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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/26

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An analysis of budgeting allocated and implementation status child friendly local governance in Kathmandu valley
(2024) Magar, Shijan Budha; Maya Timsina
Child friendly local governance ensure that the plans and policies designed at the local level are at the best interest of the children. The study aims to assess the policy relevant to child friendly local governance in the context Nepal, compare the Child friendly Local Governance Budgetary allocation per child population for the year 2076-2081 in Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Bhaktapur Municipality and to analyze the Child Friendly Local Governance plans and programs initiated by Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Bhaktapur Municipality for 2076-2081. Nepal has ratified different international convention that supports in the promotion of child friendly local governance. Nepal has progressively strengthened children's rights since 1990. Bhaktapur Municipality demonstrates higher percentages of budget allocation for CFLG compared to Kathmandu Metropolitan City, albeit with significant annual fluctuations. Bhaktapur demonstrated a more dynamic but inconsistent commitment, while Kathmandu showed gradual improvement but with lower overall allocations. There are differences in the prioritization of child-friendly governance between the two municipalities, with Bhaktapur over the years. Kathmandu showed significant changes in budget allocation per child in 2080/081, while Bhaktapur maintained a steady and consistent allocation per child throughout the years. It is recommended to align the plan and polices with the national strategy of Child Friendly Local Governance of Nepal. The Study recommended to allocate consistent budget and to develop the capacity of the employees as well as other stakeholders regarding CFLG. Keywords: Child-Friendly, Local Governance, Budget, Plans, Policies, Programs
Elements of the generation writings in J. D. salinger's The catcher in the Rye
(2025) Shakya, Anu; Anirudra Thapa
This thesis explores the elements of the Beat Generation's writings in J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. The novel articulates a protagonist, Holden Caufield, who is laminating upon the bygone days and has no sense of urgency in rectifying his mistakes. He is absorbed in lustfulness and maddened with modern desires including boozing, squandering, and strolling. On the one hand, the protagonist resembles American standardization and on the other hand, he rejects the social convention by redefining sexuality, religion, and philosophy which is similar to the aspirations of the Beat Generation which was booming during the context of the novel. In this connection, this study focuses on four specific questions: Why does the protagonist stand in liminal space? What purpose does the novel serve in igniting the Beat Generation's writing? How does J. D. Salinger imbue the aspiration of the Beat Generation and in doing so, how does he challenge American standardization? To these questions, the research embodies the new historicist perspective, especially dealing with Stephen Greenblatt’s notion of new historicism or cultural , and argues that Salinger’s protagonist is neither an absolute representation of Americans nor an active activist of the Beat Generation. He gives double exposition, the dark reality of American culture, and the result of American standardization. The study claims that Salinger has adopted the elements of the Beat Generation writings that include sexuality, religion/philosophy, and economy not only to show his alignment with the movement but also to illuminate the unprecedented desensitization of Americanness that impuissant the present, unavailing the sterile future of the American culture. Keywords: Americanness, liminal space, transition, brutality, sterilization
B. P. Koirala's Atmabrittanta; Politics of Autobiography
(2011) Subedi, Deepak; Krishna Chandra Sharma
Atmabrittanta is a remarkable autobiography of B.P. Koirala (1914-1982) a thinker and politician. Politics of autobiography is the prime issue of this text. In it B.P. not only incorporates personal life but also endeavors to include the then period of national and international political scenario trying to present him as a national leader. While presenting Atmabrittant, he compares it with Gandhi's autobiography, An Experiment with Truth. It is the politics of Koirala to show himself supreme leader. B.P. was the diplomatic political leader who wanted to hold the power in Nepalese politics. He is the advocate of nationality but unsuccessful to form the separate national identity. B.P. developed the political theory of democratic socialism in the context of Nepal, but it was not implemented into practice. In Atmabrittanta, B.P. highlighted socio-political movement and reformation lead by him which makes the text more political than personal.
Narratives of marginality and resistance in Arundhati roy's The ministry of Utmost happiness
(2025) Baduwal, Lekhak; Tara Lal Shrestha
This thesis examines the subversive roles of oppressed characters in Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. It focuses on Anjum and how she resists systemic oppression. The study shows how Roy weaves stories of marginalized communities fighting against injustice within a socio-political framework. Using New Historicism, it explores how the novel connects personal stories, like the Kashmir conflict and injustices against minorities, to broader historical and cultural contexts. Anjum, a transgender woman, establishes a sanctuary for outcasts, symbolizing the voiceless reclaiming agency and appealing for justice and equality amid societal and political suppression. It also highlights how marginalized individuals are often controlled by political forces, while expressing dissatisfaction and frustration with the unstable Indian government due to power hegemony, the greed of politicians, and the exploitation of downtrodden people. Through the lens of Stephen Greenblatt's new historicist perspective, the narrative emerges as a discourse that intertwines individual personal journeys with a larger metaphor of societal subversion. Key Words: Discrimination, power, politics, resistance, existence
Politics of Urban semiotics in selected street photos from webb's the suffering of light and a city of a hundred names
(2024) Rimal, Bishow; Shiva Rijal
This thesis explores the intricate interplay between urban semiotics and cultural identity in selected photographs from Alex Webb’s The Suffering of Light and A City of a Hundred Names through a detailed analysis of some selected images. Employing theoretical frameworks from Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, and Stuart Hall, the research examines the visual strategies employed by Webb to convey themes of visibility, cultural negotiation, and the human experience within the urban landscape. The findings reveal that Webb’s photographs serve not only as documentation of everyday life but also as critical commentaries on the socio-political dynamics shaping cultural identities, illuminating the interactions between tradition and modernity, the visible and the hidden, and the self and the other. By analyzing Webb’s approach to light and shadow, his nuanced use of spatial tension, and the oftenambiguous relationships among his subjects, this thesis emphasizes how these visual elements amplify the emotional resonance of his work. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how street photography functions as a medium for exploring the broader implications of globalization, displacement, and cultural hybridity in contemporary society. Ultimately, this thesis positions Webb’s work as a visual discourse that interrogates the boundaries of identity, agency, and belonging in an increasingly interconnected world. Keywords: street photography, semiotics, urban, culture, politics
Democratic Radicalism in MohsinHamidꞌsThe Reluctant Fundamentalist
(2024) Pulami, Raj Kumar; Komal Phuyal
This thesis entitled Democratic Radicalism in Mohsin Hamidꞌs The Reluctant Fundamentalist explores, how Changez, the protagonist, embodies the principles of Democratic Radicalism through his evolving identity and critique of American imperialism. This study applies theoretical insights from Hegemony and Socialist Strategy by Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe. The main aim of this study is to illustrate Changezꞌs shift from embracing American ideals to opposing hegemonic power. This study concludes that The Reluctant Fundamentalist illustrates how personal and political identities can be reshaped through opposition to prevailing systems, embodying the principles of Democratic Radicalism. By demonstrating that social identities are dynamic and can be transformed through individual experiences and shifting political contexts, the novel advocates a more equitable and thoughtful perspective on socio-political issues. It exemplifies how identities are fluid and can be contested through acts of resistance. Keywords: Identity articulation, Empty, Open-ended, Critique Imperialism, Democracy
Transnational Identity in Micheal Ondatjee's The English Patient
(2024) Mabo, Srijana; Maheswor Poudel
This thesis explores transnational encounters in the Michel Ondaatje’s novel The English Patient. Set during the final days of the Second World War, the novel weaves together the stories of characters from diverse backgrounds, reflecting a complex web of national and cultural identities. This research argues that the novel's narrative structure and characters’ interactions highlight the fluidity of national boundaries and the interconnectedness of personal histories across different cultures and continents.The thesis illustrates how transnational experiences shape individual’s identities and sense of belonging by looking at the connections and lives of figures like Almasy (the English patient), Hana (the Canadian nurse),Caravaggio (the Italian thief), Kip (the Indian Sikh sapper), Katherine Clifton and Geoffrey Clifton. The characters' journeys highlight the persistent human drive for connection and comprehension across cultural and national boundaries, underscoring the significance of empathy and unity in a divided world. The study uses literary transnationalism to examine how the novel portrays the dissolution of national boundaries and the emergence of hybrid identities in the midst of displacement and conflict. The English Patient thus acts as a powerful reminder of the potential to overcome borders and embrace the diversity of human experiences amid conflict and displacement. Keywords: transnationalism, nationalionalism, identity, encounters, hybridity, boundaries
Gender Trauma in Faustina Bama’s Karukku
(2024) Khanal, Bhabana; Tara Lal Shrestha
This study explores gender trauma in Faustina Bama’s Karukku, an autobiographical narrative that details the author’s experiences as a Dalit Christian woman navigating caste-based and gender-based oppression. The text reveals how casteism and patriarchy intersect to perpetuate trauma for Dalit women, who face layered forms of discrimination, marginalization, and social invisibility. By examining the dual oppression Bama endures—as both a Dalit and a woman—this analysis delves into how societal structures deny her dignity, autonomy, and equal opportunities, trapping her in a cycle of subjugation and silence. Her experiences within the Church further amplify this trauma, as religious institutions, instead of offering refuge, reinforce caste hierarchies, creating a sense of betrayal and disillusionment. This study situates Karukku within trauma theory and feminist frameworks to highlight the profound psychological impacts of caste-based gender trauma. It argues that Bama’s narrative not only documents personal suffering but also exposes the collective trauma of Dalit women, transforming her individual story into a voice for resistance and reclamation of identity within oppressive systems. Key Words: caste-based discrimination, gender trauma, patriarchal society.
Echoes of ancestral drums; critique of mainstream modernity in chinua achebe's no longer at Ease
(2024) Bhusal, Tribikram; Badri Prasad Acharya
This thesis examines the negative impact of mainstream modernity upon Nigerian society in Chinua Achebe’s novel No Longer at Ease, set on the eve of Nigeria’s independence from British colonial rule. Recounting the incidents in the life of the protagonist, Obi Okonkwo, the novel foregrounds the consequences of Western values instilled in him after studying in England. His attitudes and beliefs regarding Igbo tradition and communal values change, consequently, affecting the whole Igbo community. Obi’s father, Isaac, a convert to Christianity, immerses himself in Christian values over Igbo tradition, while his mother, Hannah, forbids him from marrying the outcast Clara Okeke, clinging to the discriminatory aspects of tradition that require reformation for a more robust Igbo tradition. It is a qualitative research that deploys the theoretical lens of Transmodern Studies. In my thesis, I have adopted Enrique Dussel’s concept of ‘transmodernity’, Ziauddin Sardar’s differentiation of ‘tradition and traditionalism’, Frantz Fanon’s approach to ‘decolonization’, and Paul Gilroy’s ‘transnational approach’. Transmodernity offers an alternative to Western Modernity in order to incorporate tradition and communal values in the context of a Nigerian society. Decolonization enlightens how Western values were used to support colonial projects in Nigeria and exposes their perceived superiority as an illusion. Meanwhile, transnational approach strategically unites Nigerians worldwide to continue their traditional values wherever they reside. This study concludes that non- Western societies including African societies should critically engage with and challenge Western modernity, promote their own valuable traditions, reform discriminatory aspects, and reject uncritical cultural assimilation. Keywords: tradition, traditionalism, modernity, post-modernity, trans-modernity, colonialism, decolonization, Igbo culture
Ecofeminist sensibility in adiche's Purple Hibiscus and markandaya;s Nectar in a Sieve
(2024) Thapa, Mangal Bahadur; Ram Chandra Paudel
The present study examinesthe connection between women and nature in Chimamanda Ngochi Adichie‘s novel Purple Hibiscus and Kamala Markandaya‘s Nectar in a Sieve from the perspective of ecofeminism. The female characters in these novels demonstrate a deep connection to nature through their actions. They are similar in their attempt to resist patriarchal and capitalist systems that seek to exploit both women and nature. Kambili and Ifeomafrom Purple Hibiscus resist domination overtly whereas Rukminifrom Nectar in a Sieve resists it covertly. In addition, Ifeoma's gardening or Kambili's spiritual renewal in nature and Rukmini‘s devotion to farming demonstrate their connection to nature. Following the qualitative research design, thisstudy brings ideas from the works of Vandana Shiva, Greta Gaard, and ValPlumwood to develop a theoretical framework to analyze the primary texts. The study concludes that women share a connection with mother earth and they also show their resistance in necessity. The majority of male characters are found to be anti- nature. In Purple Hibiscus, Eugene, Kambili's father and Ifeoma's brother, is an obstacle to female characters as they try to establish a connection with nature, as his strict adherence to capitalist and religious doctrines limits their freedom to engage with the natural world. However, Kambili‘s mother kills Eugene and thus the women eventually have their way. In Nectar in a Sieve, Rukmini‘sresistance to construction of the building of tannery,however, fails as she remains unheard. Nevertheless, their opposition to capitalist and patriarchal values and their attachments to the earth demonstrate their ecofeminist sensibility. Keywords: Ecofeminism, women, resistance, capitalism, patriarchy, nature,
Interface between disability and racism in Harper Lee's to Kill a Mockingbird
(2024) Shrestha, Bikesh; Bal Bahadur Thapa
This research explores the interface between race and disability in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, emphasizing how societal attitudes intertwine these constructs to marginalize individuals. The novel portrays a racial hierarchy in which black individuals like Tom Robinson are figuratively disabled by systemic racism. Tom faced both physical and racial problems in his life. He faced the physical disability despite his injured left arm; societal biases strip him off agency and autonomy. His attempts to resolve the challenges in his life through legal avenues reveal the structural obstacles faced by African Americans in a prejudiced society. Tom Robinson faces physical injury is overshadowed by the societal prejudice that labels him incapable and untrustworthy solely based on his skin color. The legal system's failure to protect Tom illustrates how racial discrimination creates figurative disabilities by denying individuals the rights and protections afforded to others. Boo Radley, another key figure in the novel, highlights how perceived disability and societal exclusion intersect. However, he, as a white man, he is offered a legal protection. Deriving insights about disability from Lennard Davis' theory and about the nexus between racism and power from Colette Guillaumin and George M. Fredrickson, this study establishes how prejudice whether rooted in race,disability or both serve to ostracize and marginalize individuals. Meanwhile, the study also points out the ways both disabled characters, Robinson and Boo, are treated differently along the line of race and thereby they face diametrically opposite consequences. Keywords: interface, disability, race, racism, prejudice
Human- Nature relationship in carl Hiaasen's Hoot
(2024) Lama, Purna Bahadur; Bal Bahadur Thapa
This research explores how Carl Hiaasen's novel Hoot acknowledges children's contributions in saving the burrowing owls from the businessperson's capitalistic business venture. The poor child character, Mullet Fingers appears as a source of inspiration for other children and adults in the conservation of naturefrom anthropocentric business venture. Examining the relationship between nature and business venture, this study further critiques the anthropocentric activities of the business ventures from Chris Diehm's perspective on ecotage, ecodefense, and deep ecology. The findings connect unity, inspiration and struggle of children for the conservation of nature and inhabitants of the wildlife. Key words: anthropocentrism, children's protest, business venture, wildlife protection
Gender Trauma in Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills
(2024) Dhakal,Asmita; Laxman Bhatta
The central goal of this research is to throw light on the harsh realities regarding how much a woman can be traumatized by patriarchal ideology in Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills. By applying the concept of gender trauma, this research explores gender discrimination, betrayal, effects of war, national humiliation of Japan following the Second World War as some of the important causes of women’s trauma. To prove this research, the researcher has used the idea of Urvasi Bhutalia, Kamala Bhasin, Ritu Menon, Judith Herman, Kali Tal, Helen Moglen, Cathy Caurth and Dominick LaCapra who are known as the theorist of Gender Trauma. Keiko is unable to keep control over her life after the separation of her father and mother. Her mother picks up a British citizen and goes to live with him in London. Etsuko calls Keiko to come with her. But Keiko is so fascinated and trapped in her solitary cast of mind that she ultimately commits suicide. Etsuko’s inability to understand Keiko is responsible for Keiko’s suicidal end. Sachiko’s daughter, Mariko, also commits suicide due to the similar problem faced by Keiko. In her narrative mode of dialogic interaction with Niki, the defeat of Japan and the loss of thousands of lives in atomic explosion create traumatic shocks and gaps. While living with Jiro, she witnesses constant threat of self-annihilation and unfamiliar violence. In a fierce encounter, Jiro dies. The horrible death of Jiro paralyzes Niki’s mother completely. The trauma of Sachiko and Keiko is told and retold by Etsuko so that she could get rid of the agony and effect of traumatic experience. Over time she is surrounded by uncontrolled pain, agony and abnormality. Etsuko regards Japanese culture as the sole cause of increasing phenomenon of youth’s suicide. Keywords: trauma, antisocial, patriarchal, psychic, psychological
Political of feminist auto\ Ethnography; personal as political in annie ernaus's a woman's story
(2025) Dhakal, Alina; Badri Prasad Acharya
This thesis delves into the inseparability of individual and the social in Annie Ernaux’s A Woman‟s Story that can be approached as auto/ethnographical text/ auto-socio-biographique (Ernaux’s own concept). She brings more sociologically grounded style by diverging from French Feminist thought of 1980s though she writes in the same period. She gives emphasis on identity which is shaped not only by gender, but also by a complex interplay of class status, sexual orientation and so on. This study also explores the dynamics of gender and class through the author and her mother’s shared history within the broader socio-political and historical context of the twentieth century France. She also raises the political issue of returning to origin through mental homecoming to her working class root. She also addresses cultural memory in the name of individual memory while narrating her own and her mother’s story of double exploitation and class based humiliation. Additionally, this thesis examines Ernaux’s balance of ethical and moral relations, that is, writing her mother’s and her own story within the ethical frame of mother-daughter relationship to, addressing all collective working class women of her mother’s generation and community. Furthermore, this study situates itself within the broader framework of feminist auto/ethnographic and philosophical theory of Marilyn Metta, Jacquelyn Allen-Collinson and Luce Irigaray respectively. It concludes that A Woman‟s Story bears the politics of feminist auto/ethnography, that is, personal as political by depicting personal stories are shaped by, and reflect, social conditions. Keywords: autoethnography, ethics, politics, identity, voicing the voiceless, cultural memory, return to origin
Ecological sensibility in the Valmiki Ramayan
(2025) Bhusal, Damodar; Ram Chandra Paudel
This dissertation offers an ecocritical interpretation of the Valmiki Ramayana, arguing that the text functions not only as a religious and cultural epic but also as an essential ecological document. Through a detailed analysis of the interactions between humans, animals, plants, and the environment, this research reveals the Ramayana’s sophisticated ecological consciousness. By analyzing botanical, arboreal, and animal imagery, the study demonstrates how the Ramayana provides a profound reflection on ecological balance, interdependence, and sustainability, contributing significantly to contemporary discussions on environmental ethics. This ecocritical reading reframes the Ramayana as a key text for understanding ancient ecological wisdom in light of modern environmental challenges. The study adopts an interdisciplinary methodology that integrates ecocriticism, deep ecology, and comparative literary analysis, applying frameworks such as Arne Naess’s Deep Ecology, John Hannigan’s Arcadian Discourse, and O.P. Dwivedi’s Dharmic Ecology. For instance, Naess’s emphasis on the intrinsic value of all living beings is reflected in the Ramayana’s portrayal of nature as an active and sentient force. Similarly, Hannigan’s Arcadian Discourse provides a lens to examine how Valmiki idealizes the forest as a place of peace and moral clarity, particularly in episodes such as Rama’s journey through the Dandaka forest. Dwivedi’s Dharmic Ecology enriches the interpretation of the Ramayana by highlighting the sentience of plants and animals, framing them as essential to the spiritual and ecological balance of the epic. In terms of methodology, this research goes beyond mere textual analysis by applying theoretical frameworks to specific episodes, thereby concretizing the abstract ecological principles embedded in the text. For example, Naess’s Deep Ecology is applied to the narrative structure of the Ramayana, emphasizing the interdependence of all life forms. The study further explores how the concept of Arcadian Discourse is manifested in the portrayal of the Dandaka forest, where the natural world becomes a refuge from human corruption and palace politics. Dwivedi’s Dharmic Ecology is applied to the sentient role of plants and animals, particularly in chapters focusing on the ethical reciprocity between humans and non-human entities, such as in the relationship between Rama and the Vanaras. The findings emphasize how the Ramayana weaves a complex ecological web that positions plants, animals, and forests as moral agents within the narrative. The concept of "Sylvan Imagination" is central to this reading, where trees, such as the Ashoka and Kadamba, embody spiritual and emotional resilience, while the Sanjeevani herb represents nature’s power to heal and sustain life. Additionally, the dissertation explores how non-human characters like Jatayu, the vulture, and Hanuman, the monkey god, challenge anthropocentric interpretations by showcasing the ethical and ecological agency of animals in maintaining cosmic balance. These characters demonstrate that the Ramayana advocates for recognizing the moral significance of all beings, human and non-human alike. This research fills a crucial gap in Ramayana scholarship by reinterpreting the text’s symbolic representations of nature. Previous studies have primarily focused on anthropocentric themes, overlooking how Valmiki consciously foregrounds the natural world to emphasize ecological reciprocity. For instance, the study highlights how the Ramayana situates trees and forests as more than passive backdrops; they actively participate in shaping the human narrative. The depiction of Sita’s connection to the Ashoka tree during her captivity in Ashoka Vatika demonstrates the centrality of flora in the epic’s spiritual and emotional landscape. Similarly, Hanuman’s retrieval of the Sanjeevani herb to heal Lakshmana underscores nature’s role in maintaining life and restoring balance. The dissertation also addresses the contemporary relevance of the Ramayana’s ecological vision, drawing parallels between ancient and modern environmental crises such as climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. While ancient texts may not offer direct solutions to modern issues, they provide frameworks for understanding humanity’s longstanding relationship with nature. By applying Valmiki’s insights to today’s ecological challenges, this research argues that the Ramayana calls for a reconnection with the environment, urging modern readers to reconsider their role in ecological stewardship. The epic’s pauses to reflect on natural phenomena are presented as intentional and meaningful, inviting readers to recognize the significance of nature in human life. The contribution of this dissertation extends beyond literary studies into the realm of environmental ethics, suggesting that premodern texts like the Ramayana can inform contemporary ecological thought. By recontextualizing the Ramayana as an ecological text, this research expands the scope of ecocriticism, offering a new interpretation of how literature can shape environmental consciousness. The Ramayana’s portrayal of nature as an active participant in the moral and spiritual order reinforces the importance of sustainability and ecological balance, concepts that resonate deeply with modern environmental discourse. In conclusion, this dissertation positions the Valmiki Ramayana as a critical text for both literary and environmental studies. Its rich ecological imagery and the ethical agency attributed to non-human characters provide a unique framework for understanding the interconnectedness of life. The findings from this research emphasize the relevance of ancient wisdom in addressing today’s ecological crises. Ultimately, the study calls for a deeper appreciation of the natural world, advocating for a harmonious coexistence that respects all forms of life. By engaging with the ecological themes in the Ramayana, this research contributes meaningfully to the growing discourse on literature’s role in shaping environmental sensitivity and promoting sustainable living practices.
Modernity in Nepali Music: Retracing Evolution of Pop/Rock Music
(2018) Chhetri, Ram Bahadur; Dhurba Bahadur Karki
The dissertation studies the rhetoric of Nepali music during the 1960s to 1990s with an aim of exploring the traces of western musical culture on Nepali pop-music culture of the time. The paper sheds light on how the pop/rock culture in 1990s boomed with the western sound and technology and how the end of Panchayat political system and the beginning of the new political system in Nepal contributed in it. The end of the Panchayat system marks a key point of departure in the history of pop and rock music in Nepal. This political change opened the flood gates of western music (which was previously considered to have an adverse influence in the society and culture because of the pitfall of hippie era) into Nepali music scene. That point onwards, many youngsters formed pop/rock bands appeared in the mainstream music scene, especially performing at concerts at different places in the Kathmandu valley, displaying western instruments and unusual forms of clothing in line with global fashion. With the nation‘s exposure to the outer world and the growth of media and technology, the youth started getting better opportunity to compose and release their songs of western genres. This research paper shows a range of possible themes and styles that manifest modernity in Nepali popular (pop/rock) music. In the process, the study has gone through a brief discussion of the development of modern music before the 1990s followed by the interpretation of 5 selected songs by closely examining them in the theoretical frame of modernity and globalization. It has presented that manifestation of the influence of the Western music culture was boomed in Nepali popular music of 1990s. Thus, this research excavates the role of the modern musicians‘ and singers‘ contribution to promote the modern music and provide a ground to develop the practice of the music of western trend which was a global trend of the time.
Politics of Benevolence; Analyzing claire keegna's small things like These
(2025) Aryal, Shivaram; Maheshwor Paudel
This thesis critically analyses the ideological root of the Good Shepherd’s convents depicted in Small Things Like these, in order to explore the disguise of exploitation in the name of benevolence. The thesis deconstructs the perception of Good Shepherd’s convent as benevolent institution, revealing it instead a site of systemic exploitation and confinement through the theoretical frameworks of Louis Althusser’s ideology and Roland Barthes’ myth. It examines how ideological frameworks and mythic constructs are utilized to uphold such institutions and influence individual subjectivity. It claims that the novel portrays façade of benevolence by depicting how unwed women and girls are reduced to mere worker of the convent’s laundry, deprived of identity, and valued only for their utility to the convent. The analysis focuses on how these women and girls are brought to the convent through the restrictive laws that tamed the freedom of women. The thesis concludes that the Good Shepherd's convent as a space of confinement and oppression, veiled behind the guise of education and benevolence. As a newly formed nation-state, Ireland adopted Roman Catholic ideals of ‘virtue, purity, and chastity,’ perceiving unmarried pregnant women and girls as threats to its national ideology. By enforcing restrictive legislation, the state not only limited women’s participation in public life but also institutionalized the confinement of women and girls who defied these societal norms. Keywords: benevolence, politics, ideology, myth, convent, women,
Indiain Historical and Literary Writings: A Critique of Representation
(2024) Yadav, Prabhu Ray; KomalPrasad Phuyal
The research analyses how India has been represented in historical and literary writings and explores the causes for such deviation in representations.Native historical writings discover the inner strength of India, while English literary writings under British colonial influence distort India as a land of emotions, magic and sentiments only Indian scholars Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) and the first elected Prime Minister of newly independent India Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) represent the historic India which upholds the faith in humanity and commitment to unity whereas the foreign novelists, Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) and E. M. Forster (1879- 1970) examine the literary India with its cultural diversity, yet inferiority. These Eastern and Western scholars have had their distinct representation of India and its glimpses manifested in their historical and literary works. Tagore‘s Nationalism (1917), Nehru's The Discovery of India (1946), Kipling‘s Kim (1901), and Forster‘s A Passage to India (1924) are the major texts taken into consideration to substantiate the major arguments. TheIndian native scholars Tagore and Nehru represent India as an entity upholding faith in humanity, global brotherhood and cosmopolitan outlooks.Through their writing, theyshape the world as one family of national and international communities having supportive, cooperative and friendly relations. They say, let us not do to others that we do not want to be done to ourselves. The English writers, Kipling and Forster give a glimpse of the cultural and religious diversity of British India, but with a derogatory colonial lens of demeaning it. The foreign literary writings of the Westernscholars have left an ambiguous imprint on India. The research examines a gap between the Eastern and the Western scholars on the way of looking at India. How do these historical and literary interpretations of India come closer to and are different from each other? Why do these Indian native and English authors have their two respective projections of India in their writings as they present them? Tagore and Nehru project India with its unique features and varieties of forms, especially considering it too vast in its area and too diverse in its races, from the historical perspective, and Kipling and Forster examine India based on their perception of India's culture, mindset and behavior through literary perspective. The research reveals that while the Indian writers take pride in the historical glory of Indian culture and history; the Western writers look at India in a prejudiced and intolerant way because of the deep-rooted colonial and imperialistic mindset that projects the West as superior and the East as inferior. Tagore‘s Nationalism portrays India seeking true unity encompassingthe globe with a faith in humanity. Culturally, India‘s diversity has been accepted as a fact figure from the beginning of its history. On the other hand, Nehru‘s The Discovery of India analyzes how Indians have had a dream of unity. It has occupied the Indian mind since the beginning of civilization. Indian diversity is acknowledged and encouraged in recorded history. The core value of Indian unity appears to be Nehru‘s central concern. Contrarily, Kipling‘s novel Kim, though it presents a kaleidoscopic view of the cultural and religious diversity of India, is a portrayal of misinformation about the historical (the real) India because of its controversialdepiction of British colonialism. India remains unexplored due to the colonial perceptions of the British administrators, officials, and bureaucrats, and is presented to be inferior. Forster‘s A Passage to India does not analyze the cultural bonds of the Indian people. The English writers fail to do so under the hallucination of Indian history and its enigmatic ties of beauties that never come true in the study of India.The literary works of Kipling and Forster vividly bring out the twofold distinctions of the east west between the colonized and the colonizers. Both novels shed light on the contradictions embedded in the global dimensions. The research has adopted the qualitative approach to understand, envision, interpret, analyze, and reflect upon the issue of India's representation in selected writings of Indian and English writers. Based on the close reading of selected texts, the researcher has tried to discover and describe the narratives, and interpret and analyze them to reflect upon how and why India has been represented in different ways by natives and foreigners. Theoretical insights have been received from Edward Said and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. It can be gathered that foreign writers divide the globe into two spheres as supercontinent, the West and the subcontinent, the East. Superiority is deeply exercised by the supercontinent, whereas inferiority based on muddled thinking, is attributed to the subcontinent. The conflict between the supercontinent and the subcontinent gives rise to critical insights as postulated in Edward Said‘s Orientalism and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak‘s A Critique of Postcolonial Reason. These theoretical viewshelp interpret the British India projected in the literary works of Western novelists from literary perspectives. The historic argumentbased on rich heritage, ancient tradition of India isa livedportrayal and it enrichs with the inspirational wisdom. India‘s portrayal fromliterary perspective of the Western novelists rests on literal meaning without acknowledging the roots of its philosophical tradition, culture, and rich Indian heritage. They view India from the foreigners perspectiveand present itwith mundane representation. The history portrayed by Tagore and Nehru is to emphasizehuman virtue which bearvalue based civilization tostrengthen, deepen and embrace the lived and close relations with peopleacross the world, rather the historythat justbelongs to long myths and events of any country or its people. The research findings of the study build on historical (the real) India. It interprets the native scholars‘ version of historical India found in human ethics, manners and moral values. Their insightful wisdom and knowledge about historical India focus on philosophers and seers like holy men and sages of ancient time like the Buddha, Ashoka, Yagnavalkya,Kautilya, and others. But the literary or imaginative India portrays English novelists' version influenced by mindset, economic, cultural, and educational dominations. India, thus, appears different to the Indian and the British scholars. The research mentions as a whole that a better understanding of India can be acquired through an engagement with historic India rather than the literary, fictional or imaginary India. The study also engages readers more to decipher the true glory of India by trying to understand India historically from past to present rather than by carving a temporal imaginary representation of India. The western authors‘ literary approach comparatively loses the spirit of civilization in the light of Indian historic portrayals of artistic and cultural values. These Eastern and Western writers have shown Indian history and literature with two divergent interpretatoins and analysis. The research drives readers to perceive historic and literary India in a comprehensive way. The research sums up India‘s representation in its historic and literary writings through the perspectives of Indiannative historians and British colonialauthors.Before the independence of India, these two native and foreign scholars narrated thehistorical and the literary texts of Indiawhich was in a big turbulent condition. These East – West thinkers, philosophers and scholars, though belong tothe same age, their features and narratives are different.Historical Indiaconcretized by Tagore and Nehru,potentially,presents past, present and future capabilities to empower human dignity and value in every corner of the world. The portrayal of India by these two continental scholars, namely Tagore, Nehru, Kipling and Forster,deliberately offer contribution as well as complexity totheir historic and literary writings on a large scale..
Political Transformation and Media Representation of Nepali Subaltern Political Persona
(2009) Dhital, Rajendra; Shiva Rijal
Nepal's Constituent Assembly (CA) election marked a major step forward in the process of Nepalese political transformation. It is made milestone for far more representation of minority and subaltern group in the current Nepali politics. The representation of minority group, Dalits, Janajatis, Madhesis in CA has made a Nepali political structure more inclusive. Proportional representation system in CA election and their involvement in political process made them political persona. This thesis paper depicts the representation of those minorities and subaltern political personas in national news papers. Basically, it includes some photographs and illustrations of political persona published in the The Kathmandu Post and Kantipur Daily during CA election period Mid- March to Mid-June 2008. The example of given photographs in this thesis work is like a scene of peripety. It is seen in Nepali politics now. The media coverage, with photographs, of the new faces of minority group, women, Dalit, Madhesi and Adivasi that was not seen in politics before like old established politicians. Media representation of those faces also indicates the political transformation and inclusive system in political structure of Nepal.
Magar Performance Culture: A Nexus between Global and Local
(2011) Gaire, Bimal; Pushpa Raj Acharya
This thesis mainly focuses the Magar performance culture. Despite their cultural uniqueness, their tribal performance culture is getting transformed day by day. Although a rise of new consciousness for cultural nationalism, which predominate the Magar of Gulmi district too, has great impact on them, the pressure of external forces is tending to make their primitive cultural boundary vulnerable. Among various cultural performance Sorathi and Maruni are the important song and dance which performance every occasion in their cultural performance such as marriage ceremony, annual dance party etc. Particularly this thesis focus on this performance culture and its different mode and aspect of performance.

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