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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/26

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From Victim to Victor: Mukhtar Mai's In the Name of Honor a Memoir of Courage and Resistance
(2024) Gautam, Tirtharaj; Shiva Raj Panta
Mukhtar Mai's memoir In the Name of Honor vividly portrays the harsh realities faced by women in patriarchal societies. This research explores the profound significance of silence within her narrative, analyzing how power dynamics shape characters' experiences. Mai's ordeal highlights not just physical but also psychological exploitation, symbolizing broader challenges faced by women in conservative Muslim societies likes Pakistan. Unlike many victims, Mai defies societal expectations by seeking justice through legal channels, despite the daunting requirements for proving rape. Her courage garners global media attention and support, ultimately catalyzing national and international advocacy efforts. Her resilience not only challenges patriarchal norms but also empowers other women, symbolizing a collective struggle against female exploitation. Theoretical insights reveal how silence and power dynamics shape perceptions of reality in Mai's narrative. This thesis employs a feminist lens to analyze Mai's resistance and the societal response to her case. The findings underscore the transformative impact of Mai's activism, demonstrating that perpetrators of female exploitation can be held accountable under the law. Mai's initiative in establishing a school for girls emerges as a creative resistance against patriarchal structures, empowering marginalized women with education and awareness of their rights. Her story exemplifies a broader movement for gender justice in Pakistan, highlighting the transformative potential of individual courage in challenging systemic oppression. Keywords: Patriarchy, Oppression, Sexual Assault, Resistance, Empowerment.
Role of family background teachers, and board examination on students' academic performance
(2024) Kunwar, Ramesh Jang; Pramod Bhatta
Not available
The realistic representation of the working class in Mahasweta Devi’s The glory of sri sri ganesh
(2024) Dawadi, Binod; Raj Kishor Singh
The research delves into the depiction of feudal domination and the subsequent class struggle between feudal lords and their oppressed workers. Analyzing the novel through the theoretical frameworks of Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, the study illustrates how the feudal characters, Medini Singh and Ganesh Singh, embody bourgeois power, subjugating the proletariat characters such as Lachhima and Rukmani. Initially submissive, these workers transform by resisting, reflecting Marxist concepts of class consciousness and the inevitability of worker rebellion. The novel, set in rural areas of India, captures the extreme forms of feudalism persisting post-Indian independence and the awakening of the proletariat leading to the eventual overthrow of their oppressors. Lachhima’s evolution from a compliant servant to a revolutionary figure symbolizes the collective struggle and triumph of the working class. Devi's narrative critiques the feudal system and celebrates the resilience and unity of the proletariat, aligning with Marxist and cultural resistance theories. The symbolic death of Ganesh signifies the end of feudal tyranny and the dawn of emancipation and equality, highlighting the novel as a powerful testament to the enduring struggle for social justice. Keywords: Feudal Domination, Unity of Proletariats, Resistance of Working Class, Emancipation, Equality
Delayed Revenge in Benazir’s Life: Reading Daughter of the Destiny
(2024) Gc, Simon; Mani Bhadra Gautam
This thesis explores the theme of delayed revenge in Benazir Bhutto’s life, as depicted in her autobiography, Daughter of Destiny, and how she attained power through perseverance. Benazir Bhutto portrays her struggles and pains as steps towards success, emphasizing the importance of self-control, patience, endurance, and practice in overcoming obstacles. She dedicates her autobiography to her father, honoring his life and legacy, and imparting the key lesson she learned from him: the significance of timing in politics. This lesson guided her throughout her life. Bhutto's narrative serves not only as a personal memoir but also as a potent political statement and a form of rebellion against her adversaries and the martial regime. The thesis particularly highlights the concept of delayed revenge and its psychological benefits, illustrating how it helps maintain mental balance. The pursuit of immediate revenge can lead to emotional breakdowns and irrational decisions, driving individuals to madness. Internal factors may influence one’s decisions, sometimes leading to regrettable actions. Bhutto herself faced moments where she was tempted by revenge but chose to move forward without succumbing to it. Her practice of delayed gratification enabled her to stay stable and sane despite the pain. Bhutto’s approach aligns with Freud’s concepts of the unconscious, consciousness, and subconscious, which contribute to psychological stability without losing one’s mind. Keywords: delayed revenge, unconsciousness, psychological disbalance, military regime, delayed gratification
A resistance to patriarchy in Han Kang’s the vegetarian
(2024) Lama, Sunmita; Dinesh Bhandari
This paper explores resistance to patriarchy in Han Kang’s The Vegetarian from a feminist perspective. A woman making a choice on her own in a patriarchal society is largely a matter of suspicion and more importantly a rejection of male chauvinism. Women’s choices are based on the patriarchal doctrine and if they trespass the boundary, either they are considered as a ‘mad-woman’ or they are discarded from their iconic position as ‘good-woman.’ Han Kang’s The Vegetarian articulates a similar issue, portraying Yeong-hey, the protagonist who becomes vegetarian after seeing a brutal and bloody dream. Her choice is never considered to be valid nor is she treated humanely. When she gradually loses her mental control, she rejects the patriarchal values by disobeying her husband and father and also engulfs herself in social taboo. With this in mind, this paper investigates the woman’s action or the performative resistance against male chauvinism in light of Judith Butler’s notion of performativity and Rosi Braidotti’s concept of becoming a woman. Focusing on the protagonist—Yeong-hye, the study inspects women’s choices to overcome the patriarchal notion of women’s subjectivity. In doing so, it claims that locating women in societal discourse demands a restless stand on their choice which gives pace to their retaliation and consolidates the process of becoming a woman. This study discloses the construction of gender as a matter of choice that continuously wrestles against patriarchal forces. Moreover, it unpacks that women achieve alternative positions in human society that defy the patriarchal regulation by embodying self- reflexivity, if they are not considered as the subject themselves. Keywords: patriarchy, conventions, dominance, subjectivity, self-reflexivity, and embodiment
Light at the tunnel's end: the archetypal patterns of journey in eugence o'neill's plays
(2024) Upadhyay, Bharat Kumar; Amma Raj Joshi
This research examines the archetypal patterns of journey in Eugene O’Neill’s plays. Themythical-legendarystoriesuse this pattern, which has continuedshaping the way humans tell stories even in modern time.In O’Neill’s plays, the protagonists pass through the multifaceted life-situations on the surface; behind the seeming varieties of their evolution, however, there exists an archetypal pattern. O’Neill’s characters accomplish their journey going throughthis pattern; the journey transforms them into the bringers of spiritual awakening and elevates them as martyrs. This study introduces the archetypal concepts of thinkers like Sir James Frazer, Maud Bodkin, Northrop Frye, Carl G. Jung, Joseph Campbell, DavidHartman and Diane Zimberoff, and Conor Neill. It specifically synthesizes the individuation process of Jung with the journey pattern of Campbell to examine the spiritual transformation of archetypal personalities. The research thinly parallels the pattern of life-course O’Neill’s characters cover with the one of Neill’s personalities. It presents the characteristic traits which help categorize a specific O’Neill protagonistas oneof Neill’s spiritual characters, and then goes on detailing the life-adventures of that particular O’Neill protagonist to observe how he/she gets transformed into enlightened being. The research proceeds trying to find answers to the questions as to what O’Neill portrays in his plays, how his protagonists are characterized and why their transformation matters. It asserts that O’Neill’s plays portray characters whose life-course reflects the pattern of journey which is archetypal in nature. Using the qualitative method to present a blend of description, analysis and interpretation of O’Neill’s protagonists’ journey, the study establishes that O’Neill’scharacters begin life enthusiastically. The enthusiasm breaks soon, and forces them to face ordeals, from which they come out triumphant. Theyaccomplish the journey, in which the interaction between their conscious and unconscious life transforms them into what Neill calls the Explorer, the Innocent and the Sage. Their transformation matters because it is how O’Neill justifies the ways of life and death of modern individuals. O’Neill has been studied for his dramatic progression, the notions of the archetype and the gothic, rudimentary human needs, his growth as a dramatist, his representation of human characters, the problem of the hero’s expedition and renovation, and the influence of the dead in the living characters. He is also approached from the cultural materialistic perspective. However, scholars or researchershave not studied O’Neill with an exclusive focus on the issue of archetypal journey and spiritual transformationso far. The study attempts to see spiritual meaning behind suffering and miseries, claiming that such ventures open a new way of looking at suffering and miseries in O’Neill’s character-portrayals. The research has selected sixteen characters from O’Neill’s six plays picked up from his three periods. The characters are grouped as per their conscious and unconscious orientations. Consciously, the characters in the early plays are the neophytes, in the middle the obstinate and in the late the disillusioned. Unconsciously, they are, and move towards becoming, the Explorer, the Innocent and the Sage. The study uses the common sense approach‒literal denotation as given in the dictionary‒to justify the grouping of characters into the conscious attitude types. It establishes them as a specific archetypal personality describing the stages of their journey as described by Campbell and Hartman and Zimberoff.
Subjugation of Women and Nature in Buck's The Good Earth and Roy's The God of Small Things
(2024) Gwachha, Rajan; Jib Lal Sapkota
This research work entitled “Subjugation of Women and Nature in Buck's The Good Earth and Roy's The God of Small Things” explores the domination done to nature and women in both novels using ecofeminist perspectives of Carolyn Merchant, Karen Warren, Vandana Shiva, Maria Mies, Greta Gaard and so on. Ecofeminism is the theory that shows the connection between nature and women and tries to end all kind of suppression done to both of them. Patriarchy and capitalism are the key agents of subjugation of women and nature along with the idea of hierarchical thinking and value dualism that lie at the root of environmental degradation as well as social injustice. Buck’s novel The Good Earth shows how women are presented as inferior, uncivilized people and slaves to the powerful men of the society. Men consider both land (nature) and women as their sole property which they can use in any way they like. In the novel, The Good Earth, it's not just land even women are sold and bought as animals by so- called superior men in that society. Buying and Selling of both land and women are common in practice. The major character Olan was sold to Hwang family when she was young, later Hwang family sold her to Wang Lung, who later became her husband. This is a cruel practice that was prevalent in pre-revolutionary China. Women are given less value. Girls are sold to the rich families for few pence. The birth of sons is taken as good luck for the family whereas the birth of daughter is taken as bad luck to the family. Similarly, in the novel, The God of Small Things, both Meenachal River and Ammu are the two pathetic figures of the novel. Both are the victim of patriarchal mindset of the society. Both Ammu and Mammachi are beaten by their husbands. It illustrates how patriarchal society creates boundaries to the women and how its protagonists Ammu, Mammachi and Rahel strive to dismantle those preset boundaries. As the principal theoretical tool employed in the thesis is ecofeminism, this thesis also shows how the Meenachal River and surrounding nature are polluted and destroyed by anthropocentric human beings. This project tries to deconstruct the anthropocentric perspective of men and shows the need of social and environmental justice for harmonious society. For the harmonious and egalitarian relationship between Nature and Culture and for the suitable environment and just society, injustice done to both women and nature should be ended. Anthropocentric exploitation of nature and all kinds of domination in the name of race, gender, class and caste should be eliminated. Key Words: Ecofeminism, Patriarchal domination, Hierarchal society, Pollution, Equality
Idealization of nation-state in Raja Rao‘s Kanthapura
(2024) Gurung, Sita; Shiva Rijal
This dissertation through postcolonial approach has analyzed Raja Rao‘s Kanthapura to investigate into endeavors for Indian independence by the residents of Kanthapura that represents India. The research has been an investigation for cultural and social barriers to the success of Indian Struggle against colonizers who divided people of India in terms of caste, class and religion that impaired the fair mission of Gandhi for Swaraj through non-violence. The study has employed the postcolonial theory to look into the problems in the contemporary Indian society that needed unification for victory against British colonial rule. Moorthy, a revolutionary leader of Indian Independence Movement as depicted in the novel strives to unite people from different sociological categories by boycotting the established rules of traditional Indian society that believes in caste differences strictly. However, the dual state of minds of many characters as portrayed to represent different faiths and castes of Kanthapura becomes an obstacle to making India great and united.
Father Image and Family Happiness: A Relational Study of Buddhisagar's Karnali Blues
(2024) Shahi, Puspa; MahesworPaudel
This research, based on Buddisagar'sKarnali Blues, is an attempt to explore how the writer has shown the importance of father image that leads to the family happiness.This research examines how the novel helps to demonstrate the mutual understanding and interconnectedness among the family members. It also explores howthe father is a hero in the eyes ofhis son. This paper applies a new perspective on experiencing the love and connection between the father and son. By bringing the theoretical concept of Albert F. Osborn and Anthony C. Morris’sFathers and Child Care. Early Child Development and Care and joseph H Pleck’s “Why Could Father Involvement Benefit Children? Theoretical Perspectives”,this research finds therelational study of father and son in the novel. This novel is written by Buddhisagar and translated to English by Michael Hutt and I have used English translated version of the novel. Keywords: fatherhood, happiness, father-son relationship, parenting, family
Cultural Hybridity in Ira Trivedi's There's No Love on Wall Street
(2024) Karki, Madhav; . Shiva Raj Panta
This thesis entitled "Cultural Hybridity in Ira Trivedi's There's No Love on Wall Street" indulges into the complexities of cultural identity and immigration through the lens of postcolonial theory. Focusing on Ira Trivedi's novel, the research explores how the protagonist, Riya Jain, grapples with a sense of dislocation, identity crisis, and diasporic pain exacerbated by the pressures of mimicry in a Western, male-dominated environment like Wall Street. By applying postcolonial theory, particularly Homi Bhabha's concepts of cultural hybridity and colonial mimicry, thisthesis seeks to fill this scholarly gap. Trivedi's narrative offers a poignant examination of the emotional and cultural costs associated with assimilation into a dominant culture, as Riya navigates between her Indian heritage and the demands of a foreign professional world. Through rich character dynamics and symbolic settings, the novel illustrates the challenges and opportunities inherent in negotiating multiple cultural identities. Ultimately, Trivedi's work encourages a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity and a more inclusive understanding of identity formation in today's globalized society, highlighting the ongoing relevance of postcolonial perspectives in contemporary literature and cultural discourse. Keywords: Cultural hybridity, identity crisis, postcolonialty, immigration, Mimicry
Escalation of Material Progress: Decadence in the Life of Once-ler in The Lorax by Dr. Seuss
(2024) Ojha, Sundar Bijay; Jib Lal Sapkota
This dissertation explores the decadence in the life of Once-ler due to the escalation of material progress in Dr. Seuss' The Lorax by applying eco- critical perspectives. Once-ler in The Lorax shows his anthropocentric view guided by his hubris to accumulate infinite wealth so as to be wealthy in short time. The researcher's claim is that Once-ler feels alienated due to his inability to see the inseparable relationship between nature and human beings. Nature is always giving- A Gaia whose abundance is taken for granted by Once-ler whose material thirst becomes problematic for him as he does not get happiness. The focal point of my research hits on the very aspect of unhappiness which according to the common thought must be rewarding after material pleasure. The researcher draws the answer for the question whether material pleasures are true bliss or taking resort to nature is more rewarding to humans. The major argument of the research work Once-ler's alienation and inability to balance personal happiness and economic prosperity has been substantiated taking the insights from Jhan Hochman's "Green Cultural Studies", Paul W. Taylor's "The Ethics of Respect for nature",Claire Palmer's "An Overview of Environmental Ethics", "Eco criticism in Context" by William Howwarth, Lawrence Buell's "Representing the Environment", Aldo Leopold's "The Land Ethic" and Arne Naess' "The Deep Ecological movement: Some Philosophical Aspects". The researcher selects these approaches as they give insights that the act of dishonoring the environment leads human beings towards chaotic life which Once-ler meets in The Lorax. The research work examines the act of Once-ler guided by the headlong thirst for material gain due to anthropocentric drive that ultimately declines the condition of human beings along with nature.After scrutinizingThe Lorax, the researcher has reached to the conclusion that material pleasures are not true bliss, andtaking resort to nature is more rewarding to humans. Once-ler, in the narrative, feels alienated due to the loss of affinity to the nature. As he can't blend his nature with nature, he develops the feeling of alienation.
A Premonition of an Immanent Apocalypse in Pinchbeck‘s 2012
(2024) Joshi, Padam Narayan; Komal Phuyal
The research work "A Premonition of an Immanent Apocalypse in Pinchbeck 2012" explores humans' unnatural treatment of nature and its effects on ecological and human wellbeing. It examines the effects of advanced technology on ecological and human well-being through the ecocritical insights of Lawrence Buell and David W. Orr. It states the problems of why people depend on technology and how it affects their lives. Ill-treatment of nature generates ecological imbalance, and such ecological imbalance destroys both human well-being and natural well-being. Advanced technologies are neither eco-friendly nor beneficial to human wellbeing. Modern technology causes environmental degradation, climate change, and depletion of natural resources, that is why humans are compelled to search for alternative development methods. Thus, eco-friendly technology should replace advanced technology with the notion of sustainable development. The existing educational and developmental policies do not address environmental problems due to advanced technology, which may give birth to an imminent apocalypse on Earth. This study will be a milestone for educationists, architects, political leaders, and policymakers to rethink their strategic policies about development. This study is organized into four parts. The first part examines Human-Nature Relations in the selected American Narrative. The second part attempts to highlight the theoretical insights of Human Nature Mutuality in 2012, the third part analyzes the textual evidence with different ecocritical perspectives, and sustainable development and connectedness of human kinds with nature to mitigate environmental apocalypse have been discussed in the fourth chapter. Key Words: Technology, Ecology, Sustainable Development, Nature
Unknown Identity and the Delusion of Freedom in Edward P. Jones’s The Known World
(2024) Rijal, Astha; Maheswor Paudel
The thesis titled “Unknown Identity and the Delusion of Freedom in Edward P Jones’s The Known World” examines the social, psychological as well as physiological impacts of the system of slavery on the people living in the fictional Manchester county during the Antebellum era. Through the exploration of the character’s psychological aspects like inferiority, identity crisis and alienation, the thesis makes use of Frantz Fanon’s notions in Black Skin White Masks. This work highlights the social as well psychological consequences of the hegemonic systems such as slavery and colonialism. Having examined the novel, this study explores the delusion the characters are living in with regards to their identity, power and freedom. Fanon delves into the neurosis that pervades the psyche of black people because of the difference they face with regards to their skin colour. He argues that living under such conditions creates a mental condition among the black folk whose consequences include alienation. Additionally, the perceived difference between the two races in racist communities could lead to an inferiority complex among the black people. Drawing upon Fanon’s ideas, the thesis attempts to elaborate the impact of deep rooted racial discrimination prevalent during the Antebellum era and the influence it had on the subjects of discrimination. Despite the fact that the thesis and its study is based on the antebellum period described in The Known World, the issue is still relevant in various forms. Key Words: slavery, identity, alienation, inferiority complex, psychology
Impact of Commercialism in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises
(2024) Budha, Dhan Singh; Mani Bhadra Gautam
This thesis studies the impact of commercialism in Ernest Hemingway’s iconic work, The Sun Also Rises, by analyzing consumer-driven narratives that shape the characters’ identities and experiences. In the models of representation and cultural studies, the research critically engages with Stuart Hall’s concept of representation. It is close to Walter Benjamin’s ideas on reproducible art, and Judith Butler’s exploration of the materiality of the body. The methodology involves a detailed analysis of the text through the aforementioned lenses, showing how commercial forces shape characters, plot dynamics, and cultural themes in Hemingway’s narrative. The complicated narratives of the text exhibit the nexus between commercialism and its literary representation, shedding light on characters behaviors shaped by broader socio-cultural milieu. This study holds significance in enriching our understanding of the complicate relationship between literature, commercial influences, and cultural dynamics, providing valuable insights into the ways in which narratives reflect and support prevailing materialistic ideologies. Keywords: Commercialism, Representational art, Culture, War, Impact, Pleasure, Literature, Lost Generation.
Female Agency in Rajaa Alsanea’s Girls of Riyadh
(2024) Pariyar, Indu; Laxman Bhatta
This research thesis explores the theme of female agency in Rajaa Alsanea’s novel Girls of Riyadh through the lens of Islamic feminism. The analysis draws on the theoretical frameworks and insights of prominent Islamic feminists, including Haidech Moggissi, Margot Badran, Fatima Mernissi and Nazira Zayn al-Din, among others. The novel, set in contemporary Saudi Arabia, offers a compelling narrative that highlights the lives, struggles, and aspirations of young Saudi women. This study investigates how these characters negotiate their identities, assert their agency, and challenge traditional gender norms within a patriarchal society. Haidech Moggissi’s critique of Islamic fundamentalism, in Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism, provides a critical framework for understanding the restrictive socio-religious contexts within which the characters operate. Nazira Zayn al-Din’s work Unveiling and Veiling offers historical and theological perspectives on the practice of veiling, which is a recurring motif in Girls of Riyadh. Margot Badran’s analysis in Feminism in Islam emphasizes the diverse and evolving nature of feminist discourses within Islamic contexts, highlighting the interplay between tradition and modernity. Fatima Mernissi’s contributions to Islamic feminist thought underscore the potential for reinterpretation of Islamic texts to advocate for women’s rights and empowerment. By synthesizing these theoretical perspectives, this thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how Girls of Riyadh articulates a vision of female empowerment that is rooted in, yet challenges, traditional Islamic values. This study also explores how the novel contributes to the broader discourse on Islamic feminism by showcasing the agency of Saudi women in navigating and transforming their socio-cultural realities. Keywords: patriarchy, status quo, agency, Islamic feminism, gender stereotypes
Unveiling the Feminine Voice in Kate Chopin’s Selected Stories
(2024) Kapadi, Dammari; Dinesh Kumar Bhandari
This paper examines the manifestation of the feminine voice in Kate Chopin’s three significant short stories: “The Story of an Hour,” “A Respectable Woman,” and “A Pair of Silk Stockings.” The study seeks to reveal the challenges and issues faced by women in the late 19thand early 20th centuries as illustrated in Chopin’s works. It further explores how these narratives highlight societal constraints and advocate for women’s liberation. Guided by the feminist theories of Simone de Beauvoir and Elaine Showalter, which focus on the social construction of gender and the necessity for women to surpass their assigned roles, the analysis underscores the problems of patriarchal dominance, restricted autonomy, and societal expectations imposed on women. The study demonstrates how Chopin critiques the rigid gender norms of her era and calls for women’s empowerment. It emphasizes Chopin’s profound impact on representing women’s experiences and the ongoing relevance of her work in contemporary discussions on gender equality and women’s rights. Key Words: Feminine, Liberation, Voice, Gender norms, Empowerment, Identity, Patriarchy
Formation of Identity through Negotiation in The Catcher in the Rye and The Giver
(2024) Nepal, Bishwa Ram; Komal Phunyal
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the process of young adult’s coming of an age in J D. Salinger’s The Cather in the Rye and Lowis Lowry’s The Giver. Young adult characters, Holden and Jonas negotiate the social structure in their own way, yet they come to the same point—gaining maturity through assertive behavior—at the end of these novels. Examining in the framework of Petru Golban’s bildungsroman approach these two characters’ journey to maturity successfully negotiates existing social structures. Both of the young adult narratives revolve around characters’ coming of age experiences. Holden’s social structure makes him a rebel, whereas Jonas’ social structure makes him a controlled subject. Nevertheless, they challenge the social structures in the process of growing into indurated individuals. The negotiation to the structure occurs through resistance and complicity: Holden resists and Jonas becomes a part of the existing structure. Finally, both of the characters challenge the existing structure which is an indication of their character formation. The research concludes that both Holden and Jonas take a different route to maturity but they grow into being assertive individual. Protagonist in Salinger’s The Cather in the Rye and Lowry’s The Giver undergo a transformation of consciousness and both of them grow up to be assertive individuals albeit in a reverse trajectories. And, the research concludes that the formation of identity completes when Holden decides to stay back with his sister and Jonas successfully rescues Gabriel and runs out of the community.
South Asian Female Diaspora in Jhumpa Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies
(2024) Bakhati, Ishwari; Shiva Rijal
This research focuses on the study of Indian female diaspora and their sufferingsin the United in States Jhumpa Lahiri’s first debut work Interpreter of Maladies. It basically examines diasporic condition of female characters, who belong to India. All the characters in Lahiri’s stories areshaped by adverse impacts of diaspora. The researcher focuses on the women characters who are forced to migrate to an alien land with their husbands in search of better life. In other words, the work is an effort to clarify the research question that how life of female become complex in foreign land which is totally different from the land where they are brought up. It also traces out the condition whether they are satisfied with their lives. Each and every attempt in this paper resonates with Lahiri's discovery of alienated self in Interpreter of Maladies. Key Words: diaspora, alienation, psychology, trauma, guilt
Orientalist Representation of the Persian Society in Zack Snyder’s 300
(2024) Gautam, Amit; Pradip Raj Giri
his research focuses onZack Snyder’s300,based on ofpost 9/11 movie that shows one of the famous events in the ‘clash’ between West and East: The battle of Thermopylae during the Greek-Persian wars. It does not claim to be history but a form of fictionalized history taken from a graphic novel by Frank Miller. This research claims that Zack Snyder depicts the Persian society through the orientalist stereotype which shows Persian society as ‘mystic’, ‘barbarian’, and ‘tyranny’ and that practices slavery. The assumption between the East and the West is inherited in his representation for the consumption of western audience. To prove this claim, this thesis uses theoretical insights of Edward Said, Ziauddin Sardar and Blain Brownrelated to Orientalism. Keywords: Orientalism, Clash of civilization, Barbarian, mystic
Representation of Post-War British Society in Anthony Burgess`s A Clockwork Orange
(2024) Bhattarai, Deg Raj; Badri Prasad Acharya
This thesis undertakes a comprehensive examination of the Representation of the post-war British society in Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange. Written in 1962, amidst the socio-political upheaval of post-war Britain, Burgess's novel offers a profound and unsettling portrayal of the post-war British society of the 1950s and early 1960s when youth violence and state repression coexist in a complex interplay. The narrative centers on Alex, a teenage delinquent whose experiences of crime, punishment, and attempted rehabilitation serve as a microcosm for the broader societal issues of the time. Through Alex's violent escapades and subsequent subjugation by state authorities, Burgess critiques the disintegration of traditional social structures, the rise of a nihilistic youth culture, and the authoritarian tendencies of the state. Beside the thesis explores how Burgess uses language to reflect and critique the generational gap and the alienation of the youth from the mainstream society. Furthermore, this study delves into the novel's exploration of free will and state control, highlighting the ethical and philosophical dilemmas posed by the state's efforts to reform Alex through psychological conditioning. The tension between individual autonomy and societal order is examined, revealing Burgess's skepticism towards both unchecked libertarianism and authoritarianism. The novel's portrayal of the state's dehumanizing techniques underscores the dangers of sacrificing personal freedom for the sake of social stability. This thesis contextualizes A Clockwork Orange within the broader literary and cultural landscape of the Post- War British Society. Keywords: New Historicism, Free Will, State Repression, Youth Alienation, Society

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