Economics

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/33

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Analysis of cost of education and academic performance in Public and Private Schools in Bhaktapur, district
(2024) Ranabhat, Kapil; Baikuntha Pandey
This study examines the relationship between the cost of education and academic performance in public and private schools in Nepal. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the study analyzes direct cost components and its impact on student academic outcomes. The research focuses on both the financial expenditures by the government and the private costs incurred by students and their families. Significant disparities in educational expenditures and academic achievements between public and private institutions are highlighted. Public schools, often constrained by limited resources and government funding, exhibit lower academic performance compared to private schools, which benefit from better funding, infrastructure, and resources. Data collection involved surveys and statistical analysis, including chi-square tests and weighted mean analyses, to explore the correlation between educational investment and student performance. The findings indicate that higher investment in education correlates with improved academic results. In particular, private schools, with their ability to allocate more resources per student, consistently outperform public schools in key academic indicators. The impact of the new federal government system and recent educational policies, including the School Education Examination (SEE) reforms and the introduction of the letter grading system, are also examined. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations aimed at reducing the performance gap between public and private schools. It suggests increased investment and resource allocation to public schools, improving teacher training, and enhancing learning materials to uplift educational outcomes. This research contributes to the understanding of educational economics in Nepal, offering valuable insights for policymakers to improve the quality of education across different school types and ensure equitable access to quality education for all students.
Role of museums in tourism industry of Nepal (A study of museums in Kathmandu valley )
(2015) Maharjan, Devendra; Sanjay Bahadur Singh
Not available
Analysis of government expenditure on education in nepal
(2024) Sapkota, Monika; Baikuntha Pandey
Education is an important part of human capital formation. A school is an institution established to provide consideredin formation and teach students under the guidance of teachers and administrators. To improve the quality and human capital government is increasing its investment in education each year. This study aimsto analyse the trend of government expenditure on school education, the contribution of government expenditure on education and the relationship between government expenditure and education in Nepal.The study is based on secondary data. The period taken for the study is 14 years i.e. 2008-2021. Descriptive statistics is done to analyze the data. The data is presented in two segments i.e. before and after the declaration of the constitution. The relationship finding shows a high relationship between government expenditure and education in Nepal, which indicates that if government expenditure increases, the outcomes of education also increase and vice-versa. The impact of government expenditure on education shows that all the indicators are expanding as per the policy implication. The impact shows that every child is getting a quality education and schools are short distances. As population growth is declining the enrollment rate is increasing while comparing with the population growth rate. As the policy changes, the number of studentswho pass out from SEE in community schools also increases.Stable policy, regular monitoring and supervision, facilitation of learning tutorials, regular capacity enhancing training to teachers, educational workers and service providers, involving local communities and parents in the decision-making process, promoting local language, provision of motivational allowances for those teachers who are working in a rural municipality
A study of Livestock in Marek-Katahare VDC of Dhankuta district
(2016) Thapa, Sunil; Tara Prasad Bhusal
Not available
Enhancing small farmers' socioeconomic condition through agricultural cooperatives in Kavrepalanchowk
(2024) Mainalee, Pushpa Raj; Ananta Raj Dahal
The significance of cooperative institutions in rural areas is steadily increasing as they serve as the foundation for agricultural development. Specifically, the focus is on the Agriculture Cooperative Ltd of Kavrepalan chowk. The research design includes exploratory and descriptive methods to analyze the status of farmers in the study area.Both primary and secondary data are utilized, with primary data collected through household surveys, field visits, observations, and interviews with key informants There are 425 respondents selected from different 11 small farmers' agriculture cooperatives from different areas of the Kavre district. The study relies on comparative analysis before and after the establishment of the cooperative in the study areain corporating facts, events, records, and data. The findings reveal that the majority of respondents own land, are married, literate, and have access to medical treatment, and clean drinking water. Agriculture and livestock serve as the primary sources ofin come, with many farmers taking loans from the cooperative. Goat farming vegetable farming, and dairy are common income-generating activities, particularly among active-age males from the Brahmin/Kshetri community living in joint families and not practicing family planning. Participation in training programs, group and board meetings, community discussions, savings and credit activities, and income generating activities has played a significant role in empowering farmers. The involvement of respondents in decision-making processes within their households,groups and board meetings, community discussions, and the selection of income generating activities has to an increase in their decision-making power The policy implications of a study on "Enhancing Small Farmers' Socioeconomic Condition through Agricultural Cooperatives in Kavrepalanchowk" would focus on how the findings can inform and guide governmental and organizational policies to support and strengthen agricultural cooperatives. These implications would aim to create a more enabling environment for small farmers, improve their socioeconomi cconditions, and promote rural development.
Economic dimension of remitance in Bhagawatimai rural municipality Dailekh, nepal
(2024) Mainali, Shandhya; Baikuntha Pandey
The transfers, which are made by migrants who live and work abroad to people back home, usually involve products or financial instruments. It is important to emphasize that remittances only include payments made by workers who have been engaged in foreign economies for a minimum of one year; payments made by independent contractors are excluded (IMF,2024). According to the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), Nepal's remittance inflows have shown significant growth over the past decade. This study attempts to analyze the economic impact of remittance in the rural area where job opportunities are limited. In order to fulfill the objective of the study, primary data were collected from Bhagawatimai Municipality of Dailekh district, Nepal using structured questionnaire. Bhagawatimai Rural municipality which lies in the rural area of Karnali province is purposively selected as a representative area in terms of rural agriculture focus and limited job opportunities. Microsoft Excel was employed for data entry and analysis, utilizing simple descriptive statistics for interpretation. Findings reveal that the majority of remittance contributors are male aged 20–30, with a religious composition predominantly Hindu. Educationally, most individuals have completed secondary education, with a high percentage married. Malaysia emerges as primary destinations for overseas employment. Notably, 95 percent of households continued working post-remittance, with agriculture being a significant sector. The study concludes several key points: remittances serve as a substantial income source for households, reducing the necessity for overseas employment, if local opportunities were available; limited education levels drive many families towards foreign employment; economic necessity rather than better opportunities in urban areas motivates overseas work; domestic sectors, particularly agriculture, require development to provide competitive alternatives. Remittances have marginally improved access to healthcare and education, further. Post-remittance, household infrastructure investments have increased, alongside greater mobile phone ownership, indicating improved communication avenues.
Empowering women through land ownership; A path to equality in nepal
(2024) Kafle, Puskar; Khagendra Katuwal
Promoting women's empowerment and economic well-being in underdeveloped nations is greatly facilitated by guaranteeing equal access to property ownership. This study empirically examines the impact of women's exclusive or shared ownership of property on their capacity to engage in negotiations within the household pertaining to healthcare decisions, substantial household expenses, and visits to family or relatives. By utilising data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys and employing the Lundberg and Pollak model of noncooperative household bargaining, the study investigate the empirical connection between land ownership and the empowerment of women.The analysis of Multiple Linear Regression indicates a robust and statistically significant association between land ownership and women's empowerment, with an odds ratio of 1.588. This suggests that for every additional unit of land ownership, there is an estimated 58.8% rise in the probability of women making decisions independently. The educational status of an individual has a notable impact, as indicated by an odds ratio of 1.353. This implies that decision-making power increases by 35.3% for each unit increase in education. Variables such as wealth index have a negligible impact, however belonging to the Muslim ethnicity group is associated with a negative correlation to decision-making power, with an odds ratio of 0.208.The findings highlight the minimal impact of financial resources and ethnic background, while emphasising the importance of education, age, marital status, and household structure. The results emphasise the pivotal significance of land ownership in promoting gender equality and enabling women to have autonomy in making healthcare decisions. Policymakers and practitioners in Nepal can apply these findings to promote gender equality and empower women. Keywords: gender, landownership, women empowerment, decision-making
Macro economic determinants of tax revenue in Nepal
(2024) Neupane, Sarita; Pujan Adhikari
Financing public expenditures requires substantial resources. Tax revenues are pivotal due to their regular and mandatory nature, serving as a critical instrument for revenue generation and resource mobilization. Nepal has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 17.1 by 2030, aiming to increase tax revenue to 30 percent of GDP and finance 80 percent of government expenditure through internal revenue. Therefore, enhancing a country's tax revenue performance has become imperative. The objective of this study is first to analyze the trends and structure of tax revenue (TR), foreign trade (Trade), service sector’s GDP (GDP), per capita income (PCI), and foreign aid (FA), and secondly, to examine the effect of these variables on tax revenue. The coefficients of these variables were estimated using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model using time series data for the period from 1975 to 2021. The study identified that per capita GDP and foreign trade are positive and significant determinants of tax revenue in the long run, whereas foreign aid and service sector’s GDP lacks statistical significance. In the short run, Trade, per capita GDP, and foreign aid exhibit a positive and significant relationship with tax revenue. Relying heavily on foreign trade taxes poses challenges to government fiscal stability and economic growth due to revenue volatility from international trade fluctuations. Achieving a balanced approach between foreign trade taxes and import substitution policies is essential for sustainable economic development and resilience against fiscal shocks.
Impact of federalism on women's empowerment in Chandragiri municipality, nepal
(2024) Kunwar, Puspa; Baikuntha Pandey
Women's empowerment in Chandragiri Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal, is a multifaceted issue encompassingn economic participation, educational attainment, and political representation. Challenges include disparitiesn in naccess to resources and services, cultural norms affecting gender roles, and the effectiveness of local initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality. Understanding these dynamics is crucial mfor fostering inclusive development and empowering women in the community. The objective of the study was to assess women's empowerment situation after federalism in the study area and analyze the impact of local government on women empowerment in= the study area, completing by the descriptive research design. The study area wasChandragiri municipality ward number 12, Kathmandu. Sample of study was 121 from the municipality selected randomly from the household about women’s empowerment in the study area. The data were analyzed by the descriptive statistical tools like frequency table, percentage and t test. The finding of the study shows that after federalism, local government positively effects on various aspect of women empowerment suchas: property ownership right, family budget decision, investment and expenditure decision, recreational decision and responsibility of child health and education. It means that federalism ha boost to women’s empowerment in Chandragiri municipality, that ism participation promotion by the public policy malways influences the general public lifestyle through the socio-economic progress within family as wellas society These findings can inform effortsto promote women’s empowerment related policy and programs in Chandragiri municipality and contribute to the local government, policy maker and agencies whichare operating women’s empowerment related program in Chandragiri municipality.
The problems and prospects of tourism development in Syangja district
(2024) Bhandari, Pharshu Ram; Dipak Bahadur Adhikari
Nepal, a compelling destination for many visitors, with tourist attractions in the form of snowcapped mountain peaks, excellent trekking and rafting opportunities, interesting wildlife, significant religious sites and unsurpassed historic and cultural places, is well placed for tourism development. Nepal, being one of the poorest countries of the world, is facing various problems such as rapidly rising population, fewer possibilities for developing industries, limited scope for increasing agricultural production, growing unemployment, social discrimination, poverty and so on. In this context, tourism has been regarded as a means of achieving social, economic and political development. In view of the promotion of tourism, this study examines the potentiality of tourism in Syangja. A case study of problems and prospects of tourism in Syangja District conducted to determine the problems and prospects of tourism there. Syangja has many tourist destinations, unique natural beauties and various cultural specialties of its own and the sustainable and vision-full exploitation of these destinations offer a wide range of comparative advantages for which suitable and effective plan is needed. Increase in business and increase in resident's income are most beneficial areas of tourism in Syangja. With the major attractive areas for tourists like Daru Shiruwari, Swarek Maidan, Bhalupahad, Kaligandaki Hydropower Project and Setibeni, Suntalabari and Cannoning, Panchase Dada, Rafting in Kaligandaki, Chiuri Bhir, Garhau kalika Temple, Bahunthan Hill, Chhangchhangdi Temple and others. Syangja demands visionful plan for adequately managed tourism and bring more positive benefit.
Causes and consequences of child worker in hotel and restaurant : a case study of Lalitpur district
(2014) Chaudhary, Nohari; Shoora B. Paudyal
Not available
An assessment of the healthcare expenditure and health outcomes in Nepal
(2026) Subedi, Khem Raj; Bam Dev Adhikari
Healthcare expenditure optimization is essential for improving access to quality healthcare services for the general population. It requires strengthening and optimizing government healthcare financing and reducing the high burden of out-of pocket (OOP) payment faced by households. This dissertation assesses the government health expenditure and health outcomes of Nepal. This dissertation has three objectives. First, to identify the factors associated with the per capita government health expenditure in Nepal. Second, to examine the macroeconomic factors influencing out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare in Nepal. Third, to evaluate the extent to which macroeconomic, socio-demographic, and institutional factors influence variations in population health outcomes, particularly life expectancy and infant mortality in Nepal. The study uses annual longitudinal data covering the data from 1994 to 2022 focusing on the research questions and objectives. The study employs ARDL framework of analysis to estimate both the short-run dynamics and the long-run causal relationship focusing objectives of the dissertation. Likewise, the dissertation uses the 2SLS model to analyze the relationship between health outcomes with selected macroeconomic, government health expenditure, demographic, social, and institutional variables. The findings indicate that GDP per capita, population health-seeking behavior measured by OPD visit frequency, and health human resource density are key drivers of government health expenditure. Aggregate government health expenditure grows faster than the GDP growth, indicating rising income elasticity. Government health expenditure is significantly driven by government sector health workforce density and OPD healthcare service utilization, underscoring the role of service demand and system capacity. Moreover, institutional and policy reforms also exert a substantial influence on health financing. Likewise, OOP payments for health are significantly influenced by GDP per capita, remittance inflow, and inflation rate, while unemployment shows no persistent long-run effect except during specific shocks periods. The findings also indicate that GDP per capita increases life expectancy at birth, but the negative squared income term indicates diminishing returns, suggesting a vi threshold effect. The positive interaction between per capita health workforce density highlights the importance of efficient resource deployment for increasing life expectancy. In addition, rising life expectancy at birth is associated with falling fertility rates, indicating theoretically consistent outcomes. This implies improved efficiency in the production of health, reflecting long-term structural and institutional progress rather than short-term demographic coincidence. Finally, the per capita GDP growth significantly lowers infant mortality rate, indicating that economic growth can lead to improvement in nutrition intake, and sanitation, followed by better healthcare delivery which collectively contribute to infant survival rates. Though the squared GDP term has positive relation with infant mortality, implying diminishing marginal benefits of income growth on infant survival at higher income level. Result also shows that increase in life expectancy is associated with fall in infant mortality. Fertility rate and mean years of schooling is also negatively associated with infant mortality rate. The interaction term of per capita government health expenditure and health workforce density also shows a threshold effect, indicating that higher expenditure becomes effective only after a threshold.
Impact of financial development in economic growth of nepal
(2024) Pokharel, Bishworaj; Ananta Raj Dahal
This study investigates the relationship between economic growth and financial development in Nepal using comprehensive data from the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) spanning from 1975 to 2022. It focuses on evaluating key financial indicators and their impact on economic growth through rigorous econometric analysis. Unit root test was employed to examine the stationary of the variables used in the study. The study employed ARDL regression model to examine the impact of financial development on economic growth of Nepal. Residual and diagnostic test were employed to examine whether the regression fits properly or not. The study showed that number of the financial institutions have been continuously decreasing in Nepal due to policy of merger and acquisition of banking and financial institutions in Nepal introduced by Nepal Rastra Bank. In contrast, the number of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) has grown substantially from 21 to 90, highlighting their pivotal role in enhancing financial inclusion. The expansion of Commercial Bank branches across Nepal, particularly in Bagmati Province, reflects robust infrastructure development in key economic regions. Analysis of financial indicators reveals that Domestic credit provided by BFIs reached NPR 616,891 million in 2023, equivalent to 115% of Nepal's GDP, underscoring the financial sector's crucial role in supporting economic activities and growth. The econometric results showed that gross fixed capital formation has positive impact on economic growth of Nepal indicating that increases in capital formation significantly boost economic growth. Similarly, export has a positive impact, highlighting the role of export-oriented strategies in driving economic expansion. Conversely, foreign aid exhibits a negative relationship with economic growth while, domestic credit disbursed by the banking institutions have no impact on economic growth of Nepal. It is recommended to utilize the domestic credit in productive sector rather than the unproductive sector.
Impact of microcredit on women empowerment in gauriganj rural municipality, Jhapa
(2024) Bhattarai, Kusum; Raghu Bir Bista
Women in Nepal, particularly from marginalized communities, face significant challenges in achieving economic empowerment. This study aims to evaluate the impact of microfinance programs on the economic and social empowerment of Rajbanshi women in Gauriganj Rural Municipality. The data, collected from 120 women respondents, were analyzed using the Difference-in-Differences (DID) model and processed with Microsoft Excel. Descriptive, statistical, and analytical tools, along with diagrammatic and graphical representations, were utilized to present the findings clearly. The study found that access to microfinance significantly increased household earnings and savings, with a notable rise in women's autonomy, mobility, and decision-making abilities. Women in the treatment group experienced higher income growth compared to the control group, with a Difference-in-Differences (DID) indicating substantial economic benefits. Savings also increased significantly, enhancing financial stability and investment capacity. Additionally, there was an improvement in the quality of household consumption and access to education and healthcare. Policy implications suggest the need for targeted interventions to enhance women's access to microfinance and address sociocultural barriers. Strengthening microfinance programs, coupled with educational and skill development initiatives, can further empower women economically and socially. These findings suggest that microfinance can be a valuable tool for empowering women in developing countries, potentially leading to improved social well-being, improved quality of household consumptions. This study underscores the critical role of microfinance in promoting women's empowerment and provides a basis for policymakers to design effective strategies for inclusive development. This result is also consistent with the findings of other developing countries.
The impact of digital payment system; evaluating willingess to pay
(2024) Joshi, Neeti; Raghu Bir Bista
This study investigates the factors influencing consumers' willingness to pay within the digital payment system in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City. The primary objective is to identify specific factors within the digital payment system that affect consumers' willingness to pay. Additionally, the study aims to establish the relationship between perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived usefulness (PU), trust (TU), effort expectation (EE), and consumers' willingness to pay. Finally, it analyzes the impact of these variables on consumer willingness. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews and focus groups. The survey data were collected from 273 respondents across various wards of Lalitpur, using random sampling to ensure a representative sample. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, applying both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analysis. The analysis reveals that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly influence consumers' willingness to pay for digital payment systems. Trust also plays a crucial role, while effort expectation shows a negligible impact. The study's regression model demonstrates that perceived usefulness has the highest positive impact on willingness to pay, followed by perceived ease of use and trust. Policy implications of this study suggest that enhancing the perceived usefulness and ease of use of digital payment systems can significantly increase consumer adoption. Building trust in these systems through robust security measures and transparent policies is also essential. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on these areas to promote the adoption of digital payments, thereby contributing to broader financial inclusion and digital transformation goals. Keywords: CW, PEU, PU, TU, EE etc.
Contribution of street vending on family incomes and livelihood in Bhaktapur district
(2024) Prajapati, Rameshori; Baikuntha Pandey
Street Vending business is indeed one of the integral earning sources for the people who do not have technical skills and higher studies. However, its impact on the livelihood of the vendors is not yet fully understood by the government resulting in cruel behavior to the vendors and ignoring their needs. This study aims to explore the socio-economic status of the street vendors of ward-10 of Bhaktapur district along with the improvement in the livelihood pattern of the street vendors from the income earned from street vending business. The study focused on the relationship of the street vending business income and its contribution to the income of the family and livelihood of the vendors. It highlighted the impact of street vending income on the livelihood of vendors and to identify the contribution of the income from street vending with the fulfilment of livelihood needs of the vendors. The quantitative techniques of research methodologies implied involve questionnaire survey and field visit of the study area. The interview of total 112 street vendors was conducted among which the vendors solely relying on the street vending business were further studied regarding the contribution of income from street vending in their livelihood. Descriptive statistics method was used for data analysis. The study used statistical tools like mean and standard deviation to extract further insights from the data. The study found that the livelihood of street vendors is positively affected by the income of street vending business. The study found that street vending significantly enhances family incomes and livelihoods of the vendors of the study area. It serves as a resilient economic activity that empowers individuals, supports local economic growth, and contributes to the upliftment of overall livelihoods of the vendors. The study proposes to formulate proper policies for management of the street vendors, it seems necessary to develop regulatory frameworks addressing the needs of vendors along with public space management. Along with proper regulation, the vendors should be provided access to easy credit and get opportunities to get involved in skill development training for enhancement of livelihood which will contribute to poverty alleviation and local economies. Keywords: Street vendors, livelihood, Socio-economic status, Street vending, etc.
Assessment of the cost in obtaining citizenship in Sindhupalchok district, nepal
(2024) Acharya, Jhakka Prasad; Raghu Bir Bista
Citizenship is not merely a legal status but a fundamental right, crucial for accessing various social services and political participation. This study examines the financial implications and procedural intricacies associated with obtaining citizenship in Sindhupalchok District, Nepal. The cost and complexities involved in obtaining citizenship can present significant barriers, particularly in rural and marginalized communities. In the purview, the study questions examine the overall financial and opportunity cost associated with citizenship receiver residing in seven different local levels of Sindhupalchok district which are at the proximity and remote area from the District Administration Office (DAO). The objective of the study was to estimate the direct financial costs and opportunity cost associated with obtaining citizenship and compare those costs on the basis of their proximity and remoteness from the District Administration Office. The study used descriptive statistics, direct and opportunity cost estimation method, and t-test method. The study employed cross sectional data sets collected from survey on the sample of 385 in the Chautara sangachokgadhi Municipallity and other six local levels of Sindhuplachok district. The respondents were asked about the socio-economic conditions, citizenship obtaining process, obstacles and hurdles faced, costs associated, and the time invested in citizenship. The majority of the respondents were Janajatis and they followed Buddhism. Most of the respondents were middle income group. The average cost of obtaining citizenship was highest for Bhotekoshi municipality i.e. NRs 4353 while it was lowest for Chautra Sangachokgadhi municipality. There were no significant differences in direct, indirect and opportunity cost based on the type of citizenship, gender of the respondents, and economic status. However, there was significant differences for direct and indirect cost of male and female, and depending on the distance. Significant differences in direct and indirect expenses between various local entities indicate systemic obstacles and inefficiencies. Since, Sindhupalchok district is geographically larger and also has diverse and complex topography, it would be easier to provide important public services such as citizenship form different regional center such as Melamchi and Barahbishe. A piloting of this decentralization is highly recommended. Keywords: Direct cost, indirect cost, opportunity cost, average cost, citizenship, social services
Economic impact of covid- 19 on travel agencies of Kathmandu district in nepal
(2024) Manandhar, Bal Kumar; Raghu Bir Bista
In this study the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on travel and tour business in Nepal is tried to analyzed using the secondary data of the 81 travel and tour companies inside Kathmandu valley. This study mainly analyzes the examine the pre and post COVID19 incom and expenditure position of travel agencies. This study covers primary data as well as secondary data for the analysis. For this study, data about the effectiveness has been collected through direct personal interviews with the help of a structured questionnaire for the study area. In this study descriptive statistics and paired sample mean test are used for the analysis of per and post COVID data of the sample travel agencies. It descriptive analysis in this study found that the income and expenditure position of the travel agencies as annual turnover, annual tax payment, annual airline payment, annual salary, annual rent, annual electricity expenses, annual communication expenses, annual admin expenses and annual miscellaneous expenses has been heavily decreased during the COVID-19 in year 2078 which were in satisfactory level before the COVID-19 in year 2076 and 2077. However, in year 2079 and 2080 the travel agencies are somehow recovered for the huge economic loss form the COVID-19. Similarly, the paired sample test in this study found that there is significant difference in the average annual turnover, average annual tax payment, average annual airlines payment, average annual salary expenses, average annual rent expenses, average annual communication expenses, average annual administration expenses and average annual miscellaneous expenses of the travel agencies in Kathmandu valley. The paired sample analysis showed that all the income and expenditure pattern of the travel agencies are significantly affected by COVID-19. In addition to the urgent actions required, policymakers must take the COVID-19 crises' lessons to heart. The government has raised the expectations of tourist entrepreneurs, but they have been let down thus far by the absence of a strategy for the industry. Keywords: Annual turnover, Annual expenses, COVID-19 pandemic
Contribution of vat in tax revenue in nepal
(2017) Subedi, Sudina; R. K. Shah
Not available
Impact of foreign employment and remittance ( A case of Sitapaila of Nagarjun municipality of Kathmandu district)
(2016) Adhikari, Siddanta; Sohan Kumar Karna
Not available

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