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Item final bipin khanal.docxANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND HR-LCMS ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PRES(Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2025-02-06) KHANAL, BIPIN; Co Supervisor Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D., (Associate Prof.); Bodh Babu Bhattarai, Ph.D.Antioxidant, antibacterial properties and secondary metabolites present in Psidium guajava L. (Guava) fresh leaves are still to explore fully. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents present in fresh Psidium guajava L. (Guava) leaves to validate their medicinal potential. The samples were collected (GPS point 27˚68'33" N 84˚43'33" E) from Bharatpur Metropolitan City-11, Chitwan, Nepal. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents as well as the phosphomolybdenum and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. The Folin- Ciocalteu method was used to quantify the phenolic content, aluminium chloride colorimetric method was used to measure the flavonoid content and Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to calculate the tannin content. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the phosphomolybdenum assay. Antibacterial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method and extract was characterised using HR-LCMS. The qualitative analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, glycosides, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. However, for quantitative evaluation maceration showed higher concentrations of total phenolic content (316.1±7.4 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), total flavonoid content (257.9±4.4 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QE)), phosphomolybdenum assay (125.0±2.1mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g), and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (IC50=6.08 μg/mL). Soxhlet extract showed highest tannin content consisting of 563.6±4.5μg/mL. The antimicrobial assay showed good activity against five bacterial strains. A total of 144 different metabolites were observed in HRLCMS out of which 104 were known compounds and other 40 compounds were unidentified compounds. Among them four compounds were reported for the first time in Psidium guajava L. (Guava) fresh leaves. Among the extraction methods used, maceration was the most effective for phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant contents whereas sonication was the least effective. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites observed in HR-LCMS analyses possess significant impact on the antioxidant, phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and antimicrobial properties. These results offer scientific support for the traditional use of fresh Psidium guajava L. leaves for medicinal purposes. Keywords: Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Phytochemicals, Phenolic, Tannin.Item BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA LINN. EXTRACT AND ITS COMPREHENSIVE SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS(Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2023-10-11) Silwal, Sachin; Co Supervisor Bodh Babu Bhattarai , Ph.D., Asst. Prof.; Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D. , Associate Prof.Biological activities of Euphorbia Hirta Linn. extract and its comprehensive spectroscopic analysis was carried out using its methanolic extract. Euphorbia Hirta has been used since a long ago as a traditional therapy in many diseases. Hence, biological activities of the plant extract were assayed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) which is sustainable and affordable approach for the measurement of antioxidant properties. Plant extract was assayed on five biological samples, i.e. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and S. aureus. In all biological samples, growth of the biological specimens was inhibited significantly. Total phenolic content (TFC), Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) was assayed using double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. The analysis of the plant extract revealed the antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of selected plant part. The HR-LCMS analysis of the sample disclosed the phytochemical composition of selected plants parts. The gummy crude extract of the Euphorbia Hirta Linn. was found to contain diverse range of chemical compounds. A Soxhlet extractor was used to prepare the plant extract from which 18.284% extract was obtained from the dried sample of the leaves. The TPC, TFC, TAA and IC50 DPPH content in methanolic extract was found 52.22 ± 0.249 mg GAE/g DE, 258.04±2.001 mg RE/g, 166.47±0.231 mg AAE/g and 44.0419 μg/ml simultaneously. Notably, most effective antibacterial activity was reported in E. coli in which the extract displayed the inhibition zone of 15.330 ±1.530 mm. The HR-LCMS analysis of the crude extract was found to contain 117 compounds (39 unidentified and 78 identified compounds). Among them, some of these were found very potential for the medicinal aspects, i.e., Lentiginosine, Flurandrenolide, Polidocanol, Irinotecan, Glyurallin B, Hyperoside, Cynaroside, Pibutidine, Syzginin B, Capvipetin D, Ganoderic acid K, Ginsenoside-F3, Paramethansone, Medicanine etc. The specific characteristics of the molecules make them useful for the treatment of different diseases, i.e. HIV, various types of skin related diseases (skin allergies, itching, swelling etc.), removal of spider veins, typical cancers like colon and rectal, liver, lung and carnival. Besides this, these molecules also work on viral (potential SARC-COV-2 binder) and bacterial infection. Other important aspects of the molecules are: antihypertensive agent, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory agent, vasodilator agent etc. Whereas 25 compounds are bio-logically active.Additionally, HR-LCMS inspection unveiled that the plant extract contains various classes of compounds like terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. These are active metabolites and are also potential biomarkers for the exceptional biological properties. To sum up, the extraction of the molecules from the plant as in its natural form depends on the polarity of solvent used in the process. Therefore, this study recommends to extract the molecules in the solvent of different polarity and characterizes them to get all information of the biological molecules. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial Activity, DPPH, LCMS spectra analysis.Item ANTIOXIDANT AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF METHANOLIC, ETHYL ACETATE AND DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACT OF Zingiber officinale COLLECTED FROM TWO DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF NEPAL(Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2025-02-06) Banjade, Purnima; Ganga Raj Pokhrel, Ph.DAntioxidant and biological evaluation of methanolic, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane extract of Zingiber officinale collected from two different districts of Nepal is not clearly understood yet. This study investigates these properties in ginger extracts from Arghakhanchi and Dang districts. The ginger samples were gathered, dried, and extracted using the cold percolation method with three solvents: methanol (MeOH), dichloromethane (DCM), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were measured via DPPH assay, antimicrobial activity, and toxicity using a brine shrimp bioassay. The methanolic extract from Dang district (S2(MeOH)) showed the highest TPC (123.02 ± 2.84 mg GAE/g) and TFC (25.42 ± 1.69 mg QE/g), with strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 162.73 ± 3.22 μg/mL). The dichloromethane extract from Arghakhanchi (S1(DCM)) had the lowest TPC (36.23 ± 3.45 mg GAE/g) and TFC (14.32 ± 1.74 mg QE/g), with weaker antioxidant activity (IC50 = 279.63 ± 14.67 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract from Dang (S2(EtOAc)) showed the best antimicrobial activity, especially against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract demonstrated strong antifungal properties. Brine shrimp bioassay results indicated higher toxicity in the methanolic extract (LC50 = 3.0 × 10³ μg/mL). Ginger from Dang district showed the most promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Further research on active compounds is recommended for potential medicinal use. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Total Flavonoid Content, Total Phenolic Content.Item Evaluation Of Nutrient Content, Antioxidant Potential And Antimicrobial Activity Of Selected Wild Edible Fruits(2024-05-02) Elina Rai; Dr. Giri Prasad JoshiAvailable Full TextItem Plant Community, Regeneration and Carbon Stock in Two Community Forests of Dang(Amrit Campus, 2024-05-05) Chiranjibi Dangi; Prof.Dr. Mohan Prasad DevkotaAbailable Full TextItem Air Pollution Tolerance Index Of Some Selected Trees Around Ghorahi Cement Industry In Dang, Western Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2024-04-26) Anu Sharma; Dr. Jay Prakash HamalAvailable Full TextItem Master of Science in Statistics Curriculum(Curriculum Development Center, TU, 2013) Curriculum Development Center, TUItem Master of Science in Zoology Curriculum(Curriculum Development Center, TU 2070 (Revised at 2073), 2070) Curriculum Development Center, TUItem Master of Science in Zoology Curriculum(Curriculum Development Center, TU, 1999) Curriculum Development Center, TUItem Master of Science in Microbiology Curriculum(Curriculum Development Center, TU, 1999) Curriculum Development Center, TUItem Master of Science in Chemistry Curriculum(Curriculum Development Center, TU, 1999) Curriculum Development Center, TUItem Master of Science in Physic Curriculum(1999) Curriculum Development Center, TUItem Master of Science in Geology Curriculum(Curriculum Development Center, TU, 1999) Curriculum Development Center, TUItem Master of Science in Food Technology Curriculum (M.Sc. 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