Power System Engineering
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Item Application of meta-heuristic algorithms to reconfigure radial distribution system for optimal cost and reliability(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Karki, SudeepThis research focuses on the application of Metaheuristic algorithms in the field of power system optimization. The specific problem used to demonstrate that is the reconfiguration of the radial distribution system in terms of reliability and system loss. The primary goal of this work is to analyze the performance of multiple metaheuristic algorithms in reconfiguring radial distribution systems. While all algorithms offer the solution to the problem, different algorithms favor different kinds of optimization problems and can find solutions faster and slower than others. GA, PSO, CSO, and GWO are considered for comparison. The problem formulated is to optimize the radial distribution system while maintaining strict radiality for maximum reliability and minimum system loss. For this, a new approach is suggested where reliability indices and network loss are converted to into monetary value. Minimization of this value is the primary optimization goal. Reliability indices are converted by considering losses arising to customers and utility due to faults.Item Impact of V2G Integration on an Urban Distribution Feeder in Nepal. A Case Study of Baneshwor Feeder.(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Sah, Rupesh KumarThe electrification of transportation through Electric Vehicles (EVs) gains momentum in the energy sector. The study emphasizes the increasing strain on distribution feeders, the backbone of local electricity. The addition of high-power electric vehicle charging station in distribution system can cause voltage drops, overloading of transformers and increase outage or disturbances. In Urban areas, clustering of CS can lead to distribution congestion. This thesis aims to placing charging station without physical restructuring of the network and distribution parameter should not violate operating region. Placement of charging station is based on novel Electrical Vehicle Placement Index (EVPI). Genetic algorithm is used for the optimal placement of charging station. This research also focuses on the integration of V2G technology as a dynamic tool for enhancing distribution reliability. A coordinated way of charging and discharging of vehicle. The analysis is carried out in IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system with five different test cases. The test case results strong and weak bus based on reliability index approach. Placement of CS at strong bus keeps the smooth operation while placing at weak bus, deteriorates system performance. Finally, this approach is implemented for real-time Baneshwor feeder distribution system.Item The Optimal Placement of a Photovoltaic-integrated Dynamic Voltage Restorer for the enhancement of Power Quality within the Distribution System. A Case Study of 11kV Tanahusur Radial Distribution Feeder and 11kV Simara Industrial Feeder(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Dhakal, PrabinIn the context of power distribution, maintaining high Power Quality (PQ) is crucial. Voltage fluctuations like sags, swells, and harmonics can disrupt PQ. To address these issues, a sophisticated solution involving a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) has been devised. The DVR serves as a dynamic energy store, utilizing solar energy from Photovoltaic (PV) cells. To optimize this process, a smart algorithm called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is integrated with Incremental Conductance method. This algorithm ensures that solar energy is harnessed efficiently and the system operates at its peak performance. To manage reactive power generation, a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is introduced. This component utilizes Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques for precise control, enabling it to inject reactive power into the grid. For improved control precision, a Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) strategy is implemented. This enhances the synchronization of voltage injection, mitigating phase angle mismatches and reducing harmonic distortions. Ensuring synchronization and power factor correction is achieved through a Proportional Resonant (PR) controller. This controller, when cascaded with a harmonic compensator, effectively minimizes undesirable harmonic components in the system's output current. This aids in maintaining a consistent power factor and a higher quality power output. The overall system's performance and effectiveness are evaluated through simulation using MATLAB 2023a software.Item “Optimal Placement of Charging Station in Om Distribution Feeder of New Chabahil Substation Considering Dynamic Nature of Electric Vehicle Load”(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Sah, NandkishorGlobally, the main goal of environmentalist is to reduce the problem of global warming and climate change whose one of the major sources is the existing fossil dependent transportation system, has forced many nations to implement pollution free battery-operated electric vehicle (EV) system which requires electrically operated charging station (CS). Due to this, the number of charging station integrated in the existing distribution system is increasing day by day and the increase in number is further motivated by the research being carried out for development of enhanced battery with cost optimization and subsidies provided by the Government body which is of big concern for the existing electrical distribution systemItem Study of Impact of NewButwal-Gorakhpur 400 kV Transmission Line on The Operation and Reliability of Integrated Nepal Power System(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Yadav, Gopal KumarIn recent years, the significance and imperative of conducting impact studies on grid reliability evaluation have escalated. This thesis represents load flow analysis with a focus on improving resilience and efficiency after adding New Butwal-Gorakhpur 400KV cross border transmission line to existing power system of Nepal and simulation of 2028A.D. INPS network to find the reliability indices. The INPS is facing unprecedented challenges brought about by the increasing demand for electricity, the integration of hydropower and renewable sources, and the need for enhanced system reliability. This thesis reviews the current state of power systems and the challenges they face, including capacity constraints, energy losses. In this context, the integration of NB-G 400KV transmission line has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges. The core of this research are used to assess the potential benefits, such as increased grid capacity, reduced transmission losses, improved power quality and reliability of the system after the integration of New Butwal-Gorakhpur (NB-G) line. Load flow analysis is carried out in DIgSILENT to find out system loss, voltage profile and reliability indicesItem Shunt Active Power Filter for Harmonics Compensation Based on Three Phase Voltage Source Inverters(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Maharjan, ArjunPower quality of the power distribution systems have degraded because of the extensive use of power electronic devices. These nonlinear loads cause non-sinusoidal currents & voltages with harmonic components. Some of the major power quality issues due to non-sinusoidal currents and voltage with harmonic component are impact on power capacitor, Transformer, motors, telecommunication, energy and demand metering etc. Shunt active power filters (SAPF) are used to acquire balanced and sinusoidal supply currents via way of means of injecting compensation current. There are two major control loop namely outer control loop and inner outer loop with one extra loop. The outer control loop measures source current and voltage & generates the reference reactive & active power that to be compensated by the SAPF. The inner control loop effectively tracks the reference compensating currents in d-q coordinate using PI controllers. While extra loop is associated with capacitor of voltage source inverter (VSI). The constant voltage across the capacitor is maintained. So, there is active power loss which is achieved by comparing reference voltage with the standard voltage and send the error to the PI controller. Simulation results are obtained from MATLAB/Simulink under various non-linear load conditions. The cases considered here are as follows: i) 3 phase 3 wire full wave rectifier with varying load: The MATLAB/Simulink was developed and tested with load and result was compared with the traditional approach without harmonics compensation. The THD level is within limit as per IEEE 516 standard. ii) Different loading conditions: Same process as of case i) was performed and results are within limit as per IEEE 516 standard.Item Dynamic Reconfiguration of Distribution Networks Considering the Dynamic Topology Variation(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Mainali, SabinElectrical distribution networks undergo dynamic transformations due to continuous alteration and variation of loads. These alterations necessitate engineering studies aimed at optimizing the distribution networks. Reconfiguring networks stands as a critical analysis process essential for enhancing and managing distribution systems (DSs). When starting with a stable initial DS, the distribution feeders can be reconfigured by adjusting switch statuses to enhance operational performance. Changes in the initial topology can occur due to equipment maintenance, system expansion, or fault incidents, with branch additions or removals. In this study, we introduce a dynamic reconfiguration approach that takes into account dynamic variations in the initial topology. This methodology integrates dynamic topology analysis and network reconfiguration to address current distribution network optimization issues. The original DS topology is characterized by a collection of independent topological parameters. Dynamic topology analysis helps to identify changes in the original topology and identify locations that are out of service in order to restore network connectivity. These topological parameters are then updated to determine the initial topology in present time.Item Analysis of Distribution Transformer Overload Management Using Battery Energy Storage System(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-07) Das, Umesh KumarPeak load power plants, certain types of renewable energy sources, are designed to provide electricity during periods of high demand when there is a significant increase in power consumption. These power plants typically have higher operational costs due to the need for quick start-up times and increased fuel consumption. To mitigate the reliance on expensive peak load power plants, suppliers often implement various techniques to reduce peak load and shift the demand to off-peak hours. Pumped storage hydro power plants work by using excess electricity during low demand period, such as at night or during weekends when power consumption is relatively low. The excess electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Then, during periods of high demand or peak load, the stored water is released to flow downhill through turbines, generating electricity and supplying it back to the grid. This process allows energy to be stored when the demand is low and released when the demand is high. It is found that using a battery bank, the energy can be stored and supplied to the Load to reduce the peak load of the respective Distributon Transformer. The installation of BESS at the point of existence of DT has been modelled and the simulation results obtained. The installation of BESS helps to reduce the peak loading of the DT including overloading and helps prevent the outage of the transformer. Based on the simulation results, a BESS of maximum 100kW, 2000Ah installed at the point of connection of DT of 200kVA results in number of overloading reduced from 264 kW to 180 kW. The simulation shows that the number of transformer outage is expected to decrease from 20.83% before the installation of BESS to 3% after the installation. Further, there will be a reduction in power and energy losses in the system as during the peak load condition, part of the load can be shared by the BESS which results in power loss reduction maximum of 84 kW and annual energy loss of 76.650 MWh at 50 percent annual peaking with daily hours. The voltage profile improvement is another front with voltage improving from 0.93 pu to 1.00 pu during peak load condition. Considering the fact that voltage plays crucial role in satisfactory operations of various household, commercial and industrial appliances, this has to be taken into account when deciding on techno-economical analysis of the proposed scheme. Under the assumptions for this research, the proposed scheme is potentially beneficial not only from technical aspects but also economical aspect as well. The investment cost of the BESS and inverter considered in the study at present value is NPR 530,000.00 whereas the monetaroy value of the energy saved annually has been found to be NPR 267062.00 for 90% overloading and peak time electricity cost of NPR 15.00 per kWh. Even for lower overloading percentage of 20 to 40 % of the rating of the DTs, the proposed scheme may be economically viable.Item Financial Analysis of Utility Scale Photovoltaic System with Battery Energy Storage System in Nepal(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-07) Shrestha, NarayanRenewable energy technologies (RETs) are essential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to clean energy sources. Among various RETs, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained attention as efficient and effective solutions. However, PV generation is intermittent and variable due to the diurnal cycle of solar geometry and weather conditions. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) integrated into PV systems can address these challenges by storing energy for later use. Nepal’s energy sector mainly depends on hydropower, which can be affected by natural and seasonal variations. To improve energy security and diversify its energy sources, the government has set goals to increase the use of solar and other renewable energy technologies in power generation. Nepal's favourable geography and abundant solar radiation make it suitable for deploying solar PV systems. Nepal receives an average of 3.6 to 6.2 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation and around 300 days of sunshine annually.Item Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation in Distribution Networks Using Grey Wolf Optimization(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-06) Das, Mahendra KumarThis thesis presents a comprehensive study on the integration of Distributed Generation (DG) into power systems, with a focus on the optimal placement and sizing of DG units. The research aims to investigate the impact of DG on system stability and power loss reduction, as well as to propose a novel optimization algorithm for the optimal placement and sizing of DG units. The integration of distributed generation (DG) is expected to play an important role in the electric power system planning and market operations. As DG are integrated into the distribution system, it results in operating situations that hampers the conventional system without generation directly connected at the distribution level.Item An Analysis of Reliability-Technical Losses In 33 kV Radial Distribution/transmission system In Far Western Region of Nepal(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-06) Joshi, KapilThis thesis presents a model approach for minimizing the transmission and distribution line power loss along with the analysis of reliability of the lines in electric power systems. Distribution power loss is a measure of the energy lost during the distribution of electricity from the sending end point to the receiving end users. This loss can be noteworthy and has a straight impact on the proficiency and economics of the power system. The proposed approach utilizes a combination of control algorithms and optimization techniques to effectively minimize the distribution power loss. Experiments on realistic power system models prove the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing distribution power loss and improving the overall efficiency of the power system. This thesis also presents a model for improving the reliability of electric power systems through reducing distribution power loss. Reliability of power systems is a critical aspect as power outages can have significant economic and societal impacts. The proposed approach utilizes a combination of control algorithms, different calculation indexes, optimization techniques and redundancy strategies to minimize the distribution power loss and improve the overall reliability of the power system. The method is tested on realistic power system models, and results show the significant improvement in reliability metrics such as system availability and frequency of power outages. This approach can be a valuable tool for power system operators to enhance the reliability of power systems and ensure continuity of power supply to end-users.Item Analyzing the Effectiveness of Distributed Generation and Capacitor Banks in Distribution Systems Using Water Cycle Algorithms(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-07) Sah, BijayMinimizing power losses and enhancing voltage stability are critical objectives in power systems due to their impact on transmission line contingencies, financial losses for utilities, and the risk of power system blackouts. One effective strategy to improve power system efficiency is the optimal allocation of Distributed Generation (DGs) and capacitor banks (CBs), considering factors such as sizing and operating power factor. Power system operators and researchers are dedicated to addressing distribution system challenges related to power loss, energy loss, voltage profile, and voltage stability by optimizing the placement of DGs and CBs. This optimization not only ensures the security of the distribution system but also enables its operation in islanding mode. To enhance the performance of distribution systems, this thesis proposes the integration of DGs and CBs using a water cycle algorithm (WCA) for optimal placement and sizing. The proposed method aims to achieve technical and economic benefits by considering various objective functions, including power loss minimization, voltage deviation, total electrical energy cost, and improvement in the voltage stability index. The WCA algorithm mimics the flow of water from streams to rivers and from rivers to the sea. Through simulations conducted on three distribution systems, namely the IEEE 33-bus, 69-bus test systems, and the Sankhu feeder network, which is part of INPS, the performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the WCA algorithm compared to other optimization algorithms in terms of flexibility and efficiency. The proposed approach exhibits notable improvements in economic benefits, making it a promising solution for optimizing DG and CB placement in distribution systems.Item Application of High-Capacity Conductors for Uprating Transmission Lines Capacity in Nepal(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-07) Neupane, Yadab PrasadElectricity demand and market penetration in Nepal is increasing day by day due to increased industrialization, expand urbanization, large population density, change in energy consumption habits of the consumers etc. Utility has to face multiple challenges to expand new transmission line in urban and semi-urban areas due to lack of availability of corridors triggered by the high real-estate cost, infrastructure development, forest/ecology conversation etc. Additionally, transmission line projects usually have limited execution schedule to comply with the increased load demand and project completion to match with new hydropower projects. To maximize the power transfer per unit RoW, replacing the old ACSR conductors with newly developed HTLS conductors would be the best solution which have higher power transfer capacity in the order of 2 to 3 times. Moreover, it can be completed in lesser time span without any significant work and budget plan vis-à-vis a new line. The same transmission line footprint might be used without any major modification in the existing tower. Load flow analysis of the INPS using the tool: DigSilent PowerFactory 15.1. is carried out at different generation scenario considering the maximum load constant throughout the study. Total internal generation of 2438.72 MW and maximum load of 2054.59 MW is recorded from secondary sources which are interconnected in INPS. At 100% generation scaling, load flow result is noted with the surplus power of 230.07MW and the grid losses of 154.06 MW which accounts the loss of 6.31% of the total system in-feed. At that scenario, ten (10) 132kV line sections (515.82 ckt.-km length of ACSR Bear and 28 ckt.-km of ACSR Panther) is found to be overloaded by more than 100%. Maximum line loading of 167.22% is noted at Dhalkebar-Mirchaiya section (ACSR Bear) followed by 154.44% at Kusaha-Kataiya (ACSR Bear) section. Gandak-Bardaghat line section having ACSR Panther conductor is also noted to be overloaded by 116.03%. At decreased internal generation, power deficit is fulfilled by the external in-feed which caused the total grid power loss to increase gradually. Critical 132kV line sections found at 100% generation scaling are considered for further analysis to use equivalent HTLS conductor. Replacement of insulators along with erection accessories are also considered in the study. ACCC OSLO conductor having equivalent cross section, weight per unit length and meeting required ultimate tensile strength is considered as equivalent conductor and found the most compactible for both ACSR conductor types. ‘IEEE 738 Standard’ is applied to calculate the derated current carrying capacity of the candidate HTLS conductor under NEA service condition which is found to be 2.45 times higher than ACSR Bear and 2.84 times higher than ACSR Panther conductor for the value of maximum allowable current which is quite satisfactory to consider as an equivalent conductor. Line loading is reduced drastically at all critical line section after conductor uprating viz. a maximum value of 62.78% at Lamosanghuv- Khimti section and 54.83% at Dhalkebar - Mirchaiya section. Line loading value of 25.57% is minimum at Gandak- Bardaghat section. It is also remarkable that the surplus power in INPS generation is found to be 245.67 MW which is more by 15.60 MW than the case before. It means grid power loss is decreased by 15.60 MW which is only 5.67% of total internal generation and it was 6.31% before conductor replacement. vii Sag-tension analysis of old ACSR and HTLS ACCC OSLO conductors is also carried out using PLS-CADD tool to study the behavior at different weather cases. It’s all complied the required criteria for not violating the existing sag at any operating temperature condition of each individual conductor. Total cost estimated for conductor replacement is found to be USD 25.798 Million which is almost equivalent to set up a new 15.60 MW hydropower plant and it is considered as an analogy of grid power loss reduction after conductor replacement. The test of old ACSR conductors, insulators, erection hardware and fitting accessories etc. is recommended as per prevailing IS/BS at accredited laboratory to find the remaining useful life and its technical viability to re-use in new/old transmission lines.Item A Simple and Generalized Model to Compute LT Distribution Loss and Testing of its Applicability(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-07) Adhikari, DeepakThe loss is the major problem for all electric utilities worldwide. Power loss occurs in all parts of the power system that include generation, transmission, and distribution loss. Most of the losses occur in the electricity distribution system. For the economic operation of the power system, these losses should be minimized by formulating and implementing proper loss reduction strategies and techniques. The electric utility can segregate losses, identify their priority, and may launch effective loss reduction strategies and techniques. Distribution feeder losses are grouped as technical loss (TL) and non-technical losses (NTL). The total loss of a LT feeder can be determined by knowing the total energy supplied by a transformer and the energy consumed by all consumers connected to that transformer. The difference between the total loss and technical loss is the non-technical loss and without knowing the TL NTL cannot be determined. But the determination of the TL of a LT feeder by simulation is tedious and time-consuming as the network of the LT line is complex and irregular. Therefore, some mathematical model shall be formulated which can help to determine the TL of the LT line in an easier and faster way. This research intends to find a simple and generalized model to compute LT distribution loss and testing of its applicability. This research is based on the real field data of certain parts of the Balaju Distribution Center, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). Five different distribution feeders of the urban area and five different distribution feeders of the rural area are taken for the analysis. Losses for those distribution feeders are found after load flow analysis on ETAP. Similarly, losses for the same distribution feeders are found using uniformly distributed load (UDL) and uniformly varying load (UVL) concepts and compared with ETAP simulation results. The study shows that, for the urban area, losses obtained from ETAP simulation and UDL concept are nearly equal with a maximum error of 3.86% while that of ETAP and UVL concept is not equal as there is a maximum variation of 51.32%. Similarly, for the rural areas, losses obtained from ETAP simulation and UDL concept are not equal with a maximum error of 26.83% and that of ETAP and UVL concept is also not equal as there is a maximum variation of 23.01%. Thus, the study shows that the losses of rural area LT feeders cannot be computed using either UDL or UVL concept but the losses of urban area LT feeders can be computed using the UDL concept with a maximum error of 3.86 %.Item “Design & Control of Distributed Generations for Micro-Grid Applications”(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-06) Poudel, Yam KrishnaClimate change, its influence on the environment, and natural resources scarcity necessitate scientific research and creative technical solutions for a modern power system. This research aims to develop scientific and technological approaches to “green” technologies, which are environmentally beneficial and long-lasting. Energy and power supply are major priorities. The design and control of distributed power generation systems for micro grid applications was the prime focus of this thesis. A 20 KW micro grid is designed to operate in both modes, albeit primarily in the isolated mode, where solar photovoltaic, wind energy, and battery energy storage modules are included. Maximum Power Point tracking (MPPT) was used to obtain the highest power production from solar photovoltaic and wind energy sources. We used lithium-ion batteries of nominal 48V to store energy produced by PV and wind systems. To maintain a constant voltage of 220V on the DC bus, bi-directional converters were used to control charging and discharging process. The inverter, which is based on a voltage sourced inverter (VSI) was used for supplying power to the AC load. Novel control approach methods were used to maintain power quality and frequency resynchronization. Synchronous reference frame theory (D-Q) with voltage oriented dual control was applied as a control algorithm. Bio inspired metaheuristic technique Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was applied for PID tuning. Islanded mode and grid feeding conditions of micro grids were analyzed, discussed and presented. The results reveal that the system performs satisfactorily under varying generation and load consumption. The PV module consists of total 14 parallel strings and the series connected module per string was set at 6. The output variations were observed from 13KW to 21KW with variations of irradiance of and temperature. The wind power output was 6 KW to 2KW with variations of Speed 12- 8m/s. Lithium-ion batteries rated 420Ah with a nominal discharge current of 182.6887A were used with a normal voltage of 48V. The load variations used were 5KW to 45KW. Higher order filter (LCL filter) was utilized to enhance power quality and performance of two different micro grid cases (i) Islanded mode and (ii) Grid feeding mode was analyzed. This research has a significant impact on the development of micro grids.Item Impact of Increasing Load on the Distribution Network with the addition of Electric Cooking Stoves in Nepali Context(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-07) Shah, Prashant KumarAccording to Nepal’s budget for fiscal year 2079/80, the government has planned to distribute electric cooking stoves (ECS) to each household. With the use of ECS on a large scale, the load on the distribution feeder will increase significantly, resulting in a reduced voltage level at buses, increased loading on the distribution transformer, and, in fact, increased current carried by the feeder conductor. The study focuses mainly on the loading of the distribution transformer (DT), the voltage level at the buses, and the ampacity of the feeder conductor. The study is carried out considering two feeders: the Jorpati feeder in Kathmandu district and the Malangwa feeder in Sarlahi district of Nepal. The impedance, current and power (ZIP) coefficients and load of the study area are estimated by the polynomial load modeling technique on a seasonal basis. The results show that after connecting ECS of different power ratings, the major impact is seen on the Jorpati feeder during the winter season. After incorporating 2000W ECS to each household in Jorpati feeder, there is overloading on 18 DTs and the existing dog conductor will not be able to handle the increasing load current demand. Thus, the optimal cable selection suggests that the existing feeder conductor must be upgraded to a wolf conductor. In order to upgrade the size of 18 DTs and the conductor to a wolf conductor, the utility should invest approximately one crore, seventy-five lakhs and after upgrading the system, use of ECS can be promoted in the Jorpati area. After incorporating 3000W and 4000W ECS, there is overloading on most of the DTs, low voltage levels at buses and the existing dog conductor will not be able to handle the increasing demand for load current. Thus, feeder reconfiguration would be required. Similarly, in the Malangwa feeder, the results show that after connecting ECS of different power ratings, the major impact is seen in the summer season. There is overloading on almost all DTs except the private DTs, low voltage levels at buses and the existing feeder conductor will not be able to handle the increasing load current requirement. Also, the power requirement will not be met by the existing 8MVA power transformer. Hence, Malangwa feeder needs restructuringItem Optimal Transmission Pricing Scheme with Consideration of System Reliability(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-06) B.C, HIKMAT BAHADURThe power industry has become an essential driver of economic progress in our country. Over the past couple of decades, the electricity market has experienced significant transformations in its structure, primarily due to deregulation, which has fostered competition among power generators. However, this deregulation has presented several challenges, including the allocation of transmission embedded costs, effective management of losses, and addressing congestion issues within the integrated market. Within this framework, the cost of transmitting electricity imposed on consumers assumes a critical role as it serves as a variable that can be controlled within the power system. This variable provides valuable signals to generator owners in making decisions about the location, type, and timing of their installations. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in defining the overall efficiency of the market. The primary objective of transmission pricing methodologies is to ensure fair competition within the electricity sector and offer reliable economic indicators. As part of this process, users are required to pay fees for network access and usage to the entity responsible for the network. Various methodologies exist for determining the pricing of transmission usage and access, each serving its purpose in promoting a robust and equitable electricity marketItem Performance Enhancement of Low Voltage Distribution Network by Optimal Inverter Control of Solar PV System(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-06) Chaudhary, SurendraThe thesis highlights the increasing contribution and impact of grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) systems, a type of renewable energy source, in electrical distribution systems. GCPV systems offer several advantages to customers and distribution network utilities. They enable consumers to fulfill their own electricity demand, reduce electricity bills, and even feed surplus power back into the grid. Additionally, GCPV systems can act as backup systems when there is insufficient or no PV generation. The increasing number of network-connected PV inverters also allows for their usage as Volt Ampere Reactive Compensators, which can regulate distribution network voltage and eliminate the need for expensive compensation devices like capacitor banks. However, introducing a large number of small-scale rooftop gridconnected PV systems with varying ratings into the distribution network can lead to technical challenges. One major problem is the voltage rise along the distribution network, causing reverse power flow, especially during low power demand and high PV generation conditions. This voltage rise limits the network's ability to accommodate more PV connections. Another issue is the possibility of voltage drop along the network during periods of no PV generation, particularly when there is high power demand and no PV generation.Item Voltage Profile Improvement and Power Loss Reduction by DG Placement in a Distribution Feeder in Western Nepal(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-06) Rawat, Youb RajA power system is composed of various components that work together to generate, transmit, and distribute electricity to consumers. The distribution system completes the process of delivering electricity to the ultimate users or customers. Radial, loop and network distribution system are basic three types of distribution system design. The radial distribution system is simple and cheapest to build and is extensively used in sparse populated area. However, due to the existence of higher resistance, longer length and lower voltage level in the distribution system network, electrical energy is continuously lost. The distribution system is often viewed as the weakest link in the power system. The ratio of resistance to reactance in a distribution system is higher as compared to transmission system and significant voltage drop along a distribution feeder can cause substantial power and energy losses. Due to Joules effect power loss occurs in distribution feeder account for as much as 13% of the generated energy (1). Therefore, reducing losses in the distribution system is a major challenge for many utility companies worldwide. As per NEA Annual Report 2020/021, in INPS distribution system loss is 10.86%. Reduction of loss in distribution system has been an important area of focus from the time when the development of interconnected power systems. To increase overall effectiveness of the electrical power distribution system, it is crucial to reduce active power loss in the system. By supplying a portion of the reactive demand locally with the aid of capacitors, the active power loss caused by the reactive component of branch current can be decreased (2). Similarly with the help of technique “Reconfiguration of distribution system” power loss of a distribution system can also be reduced (3).Item Battery Energy Storage System for Reducing the Impact of Renewable Energy Sources Penetration on Frequency Regulation(IOE Campus, 2022-09) Jha, Ashutosh KumarGrid losses and carbon impact are reduced by integrating renewable energy sources (wind and photovoltaic) into electricity networks. The intermittent nature of RES, however, greatly diminishes system inertia, which has an impact on the system's ability to dampen and modulate primary frequency regulation. Increased PV penetration may result in induced frequency oscillations that may go against grid operating standards and jeopardize the grid's stability and security. In this thesis, to decrease frequency oscillation by improving primary frequency controllability in accordance with grid code and enable more PV penetration, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) with droop control is suggested. The primary idea of BESS control is to mimic the governor's drooping behavior found in conventional generators. Fossil fuel based conventional producing unit replacement and the consequences of PV integration at various level with line & load contingencies is investigated. The optimal Sizing and location is also achieved through scenario and comparative performance analysis in this research. Theoretically sizing of BESS is done using inertia constant and droop control for 150 MW replacement of conventional generation with PV, 75 MW sizing of BESS is obtained. When a 100 MW of PV is penetrated with temporary and permanent line outage and heavy load, it is observed that frequency of grid is violated i.e. the frequency deviation of G1 & G2 are extremely oscillatory and exceed the required grid limit by 1.0204 (51.02 Hz; G1) and 1.0246pu (51.23 Hz; G2) respectively. With the addition of 50 MW BESS at bus 7 of IEEE 9 bus system, the frequency of G1 and G2 are under NEM 2% grid criteria i.e. 50.365 Hz & 50.487 respectively. Also for IEEE 14 bus system frequency rise violating the grid criteria with frequency 51.5 Hz with 140 MW PV penetration. The frequency observed with 100 MW size of BESS installed at bus 6 is 0.996 pu i.e. 49.8 Hz for both generators and oscillations are also minimized. RMS/EMT simulations are done for all scenarios in Dig silent power factory environment.