address the economic challenges they have faced during COVID-19.
Factors influencing credit accessibility and smes performance in nepal
(2024) Khanal, Sambridhi; Raghu Bir Bista
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are pivotal to Nepal's economy, driving economic growth and job creation. However, they frequently encounter challenges in accessing credit, which limits their ability to expand and develop. This study investigates the factors influencing credit accessibility and SME performance in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The objective was to analyse how collateral security (CS), presence of lending institutions (PLI), literacy levels among SME owners (LL), and interest rates charged (IRC) impact credit accessibility and subsequently influence SME performance. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire administered to 300 SMEs in the region. Correlation and regression analyses were employed to examine the relationships between these variables. The findings highlight that CS significantly enhances credit accessibility (CA) for SMEs in Kathmandu Valley, emphasizing the importance of robust collateral for securing credit. Conversely, PLI did not show a statistically significant impact on CA, suggesting limitations in institutional support for credit access. LL among SME owners exhibited a marginally significant positive effect on CA, indicating that higher literacy levels could facilitate better credit access strategies. IRC demonstrated a strong positive association with CA, implying that higher interest rates are linked to greater credit accessibility for SMEs in the region. The study concludes that improving collateral security mechanisms and enhancing financial literacy among SME owners are critical steps to enhance credit accessibility in Kathmandu Valley. Policies aimed at reducing interest rates or providing subsidized credit could further improve SMEs' ability to access affordable financing. Strengthening the presence and effectiveness of lending institutions through targeted support and regulatory reforms is essential for fostering a conducive environment for SME growth and development. These findings underscore the importance of tailored policy interventions and institutional support in enhancing SME resilience and economic contributions in Nepal. Keywords: SMEs, credit accessibility, collateral security, lending institutions, interest rates, Nepal
Status and Contribution of Foreign Direct Investment in Nepal
(2016) Pokharel, Matrika; Ram Khelawan Shah
Not available;
Problems and prospects of Eco- Tourism in Bandipur, Tanahu district
(2013) Adhikari, Krishna Prasad; Ramchandra Dhakal
Not available
Analysis of cost of education and academic performance in Public and Private Schools in Bhaktapur, district
(2024) Ranabhat, Kapil; Baikuntha Pandey
This study examines the relationship between the cost of education and academic performance in public and private schools in Nepal. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the study analyzes direct cost components and its impact on student academic outcomes. The research focuses on both the financial expenditures by the government and the private costs incurred by students and their families. Significant disparities in educational expenditures and academic achievements between public and private institutions are highlighted. Public schools, often constrained by limited resources and government funding, exhibit lower academic performance compared to private schools, which benefit from better funding, infrastructure, and resources. Data collection involved surveys and statistical analysis, including chi-square tests and weighted mean analyses, to explore the correlation between educational investment and student performance. The findings indicate that higher investment in education correlates with improved academic results. In particular, private schools, with their ability to allocate more resources per student, consistently outperform public schools in key academic indicators. The impact of the new federal government system and recent educational policies, including the School Education Examination (SEE) reforms and the introduction of the letter grading system, are also examined. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations aimed at reducing the performance gap between public and private schools. It suggests increased investment and resource allocation to public schools, improving teacher training, and enhancing learning materials to uplift educational outcomes. This research contributes to the understanding of educational economics in Nepal, offering valuable insights for policymakers to improve the quality of education across different school types and ensure equitable access to quality education for all students.
Role of museums in tourism industry of Nepal (A study of museums in Kathmandu valley )
(2015) Maharjan, Devendra; Sanjay Bahadur Singh
Not available
Analysis of government expenditure on education in nepal
(2024) Sapkota, Monika; Baikuntha Pandey
Education is an important part of human capital formation. A school is an institution established to provide consideredin formation and teach students under the guidance of teachers and administrators. To improve the quality and human capital government is increasing its investment in education each year. This study aimsto analyse the trend of government expenditure on school education, the contribution of government expenditure on education and the relationship between government expenditure and education in Nepal.The study is based on secondary data. The period taken for the study is 14 years i.e. 2008-2021. Descriptive statistics is done to analyze the data. The data is presented in two segments i.e. before and after the declaration of the constitution. The relationship finding shows a high relationship between government expenditure and education in Nepal, which indicates that if government expenditure increases, the outcomes of education also increase and vice-versa. The impact of government expenditure on education shows that all the indicators are expanding as per the policy implication. The impact shows that every child is getting a quality education and schools are short distances. As population growth is declining the enrollment rate is increasing while comparing with the population growth rate. As the policy changes, the number of studentswho pass out from SEE in community schools also increases.Stable policy, regular monitoring and supervision, facilitation of learning tutorials, regular capacity enhancing training to teachers, educational workers and service providers, involving local communities and parents in the decision-making process, promoting local language, provision of motivational allowances for those teachers who are working in a rural municipality
A study of Livestock in Marek-Katahare VDC of Dhankuta district
(2016) Thapa, Sunil; Tara Prasad Bhusal
Not available
Enhancing small farmers' socioeconomic condition through agricultural cooperatives in Kavrepalanchowk
(2024) Mainalee, Pushpa Raj; Ananta Raj Dahal
The significance of cooperative institutions in rural areas is steadily increasing as they serve as the foundation for agricultural development. Specifically, the focus is on the Agriculture Cooperative Ltd of Kavrepalan chowk. The research design includes exploratory and descriptive methods to analyze the status of farmers in the study area.Both primary and secondary data are utilized, with primary data collected through household surveys, field visits, observations, and interviews with key informants There are 425 respondents selected from different 11 small farmers' agriculture cooperatives from different areas of the Kavre district. The study relies on comparative analysis before and after the establishment of the cooperative in the study areain corporating facts, events, records, and data. The findings reveal that the majority of respondents own land, are married, literate, and have access to medical treatment, and clean drinking water. Agriculture and livestock serve as the primary sources ofin come, with many farmers taking loans from the cooperative. Goat farming vegetable farming, and dairy are common income-generating activities, particularly among active-age males from the Brahmin/Kshetri community living in joint families and not practicing family planning. Participation in training programs, group and board meetings, community discussions, savings and credit activities, and income generating activities has played a significant role in empowering farmers. The involvement of respondents in decision-making processes within their households,groups and board meetings, community discussions, and the selection of income generating activities has to an increase in their decision-making power The policy implications of a study on "Enhancing Small Farmers' Socioeconomic Condition through Agricultural Cooperatives in Kavrepalanchowk" would focus on how the findings can inform and guide governmental and organizational policies to support and strengthen agricultural cooperatives. These implications would aim to create a more enabling environment for small farmers, improve their socioeconomi cconditions, and promote rural development.
Economic dimension of remitance in Bhagawatimai rural municipality Dailekh, nepal
(2024) Mainali, Shandhya; Baikuntha Pandey
The transfers, which are made by migrants who live and work abroad to people back home, usually involve products or financial instruments. It is important to emphasize that remittances only include payments made by workers who have been engaged in foreign economies for a minimum of one year; payments made by independent contractors are excluded (IMF,2024). According to the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), Nepal's remittance inflows have shown significant growth over the past decade. This study attempts to analyze the economic impact of remittance in the rural area where job opportunities are limited. In order to fulfill the objective of the study, primary data were collected from Bhagawatimai Municipality of Dailekh district, Nepal using structured questionnaire. Bhagawatimai Rural municipality which lies in the rural area of Karnali province is purposively selected as a representative area in terms of rural agriculture focus and limited job opportunities. Microsoft Excel was employed for data entry and analysis, utilizing simple descriptive statistics for interpretation. Findings reveal that the majority of remittance contributors are male aged 20–30, with a religious composition predominantly Hindu. Educationally, most individuals have completed secondary education, with a high percentage married. Malaysia emerges as primary destinations for overseas employment. Notably, 95 percent of households continued working post-remittance, with agriculture being a significant sector. The study concludes several key points: remittances serve as a substantial income source for households, reducing the necessity for overseas employment, if local opportunities were available; limited education levels drive many families towards foreign employment; economic necessity rather than better opportunities in urban areas motivates overseas work; domestic sectors, particularly agriculture, require development to provide competitive alternatives. Remittances have marginally improved access to healthcare and education, further. Post-remittance, household infrastructure investments have increased, alongside greater mobile phone ownership, indicating improved communication avenues.
Empowering women through land ownership; A path to equality in nepal
(2024) Kafle, Puskar; Khagendra Katuwal
Promoting women's empowerment and economic well-being in underdeveloped nations is greatly facilitated by guaranteeing equal access to property ownership. This study empirically examines the impact of women's exclusive or shared ownership of property on their capacity to engage in negotiations within the household pertaining to healthcare decisions, substantial household expenses, and visits to family or relatives. By utilising data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys and employing the Lundberg and Pollak model of noncooperative household bargaining, the study investigate the empirical connection between land ownership and the empowerment of women.The analysis of Multiple Linear Regression indicates a robust and statistically significant association between land ownership and women's empowerment, with an odds ratio of 1.588. This suggests that for every additional unit of land ownership, there is an estimated 58.8% rise in the probability of women making decisions independently. The educational status of an individual has a notable impact, as indicated by an odds ratio of 1.353. This implies that decision-making power increases by 35.3% for each unit increase in education. Variables such as wealth index have a negligible impact, however belonging to the Muslim ethnicity group is associated with a negative correlation to decision-making power, with an odds ratio of 0.208.The findings highlight the minimal impact of financial resources and ethnic background, while emphasising the importance of education, age, marital status, and household structure. The results emphasise the pivotal significance of land ownership in promoting gender equality and enabling women to have autonomy in making healthcare decisions. Policymakers and practitioners in Nepal can apply these findings to promote gender equality and empower women. Keywords: gender, landownership, women empowerment, decision-making
Macro economic determinants of tax revenue in Nepal
(2024) Neupane, Sarita; Pujan Adhikari
Financing public expenditures requires substantial resources. Tax revenues are pivotal due to their regular and mandatory nature, serving as a critical instrument for revenue generation and resource mobilization. Nepal has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 17.1 by 2030, aiming to increase tax revenue to 30 percent of GDP and finance 80 percent of government expenditure through internal revenue. Therefore, enhancing a country's tax revenue performance has become imperative. The objective of this study is first to analyze the trends and structure of tax revenue (TR), foreign trade (Trade), service sector’s GDP (GDP), per capita income (PCI), and foreign aid (FA), and secondly, to examine the effect of these variables on tax revenue. The coefficients of these variables were estimated using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model using time series data for the period from 1975 to 2021. The study identified that per capita GDP and foreign trade are positive and significant determinants of tax revenue in the long run, whereas foreign aid and service sector’s GDP lacks statistical significance. In the short run, Trade, per capita GDP, and foreign aid exhibit a positive and significant relationship with tax revenue. Relying heavily on foreign trade taxes poses challenges to government fiscal stability and economic growth due to revenue volatility from international trade fluctuations. Achieving a balanced approach between foreign trade taxes and import substitution policies is essential for sustainable economic development and resilience against fiscal shocks.
Impact of federalism on women's empowerment in Chandragiri municipality, nepal
(2024) Kunwar, Puspa; Baikuntha Pandey
Women's empowerment in Chandragiri Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal, is a multifaceted issue encompassingn economic participation, educational attainment, and political representation. Challenges include disparitiesn in naccess to resources and services, cultural norms affecting gender roles, and the effectiveness of local initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality. Understanding these dynamics is crucial mfor fostering inclusive development and empowering women in the community. The objective of the study was to assess women's empowerment situation after federalism in the study area and analyze the impact of local government on women empowerment in= the study area, completing by the descriptive research design. The study area wasChandragiri municipality ward number 12, Kathmandu. Sample of study was 121 from the municipality selected randomly from the household about women’s empowerment in the study area. The data were analyzed by the descriptive statistical tools like frequency table, percentage and t test. The finding of the study shows that after federalism, local government positively effects on various aspect of women empowerment suchas: property ownership right, family budget decision, investment and expenditure decision, recreational decision and responsibility of child health and education. It means that federalism ha boost to women’s empowerment in Chandragiri municipality, that ism participation promotion by the public policy malways influences the general public lifestyle through the socio-economic progress within family as wellas society These findings can inform effortsto promote women’s empowerment related policy and programs in Chandragiri municipality and contribute to the local government, policy maker and agencies whichare operating women’s empowerment related program in Chandragiri municipality.
The problems and prospects of tourism development in Syangja district
(2024) Bhandari, Pharshu Ram; Dipak Bahadur Adhikari
Nepal, a compelling destination for many visitors, with tourist attractions in the form of snowcapped mountain peaks, excellent trekking and rafting opportunities, interesting wildlife, significant religious sites and unsurpassed historic and cultural places, is well placed for tourism development. Nepal, being one of the poorest countries of the world, is facing various problems such as rapidly rising population, fewer possibilities for developing industries, limited scope for increasing agricultural production, growing unemployment, social discrimination, poverty and so on. In this context, tourism has been regarded as a means of achieving social, economic and political development. In view of the promotion of tourism, this study examines the potentiality of tourism in Syangja. A case study of problems and prospects of tourism in Syangja District conducted to determine the problems and prospects of tourism there. Syangja has many tourist destinations, unique natural beauties and various cultural specialties of its own and the sustainable and vision-full exploitation of these destinations offer a wide range of comparative advantages for which suitable and effective plan is needed. Increase in business and increase in resident's income are most beneficial areas of tourism in Syangja. With the major attractive areas for tourists like Daru Shiruwari, Swarek Maidan, Bhalupahad, Kaligandaki Hydropower Project and Setibeni, Suntalabari and Cannoning, Panchase Dada, Rafting in Kaligandaki, Chiuri Bhir, Garhau kalika Temple, Bahunthan Hill, Chhangchhangdi Temple and others. Syangja demands visionful plan for adequately managed tourism and bring more positive benefit.
Causes and consequences of child worker in hotel and restaurant : a case study of Lalitpur district
(2014) Chaudhary, Nohari; Shoora B. Paudyal
Not available
An assessment of the healthcare expenditure and health outcomes in Nepal
(2026) Subedi, Khem Raj; Bam Dev Adhikari
Healthcare expenditure optimization is essential for improving access to quality healthcare services for the general population. It requires strengthening and optimizing government healthcare financing and reducing the high burden of out-of pocket (OOP) payment faced by households. This dissertation assesses the government health expenditure and health outcomes of Nepal. This dissertation has three objectives. First, to identify the factors associated with the per capita government health expenditure in Nepal. Second, to examine the macroeconomic factors influencing out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare in Nepal. Third, to evaluate the extent to which macroeconomic, socio-demographic, and institutional factors influence variations in population health outcomes, particularly life expectancy and infant mortality in Nepal. The study uses annual longitudinal data covering the data from 1994 to 2022 focusing on the research questions and objectives. The study employs ARDL framework of analysis to estimate both the short-run dynamics and the long-run causal relationship focusing objectives of the dissertation. Likewise, the dissertation uses the 2SLS model to analyze the relationship between health outcomes with selected macroeconomic, government health expenditure, demographic, social, and institutional variables. The findings indicate that GDP per capita, population health-seeking behavior measured by OPD visit frequency, and health human resource density are key drivers of government health expenditure. Aggregate government health expenditure grows faster than the GDP growth, indicating rising income elasticity. Government health expenditure is significantly driven by government sector health workforce density and OPD healthcare service utilization, underscoring the role of service demand and system capacity. Moreover, institutional and policy reforms also exert a substantial influence on health financing. Likewise, OOP payments for health are significantly influenced by GDP per capita, remittance inflow, and inflation rate, while unemployment shows no persistent long-run effect except during specific shocks periods. The findings also indicate that GDP per capita increases life expectancy at birth, but the negative squared income term indicates diminishing returns, suggesting a vi threshold effect. The positive interaction between per capita health workforce density highlights the importance of efficient resource deployment for increasing life expectancy. In addition, rising life expectancy at birth is associated with falling fertility rates, indicating theoretically consistent outcomes. This implies improved efficiency in the production of health, reflecting long-term structural and institutional progress rather than short-term demographic coincidence. Finally, the per capita GDP growth significantly lowers infant mortality rate, indicating that economic growth can lead to improvement in nutrition intake, and sanitation, followed by better healthcare delivery which collectively contribute to infant survival rates. Though the squared GDP term has positive relation with infant mortality, implying diminishing marginal benefits of income growth on infant survival at higher income level. Result also shows that increase in life expectancy is associated with fall in infant mortality. Fertility rate and mean years of schooling is also negatively associated with infant mortality rate. The interaction term of per capita government health expenditure and health workforce density also shows a threshold effect, indicating that higher expenditure becomes effective only after a threshold.
Impact of financial development in economic growth of nepal
(2024) Pokharel, Bishworaj; Ananta Raj Dahal
This study investigates the relationship between economic growth and financial development in Nepal using comprehensive data from the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) spanning from 1975 to 2022. It focuses on evaluating key financial indicators and their impact on economic growth through rigorous econometric analysis. Unit root test was employed to examine the stationary of the variables used in the study. The study employed ARDL regression model to examine the impact of financial development on economic growth of Nepal. Residual and diagnostic test were employed to examine whether the regression fits properly or not. The study showed that number of the financial institutions have been continuously decreasing in Nepal due to policy of merger and acquisition of banking and financial institutions in Nepal introduced by Nepal Rastra Bank. In contrast, the number of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) has grown substantially from 21 to 90, highlighting their pivotal role in enhancing financial inclusion. The expansion of Commercial Bank branches across Nepal, particularly in Bagmati Province, reflects robust infrastructure development in key economic regions. Analysis of financial indicators reveals that Domestic credit provided by BFIs reached NPR 616,891 million in 2023, equivalent to 115% of Nepal's GDP, underscoring the financial sector's crucial role in supporting economic activities and growth. The econometric results showed that gross fixed capital formation has positive impact on economic growth of Nepal indicating that increases in capital formation significantly boost economic growth. Similarly, export has a positive impact, highlighting the role of export-oriented strategies in driving economic expansion. Conversely, foreign aid exhibits a negative relationship with economic growth while, domestic credit disbursed by the banking institutions have no impact on economic growth of Nepal. It is recommended to utilize the domestic credit in productive sector rather than the unproductive sector.
Impact of microcredit on women empowerment in gauriganj rural municipality, Jhapa
(2024) Bhattarai, Kusum; Raghu Bir Bista
Women in Nepal, particularly from marginalized communities, face significant challenges in achieving economic empowerment. This study aims to evaluate the impact of microfinance programs on the economic and social empowerment of Rajbanshi women in Gauriganj Rural Municipality. The data, collected from 120 women respondents, were analyzed using the Difference-in-Differences (DID) model and processed with Microsoft Excel. Descriptive, statistical, and analytical tools, along with diagrammatic and graphical representations, were utilized to present the findings clearly. The study found that access to microfinance significantly increased household earnings and savings, with a notable rise in women's autonomy, mobility, and decision-making abilities. Women in the treatment group experienced higher income growth compared to the control group, with a Difference-in-Differences (DID) indicating substantial economic benefits. Savings also increased significantly, enhancing financial stability and investment capacity. Additionally, there was an improvement in the quality of household consumption and access to education and healthcare. Policy implications suggest the need for targeted interventions to enhance women's access to microfinance and address sociocultural barriers. Strengthening microfinance programs, coupled with educational and skill development initiatives, can further empower women economically and socially. These findings suggest that microfinance can be a valuable tool for empowering women in developing countries, potentially leading to improved social well-being, improved quality of household consumptions. This study underscores the critical role of microfinance in promoting women's empowerment and provides a basis for policymakers to design effective strategies for inclusive development. This result is also consistent with the findings of other developing countries.
The impact of digital payment system; evaluating willingess to pay
(2024) Joshi, Neeti; Raghu Bir Bista
This study investigates the factors influencing consumers' willingness to pay within the digital payment system in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City. The primary objective is to identify specific factors within the digital payment system that affect consumers' willingness to pay. Additionally, the study aims to establish the relationship between perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived usefulness (PU), trust (TU), effort expectation (EE), and consumers' willingness to pay. Finally, it analyzes the impact of these variables on consumer willingness. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews and focus groups. The survey data were collected from 273 respondents across various wards of Lalitpur, using random sampling to ensure a representative sample. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, applying both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analysis. The analysis reveals that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly influence consumers' willingness to pay for digital payment systems. Trust also plays a crucial role, while effort expectation shows a negligible impact. The study's regression model demonstrates that perceived usefulness has the highest positive impact on willingness to pay, followed by perceived ease of use and trust. Policy implications of this study suggest that enhancing the perceived usefulness and ease of use of digital payment systems can significantly increase consumer adoption. Building trust in these systems through robust security measures and transparent policies is also essential. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on these areas to promote the adoption of digital payments, thereby contributing to broader financial inclusion and digital transformation goals. Keywords: CW, PEU, PU, TU, EE etc.
Contribution of street vending on family incomes and livelihood in Bhaktapur district
(2024) Prajapati, Rameshori; Baikuntha Pandey
Street Vending business is indeed one of the integral earning sources for the people who do not have technical skills and higher studies. However, its impact on the livelihood of the vendors is not yet fully understood by the government resulting in cruel behavior to the vendors and ignoring their needs. This study aims to explore the socio-economic status of the street vendors of ward-10 of Bhaktapur district along with the improvement in the livelihood pattern of the street vendors from the income earned from street vending business. The study focused on the relationship of the street vending business income and its contribution to the income of the family and livelihood of the vendors. It highlighted the impact of street vending income on the livelihood of vendors and to identify the contribution of the income from street vending with the fulfilment of livelihood needs of the vendors. The quantitative techniques of research methodologies implied involve questionnaire survey and field visit of the study area. The interview of total 112 street vendors was conducted among which the vendors solely relying on the street vending business were further studied regarding the contribution of income from street vending in their livelihood. Descriptive statistics method was used for data analysis. The study used statistical tools like mean and standard deviation to extract further insights from the data. The study found that the livelihood of street vendors is positively affected by the income of street vending business. The study found that street vending significantly enhances family incomes and livelihoods of the vendors of the study area. It serves as a resilient economic activity that empowers individuals, supports local economic growth, and contributes to the upliftment of overall livelihoods of the vendors. The study proposes to formulate proper policies for management of the street vendors, it seems necessary to develop regulatory frameworks addressing the needs of vendors along with public space management. Along with proper regulation, the vendors should be provided access to easy credit and get opportunities to get involved in skill development training for enhancement of livelihood which will contribute to poverty alleviation and local economies. Keywords: Street vendors, livelihood, Socio-economic status, Street vending, etc.

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