Sociology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/22654

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    Socio-economic status of foreign returnee migrants of Thaha municipality, Makawanpur, Nepal
    (2024) Regmi, Prakash Raj; Ganesh Shahi
    This field study report investigates the phenomenon of migration in Thaha Municipality, Makawanpur, Nepal. The research explores the current status of migration, analyzing its prevalence, patterns, and destinations. It delves into the key causes driving people to migrate from Thaha Municipality, examining factors such as limited economic opportunities, lack of access to resources, and aspirations for better living standards. The study further analyzes the social and economic effects of migration on the sending community. This includes exploring the impact on households, agricultural production, and local development. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing quantitative data from surveys and population statistics alongside qualitative data collected through interviews with migrants and families left behind. This comprehensive approach aims to capture a nuanced understanding of the migration phenomenon in Thaha Municipality. The findings of this field study report will contribute valuable insights for policymakers, local government officials, and development practitioners working in the Makawanpur District. By understanding the drivers and consequences of migration, these stakeholders can develop targeted policies and interventions to address the challenges faced by sending communities and potentially encourage sustainable development within Thaha Municipality.
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    final bipin khanal.docxANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND HR-LCMS ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PRES
    (Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2025-02-06) KHANAL, BIPIN; Co Supervisor Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D., (Associate Prof.); Bodh Babu Bhattarai, Ph.D.
    Antioxidant, antibacterial properties and secondary metabolites present in Psidium guajava L. (Guava) fresh leaves are still to explore fully. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents present in fresh Psidium guajava L. (Guava) leaves to validate their medicinal potential. The samples were collected (GPS point 27˚68'33" N 84˚43'33" E) from Bharatpur Metropolitan City-11, Chitwan, Nepal. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents as well as the phosphomolybdenum and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. The Folin- Ciocalteu method was used to quantify the phenolic content, aluminium chloride colorimetric method was used to measure the flavonoid content and Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to calculate the tannin content. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the phosphomolybdenum assay. Antibacterial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method and extract was characterised using HR-LCMS. The qualitative analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, glycosides, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. However, for quantitative evaluation maceration showed higher concentrations of total phenolic content (316.1±7.4 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), total flavonoid content (257.9±4.4 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QE)), phosphomolybdenum assay (125.0±2.1mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g), and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (IC50=6.08 μg/mL). Soxhlet extract showed highest tannin content consisting of 563.6±4.5μg/mL. The antimicrobial assay showed good activity against five bacterial strains. A total of 144 different metabolites were observed in HRLCMS out of which 104 were known compounds and other 40 compounds were unidentified compounds. Among them four compounds were reported for the first time in Psidium guajava L. (Guava) fresh leaves. Among the extraction methods used, maceration was the most effective for phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant contents whereas sonication was the least effective. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites observed in HR-LCMS analyses possess significant impact on the antioxidant, phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and antimicrobial properties. These results offer scientific support for the traditional use of fresh Psidium guajava L. leaves for medicinal purposes. Keywords: Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Phytochemicals, Phenolic, Tannin.
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    BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA LINN. EXTRACT AND ITS COMPREHENSIVE SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
    (Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2023-10-11) Silwal, Sachin; Co Supervisor Bodh Babu Bhattarai , Ph.D., Asst. Prof.; Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D. , Associate Prof.
    Biological activities of Euphorbia Hirta Linn. extract and its comprehensive spectroscopic analysis was carried out using its methanolic extract. Euphorbia Hirta has been used since a long ago as a traditional therapy in many diseases. Hence, biological activities of the plant extract were assayed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) which is sustainable and affordable approach for the measurement of antioxidant properties. Plant extract was assayed on five biological samples, i.e. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and S. aureus. In all biological samples, growth of the biological specimens was inhibited significantly. Total phenolic content (TFC), Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) was assayed using double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. The analysis of the plant extract revealed the antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of selected plant part. The HR-LCMS analysis of the sample disclosed the phytochemical composition of selected plants parts. The gummy crude extract of the Euphorbia Hirta Linn. was found to contain diverse range of chemical compounds. A Soxhlet extractor was used to prepare the plant extract from which 18.284% extract was obtained from the dried sample of the leaves. The TPC, TFC, TAA and IC50 DPPH content in methanolic extract was found 52.22 ± 0.249 mg GAE/g DE, 258.04±2.001 mg RE/g, 166.47±0.231 mg AAE/g and 44.0419 μg/ml simultaneously. Notably, most effective antibacterial activity was reported in E. coli in which the extract displayed the inhibition zone of 15.330 ±1.530 mm. The HR-LCMS analysis of the crude extract was found to contain 117 compounds (39 unidentified and 78 identified compounds). Among them, some of these were found very potential for the medicinal aspects, i.e., Lentiginosine, Flurandrenolide, Polidocanol, Irinotecan, Glyurallin B, Hyperoside, Cynaroside, Pibutidine, Syzginin B, Capvipetin D, Ganoderic acid K, Ginsenoside-F3, Paramethansone, Medicanine etc. The specific characteristics of the molecules make them useful for the treatment of different diseases, i.e. HIV, various types of skin related diseases (skin allergies, itching, swelling etc.), removal of spider veins, typical cancers like colon and rectal, liver, lung and carnival. Besides this, these molecules also work on viral (potential SARC-COV-2 binder) and bacterial infection. Other important aspects of the molecules are: antihypertensive agent, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory agent, vasodilator agent etc. Whereas 25 compounds are bio-logically active.Additionally, HR-LCMS inspection unveiled that the plant extract contains various classes of compounds like terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. These are active metabolites and are also potential biomarkers for the exceptional biological properties. To sum up, the extraction of the molecules from the plant as in its natural form depends on the polarity of solvent used in the process. Therefore, this study recommends to extract the molecules in the solvent of different polarity and characterizes them to get all information of the biological molecules. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial Activity, DPPH, LCMS spectra analysis.
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    Women Labor Migration, Remittances, and Gender transformation in Pokhara, Nepal
    (2024) Anchala Chaudhary; Professor Dr. BiswoKallyanParajuli, Supervisor
    The study has investigated and analyzed the effects of the global capitalist market, particularly women's labor migration, on gender transformation. It has been shown by many previous studies that women's labor migration has multifaceted effects on the economic, educational, health, and social development of the families left behind. The Nepali government, on the one hand, discourages female labor migration due to the rise in physical assault in foreign lands; on the other hand, the patriarchal ideologies attached to gender limit women's participation in the public sphere and decrease their empowerment ratio. This study has been carried out among the slum community in Pokhara, Nepal, to investigate the reconstruction of traditional gender practices due to the accumulation of various capitals in transnational space. In Nepal, there have been increasing trends of women's labor migration in the last ten years, i.e., from 8595 in 2008/2009 to 20578 in 2018/2019, as per the Nepal Labor Migration Report 2020. The mobility of women's migration doesn’t only boost national income but also increases family income. Thus, women's labor migration has multifaceted effects on the families left behind as well as on national GDP growth. The study has been guided by Marxian theory, structuration theory, and feminist standpoint theory, which explain the role of migration and remittances in the social construction of gender roles. Gender as a global and continuing socio-cultural process can be changed by the economic, social, symbolic, and cultural capital that migrants acquire in transnational space. Marx agrees that change in the breadwinner role of women not only emancipates women from patriarchal practices but also empowers them. Migration is the process of structuration in which macro-and microstructures interact with one another to affect social actors’ agency, which in turn affects the structures. Data from secondary and primary sources, i.e., the field survey, was used to support these arguments. A total of 198 households of women who had migrated least three years before the survey were selected for the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used. The findings revealed a changing scenario of gender transformation in all three types of households: pre-migration, during migration, and post-migration. During migration and post-migration, migrant women became the key bread winners of the family and became part of the decision-making process. In the pre-migration period, these women were bound by traditional patriarchal roles. In post-migration households, many women have to pass through readjustment problems, both in families and communities. The long-term physical absence of women from home raises a subject of dignity, leading to mental suffering. Either these women knock on the door of the next migration or they are involved in some type of income-generation activity. The new power and attitudes gained through migration are one dimension of gender transformation. The underlying household structure has been modified, with women as breadwinners and other family members, especially men, becoming supportive hands for her. In addition, the social organization of a household’s relationships, tasks, and responsibilities has changed, with women and girls proving themselves as resource providers. This is a watershed moment in gender transformation, manifested in various forms in the everyday private orbit of life. Women as breadwinners of the family replace the traditional patriarchal norms and values and become the central pillar of development. Thus, this study focuses unchanging traditional gender roles and responsibilities in transnational space in relations with various forms of capital formation.