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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/26

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Animalistic Nature of the Characters in Camus’s the Outsider
(2013) Shrestha, Prajoo; Yadab Prasad Adhikari
This thesis on Camus‟s The Outsider studies the animalistic behaviours of its characters from the perspective of naturalism. In the novel, Camus takes the protagonist as a stranger and immortal type of character who is guided by instinctive irrational forces and also conditioned by hostile environment. Throughout the novel, the character‟s behaviour and activities are controlled and guided by their innate drives and they involve utterly themselves in animalistic behaviours like violence, murder and so on which is animalistic in nature. Naturalism is the view that everything (object and events) is the part of nature an all encompassing world of space and time. It implies a rejection of traditional beliefs and rejects the existence of super naturals also faith. Man is completely a part of this natural world and he is only an incidental product of the world process.As claimed by naturalistic theorist like Emile Zola, Stephen Crane, Jack London, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser, their behaviours is shaped and controlled by heredity and the environment. Meursault, the protagonist and other characters like Raymond and Salamano are equated to wild beats for they behave as per their inborn instincts rather than any sense of reason, rationality and kindness. They are the products of the environment. Their behaviours are the product of their innate instincts.
Diasporic Experience of Maria in Paulo Coelho's Eleven Minutes
(2011) Timsina, Dipesh; Deepak Raj Giri
Paulo Coelho's Eleven Minutes is a tale of a diasporic Brazilian woman in Switzerland, working as a prostitute. She leaves her homeland with the hope of earning more money. Though she earns enough money and gets a lover she does not feel satisfied to stay there. Sense of being dislocated from homeland severely haunts her. Her gullibility is questioned there. These incidents and happenings challenge Maria's self respect, and she moves towards diasporic experiences like sense of loss, alienation, displacement, nostalgia, ambivalence etc. At last, Maria returns Brazil with a good sum of money leaving the luxurious life and even her lover. This act of Maria saves her from losing her identity and it gives her an identity of her own homeland and culture.
Complexities of Human relationship ; A psychoanalytic reading of chekhov's selected short stories
(2024) Khatri, Arjun Bahadur; Dinesh Kumar Bhandari
This thesis examines the complexities of human relationships grounded on the human unconscious. The characters' psychological struggles and their quest for meaningful human relationships underscores the feelings of alienation, and emotional detachment which are guided more by unconscious than deliberate actions. To substantiate the point further, the research work examines Anton Chekhov's three stories: "About Love", "The Darling" and "The Schoolmistress" from perspectives of psychoanalysis. This research highlights how unconscious desires, repression, and familial influences profoundly shape the characters' behaviors and their relationships in the theoretical frame of the Freudian psyche. His narratives illustrate the tension between personal desires and societal expectations, leading to emotional turmoil and unfulfilled lives. The Freudian psychoanalytical theoretical perspectives unfold the intricate dynamics of love and marriage, revealing how traditional gender roles and social norms can suppress individual identity and happiness. Through nuanced portrayals of characters' psychological struggles, Chekhov explores the complexities of human relationships, emphasizing the enduring impact of repressed emotions and societal pressures on personal fulfillment and psychological well-being. Key words: love, relationship, family, unconscious, repression, desires
Grotesque attributes of rakshasas for hierarchical establishment in The Valmiki’s Ramayana
(2024) Rai, Spandika; Shiva Rijal
Available with full text.
Conflict between Individuals will and Institution's force; The cusp of Dionysiac impulse and apollonian rationality in claire keegan's small Things like these
(2024) Rawal, Mani; Raj Kishore Singh
This paper explores the individual’s will and institutional force in Claire Keegan’s Small Things Like These in the light of Friedrich Nietzsche’s humanistic perspective. The research aims to illuminate the dissimulation of human moral values, investigating the meeting point of Dionysiac Impulse and Apollonian Rationality. For convenience, the study sheds light on the protagonist, Bill Furlong’s aspiration for moral action as ‘Individual’s will’ and the act of the convent (Church) and Madam Superior, collectively, would be the vantage point to inspect the ‘Institution’s Force.’ In so doing, the study, equating Furlong and the convent with Dionysiac and Apollonian morale, unravels the power of individual wills in constructing social harmony and perpetuating the moral grammar of human society. The research embodies Friedrich Nietzsche’s notion of “individual will to power” and “dissimulation”for theoretical analysis of the primary text. Thus, the research discloses that when individuals absorb themselves in the suffering of others, they attain the highest form of freedom and liberty, which ultimately guides society to a moral destiny—benefiting society with moral dignity and delinking immorality. However, in doing so, the institutional forces are the major hindrances, which with their illusive assertion constantly derail an individual from his moral stand. Keywords: Dissimulation, Religion, God, Morality and Ethics Claire Keegan’s Small Things Like These (2021), the Booker Prize shortlisted
The Conundrum of dominance; Mary's Psychological Trauma in Doris lessing's The Grass in Singing
(2024) Gurung, Apecksha; Pardip Raj Giri
This dissertation explores the conundrum of dominance as a psychological trauma in Doris Lessing's The Grass Is Singing from a psychological perspective. The novel captures the tormented life of Mary, who is psychologically shattered by childhood experiences because of her cold familial relationship and wounded by traumatic repercussions in her marital days with Dick Turner. Indeed, she loathes the black servants and shows her dominance; however, she collapses herself when she is involved in a sexual relationship with Moses. Against these backdrops, this research focuses on three specific questions. Firstly, what is the purpose of depicting Mary as an ambivalent character, who is distorted by childhood trauma? Secondly, why does Mary oscillate between being dominant and being dominated? Thirdly, how does the novel articulate the ambiguity of dominance through the character’s narratives? To answer these questions, this study embodies Cathy Caruth’s understanding of PTSD and Dominick LaCapra’s notion of ‘absence and loss,’ and argues that rather than being a constant, human quality, dominance is a style that varies depending on a person's psychological state. In other words, dominance may be understood as a manifestation of psychological embodiment that takes many forms. It can present as enslavement, hatred, and disintegration, or it might manifest as ambivalence, contradictions, self-deception, destructiveness, and delusiveness. The research discloses dominance as a repercussion of trauma which can be both productive and destructive. Keywords: Psyche, manifestation, memories, superiority, delusion, recuperation, and repercussion
Hi \ Story Telling in Salman Rushdie's Victory city
(2024) Mijar, Dhana Bahadur; Shiva Rijal
The research entitled "Hi/story Telling in Salman Rushdie's Victory City" has been an academic study. This research is based on the review of a British-American writer of Indian origin Salman Rushdie's well recognized novel Victory City, which was published in 2023. The novel is a historiographic meta-fiction which narrate the history and story in fictitious way and makes mythical allusion through Sanskrit language. It has employed the qualitative research design with adequate descriptions, illustration, analysis and synthesizing. First, the book was minutely read, then proposal written and conceptualized for the research. It has also been reviewed the related reference materials from New Historicist perspective and Historiographic lens. This research is heavily based on the library research, desk review, online navigation and related site searching i.e. Jstor, google sites and the like. The novel starts with sad and gloomy picture in mythical way that two hundred and forty- seven years old, the blind poet, miracle workers and prophetess Pampa Kampana completes her immense narrative poem about Bisnaga, on last day of her life. The epic Jayaparajaya refers 'Victory and Defeat' was found in the heart of ruined Royal Enclosure buried in a clay pot which was sealed with wax. It was a message for future. The mix of the various approaches and strategies have made the novel unique in terms of hi/story telling which is tasty-reading. Finally, the novel gives the voice of equity and equality for all. It is concluded that the 'Words are different' with the key message. 'Words are the only victors'. Pampa admits in the last verse of her great epic 'Jayaparajaya'.
Humans and Non-Huimans relation in Atwood's MaddAddam Trilogy
(2024) Subedi, Bhim Prasad; Bal Bahadur Thapa
This study explores relations between humans and non-humansin Atwood’s MaddAddam Trilogy, comprisingof Oryx and Crake, The Year of the Flood,andMaddAddam. Although the study primarily focuses on MaddAddam, it bringsadequate references of humans and non-humans from Oryx and Crakeand The Year of the Flood. According to this research, MaddaddamTrilogycritiques the symbiotic andindispensable relation of non-human life by depicting a world, where humans use biotechnology to soar in the changed world and have relation with non-humans. Atwood ruptures the dichotomy between human and non-human, showing the coherent relation, species extinction, and ecological degradation and so on are amplified throughhuman practices. She calls for harmony, embodiment of the deep ecologies and adherence to simplicity, sustainability and respect for all life.Despite genetic transformations instigated by humans, the non-human entities exhibit notable resilience and adaptability, with some even developing their own culture and spirituality. Through the trilogy, Atwood emphasizesa need for anethical and respectful relationship between humansand non-humans, and thereby presentsa model of harmonious and more ethical and sustainable co-existence. In order to examine such relationship between humans and non-human entities, this study draws upon theoreticalinsights developed byRosi Braidotti, Cary Wolfe and Jeremy Bentham. Key words: deep ecology,symbiotic relation,genetic engineering, environmental collapse, harmony
Projection of old age in selected Contemporary Nepali Short Stories
(2024) Pandit, Pratibha; Komal Phuyal
This research explores the projection of old age in eleven contemporary Nepali short stories. The research studies the elderly characters in the selected stories from the three anthologies: Durga Karki's Kumari Prasna Haru (2020), Nayan Raj Panday's Jiyara (2020) and Ramlal Joshi's Ba Ama (2022). The study critically evaluates how these authors depict the socio-culturally constructed status of old age, often neglecting the elderly people's needs for agency, identity, and intrinsic value. Using the sociocultural lens of aging literature, Margaret Morganroth Guellette's concept that sociocultural perceptions guide progressive or declining narratives of old age is central to this study. The analysis shows that the elderly characters are presented with stereotypical aging that features degeneration and loss. So, aging characters in the stories are economically and physically weak, socially fragile, and politically marginalized. The study reveals the intergenerational gap, with younger characters undermining the lives of elderly people. This study, thus, unfolds the bitter portrayal of old age, which is seen only through the lens of the decline discourses in the selected short stories. Studying aging through sociocultural dimensions that predominantly highlight negative perceptions overlooks the agency and diverse experiences of elderly people. By focusing on these stereotypes, the dissertation seeks to foreground the voices of elderly people, contributing to academic discourse and debates. This research expects to provide a deeper understanding of aging that accepts their contributions and individual agency within the broader societal settings. Keywords: Aging literature, old age, intergenerational gap, decline narratives.
Exploitation of workers and their resistance in mahasweta Devi's Dhouli
(2024) Bom, Dhan Bahadur; Jib Lal Sapkota
This research studies the portrayal of workers’ oppressioninMahasweta Devi’sDhouli, particularly focusing on the character Dhouli as a symbolof resistance against societal injustice. Through an analysis of dominant feudal figures like Misrilal Misra, Hanuman Misra, and Kundan Misra, alongside field workers such as Dhouli, Jhalo, and Shanichari, the study explores the dynamics of class strugglewithin the narrative. Drawing on theoretical frameworks by Karl Marx,andFriedrich Engels, it sheds light on the evolving resistance against feudal oppression. The exploration reveals the pervasive exploitation inflicted by feudal lords in contemporary India while highlighting the burgeoning resistance among the proletariat class. Devi’s narrative shines a spotlight on the stark realities of feudalism in rural Indian locales like Taharr, untouched by the emancipatory forces of British colonial rule. Through the lens of fictional characters like Dhouli,Shanichari, and others, Devi probes the underlying factors fuelingworkers'rebellion and their methods of resistance against the entrenched feudal system. The study aims to unravel the suppression of feudal dominance and proposesways to dismantle this oppressive structure, ultimately striving towards a more just and equitable society. Keywords:feudalism,exploitation,unity,resistance,societaltransformation
Antagonistic Relationship between Human and nature; A ecocritical reading of Bhattachaya's so many Hunger
(2024) Shahi, Gajendra Bikram; Shiva Rijal
This thesis explores the theme of biocentrism and the ethical treatment of nature in Bhabani Bhattacharya's So Many Hungers! The research aims to analyze the 1943 dangerous famine in Bengal that killed millions of people and made millions of people homeless. Biocentrism, which asserts the inherent value and rights of all living beings, is a theoretical framework for this study. The research employs textual analysis drawing upon eco-critical theories such as biocentrism. It examines the novel's elements, structure, language, and theme within its historical, cultural, social, and eco-critical context. The secondary sources from environmental literature provide additional support, and biographical elements are integrated to eliminate ecological concepts. The significant characters Rahoul Basu and Kajoli represent the famine-victimized people who were replaced, died, and were buried alive in the absence of food. These characters very clearly depict the apocalyptic effect of natural disasters due to the cause of human destruction. This thesis very clearly challenges the anthropocentric concept that humans are at the center of the universe. More often, it prioritizes nature and natural phenomena as the essential subjects to be saved and protected in this world. Hence, this thesis mainly incorporates how famine and drought destroyed human life and the region's waterfalls, rivers, and dense Sundarban area. Hence, the research mainly focuses on the causes and the fatal consequences of men's acts towards nature.
Use of Archetypal Mythis in Matsya Purana
(2024) Dahal, Bipin Kumar; Krishna Chandra Sharma
Matsya Purana,one of eighteen Puranas,originally in Sanskrit by Ved Vyas, here forworded into English byHorace Hayman Wilson and arranged by Nag Sharan Singh, is full of stories and episodes of different types and contexts.Some of the key stories have been analyzed as myths and archetypes on the basis of the key concepts of Joseph Campbell.Lord in the form of a fish is rescuing different creatures in the world from Pralaya(apoclypse) eliminating evil elements like demons. Myths of Aditya and Sanjna, myth of Indra, the myth of Soma and Tara just a few to name only represent and justify the concept of the myth and archetypes. Among many theorists about myths and archetypes, Joseph Campbell's ideas are taken for formalizing methodology as four types of myths and eight archetypes of character. Four types, most of myths are: pedagogical, cosmological, mystical and sociological. Eight archetype characters: are hero, ally, mentor,shapeshifter,herald, trickster, guardians and shadow. Some representative myths represent types and there have been categorized as the archetypes.The analysis of myths from Matsya Purana shows archetypal characters. All four types of myths can be found in Matsya Purana.Character archetypes are also of varieties as Campbell has categorized,for example,Manu as an ally,Vishnu as a guardian,Skanda as a hero,Parbati as a guardian,Taraka as an antihero or a trickstar,Somaas a trickster, one small fish as a hero from Matsya Puran.The story of Aditya and Sanjna,myth of Indra, the story of Soma and Tara,Sukra- Indra myth,Tripura Dahan myth, from the Mahabharata the myth of the fish incarnationand the myth of Savitri Satyavana are predominant because they represent and justify the idea or concept of the myth and the archetype. Key Words: myth, archetypes, types, character, Purana, identity
Radefining African American Identity in Alex Haley's Roots
(2024) Lama, Sangeeta; Maheswor Poudel
This research paper critically examines Alex Haley’s Roots and discusses how it redefines African American identity. In doing so, it tries to show how African Americans were traditionally perceived. Subsequently, this paper challenges those stereotypes and re- establishes their identity. To achieve it, Critical Race Theory is employed as a theoretical modality. Under Critical Race Theory, the concepts of black consciousness as discussed by Frantz Fanon in Black Skin, White Masks and double consciousness as stated by W.E.B Du Bois in The Souls of Black Folk are applied. The paper reveals how the spirit of black consciousness and double consciousness is expressed in Roots and how these concepts in turn play roles in redefining African American identity. It also shows that the characters in the novel are exposed to brutatlity in the face of slavery but they endure every pain and hardship; therby showing firm resilience and pride which forge their identity in a new light. Again, taking Roots as a representative text in which there is a story of a single African American family, the thesis has served as a medium to broadly redefine the identity of whole African American community. The institution of slavery dominated and marginalized African Americans and to justify their inferiority, they were stereotyped. This research work, however, by challenging those stereotypes and in turn redefining their identity sees the African Americans as the empowered ones. This shows it aligns with the spirit of black consciousness and in larger sense, with the idea of Critical Race Theory. Therefore, a deep exploration of African American identity has been carried out. Keywords: African-Americans, Identity, Black consciousness, Double-consciousness, Stereotype and Slavery
Interpellation of an individual in Henrik Ibsen's An Enemy of the People
(2024) Bhattarai, Shyam Hari; Khem Raj Khanal
This research paper explores the reason for 'interpellation of an individual' in Henrik Ibsen's realistic problem play,An Enemy of the People. Interpellation isdefined as transforming an individual into subject either by the ideological influence or forcibly.The problem play is a type of drama that deals with the controversial social issues in a realistic manner to expose social ills and to arouse discussion upon such issues. In the play, playwright Ibsen has portrayedthe protagonist Dr.Thomas Stockmannin such a way that Louis Althusser's notion of interpellation can be applied in the play. In the reader's or audience's eye, Stockmann is a hero, but the Baths community treats him as an enemy. He is announced as their enemy because of his medical finding and his attempt to expose it to the public. He is announced as an enemy because he goes against the municipal head's order, against the financial prosperity of the whole Baths' community and people. In capitalist society, monetary or financial value is counted as the most important part of life. This research paper claims that in the name of capital gain and financial prosperity, the people of Baths and the professionals who are in power as municipal head or other stakeholders are trying to hidethe pollution of the river of Baths that is harmful to the tourists taking bath there. The interpellation ofan individualhas been done in such a way thatDr. Stockmannis announced as an enemy of the people so that he shall be boycotted from listening bythe community. Toaddress the research question of how and why an individual is interpellated in the play, this papermajorlyuses the insights of Louis Althusser. Key Words: Interpellation, Enemy, Individual, Subject, Ideology, Capitalism
Co-existence of Humans Animals and Land in Steinbeck's the Red in Pony and Tortilla Flat
(2024) Dhungel, Bharat; Jib Lal Sapkota
This research examines ecological consciousness in the major charactersfromtwo fictions of John Steinbeck’sThe Red PonyandTortilla Flatfromeco-critical perspective. Bothfictions endeavor the interconnection of human and natural world through land and animal resources.The protagonistsand other characters from both fictions show their concern aboutbeing ecologically conscious through their behavior. Their way of livingfulfillsthe requirement of integration and harmony with the natural world.Due to thisthe selected primary textsThe Red PonyandTortilla Flatfocuson the ecological consciousness throughout the life ofcharacters.The argument developed inthis research isthe interconnection among land, animals,andhumansfor their peaceful co-existencefrom the ecological consciousness of the majorcharacters.Human beings' existence is dependenton the environment and animals. Similarly,animals’existences in the fictions relyupon land and nature. The separation of animals and humanbeingsfromthephysical environment is almost impossible. Simultaneously, the existence of nature orland isinsignificant without the existence ofanimals and human beings.For analysis, eco-criticaltheoristssuch asAldo Leopold,Peter Singer, Lawrence Buell, Bill Devall and PaulTaylor‘s insights have been used as theoretical parameters to analyze the primary texts.Bothprimary texts, through their diverse narrative lenses, advocate for recognition of the natural world's inherent value and the requirement of ecological awareness.
Suruwa as site of Rajbanshi Identity
(2024) Rajbanshi, Badri Narayan; Shiva Ram Rijal
This dissertation explores the significance ofSiruwa, a traditional festival, in the construction and reinforcement of Rajbanshi identity in Nepal. The Rajbanshi community, an indigenous ethnic group primarily residing in thesouth-eastern Terai districts, celebratesthis festivalwith unique cultural practices that are integral to their social and cultural fabric. By examining the historical roots, rituals, and contemporary adaptations ofSiruwa, thisstudy aims to understand how thisfestival serves as a dynamic platform for expressing and preserving Rajbanshi identity. Through participant observation and interviews, the dissertation investigates the ways in which Siruwafunctions as a site of cultural continuity and change, reflecting broader themes of ethnicity, heritage, and identity politicsfrom the perspective of performance developed by Richard Schechner, Victor Turner, Clifford Geertz, Richard Bauman and Diana Taylor. The findings highlight the resilience of the Rajbanshi community in maintainingtheir cultural distinctiveness amidst external influences and socio- political changes. This research contributes to the broader discourse on indigenous identity and cultural preservation in Nepal, offering insights into the complexities of cultural practices as mechanisms for sustaining identity in a rapidly changing world.
Female Body as a site of Domination and Resistance in R. K. Narayan's the Dark Room
(2024) Acharya, Sabita; Dinesh Kumar Bhandari
This research explores andanalyzes the dominating condition of womenbodyand their resistancein Indian society due to patriarchal domination where women are portrayed as meek and fragile characters inR.K. Narayan’snovelTheDarkRoom.The novel presents Savitri, a female character who despite being a wife of educated middle class husband, struggling for her position and identity in the society by portraying how women are subjugated with the weapons like religious, cultural and societal values. The study further reads the dynamics between men and women. Women face double marginalization at home and in the society via gender and class subjugation. Savitri's struggle for autonomy reflects the social boundaries of Indian society at that time. Third World Feminism is used for theoretical support to analyze the novel. It is found that position of women in the Third World nation like India isdominated likeSavitri, the main character of the novel.Maledominated cultureand social value of Indian societycompelled Savitiri,toresist by using her female sexuality.She has desired to be free from the subjugation and leave thehouse butshe returned because sheis psychologicalpressured bythepatriarchal socio-cultural situation of hersociety.The research finds that women's role in the family and society should be considered as genuine sacrifices. Socio-cultural structure of thesociety isimportant to determinethe roleof women infamily as well as society. Keywords:Women, Patriarchy,Domination,Resistance Identity, Gender Equality.
Interpellation of Individual as Subject in Malamud's The Fixer
(2011) Lamichhane, Bishweshwar Prasad; Badri Prasad Acharya
The present research attempts to analyze the novel The Fixer by Malamud from the perspective of Neo-Marxism. It brings into light the situation in which an individual gets interpellated by ideological and material condition of the society. Yakov Bok, the protagonist of the novel, becomes victim of different realms of ideology erected by the bourgeois class which kicks him off from the pillar to post by assigning him in multiple roles and thus dissolving his real existence as a normal human. The ideological state apparatuses, which work as a legitimized discrete body in sanctioning the views and interest of the ruling class people, i.e. Tsar, evaporate Bok’s plea for justice and freedom. His voice for a sound verdict is ignored and liquidated in the capitalist society. The dominant ideology in forms of family, religious, judicial and educational ISAs repress Bok’s advocacy for recognition and self-affirmation. The extreme tortures which Bok a bear at the hands of Tsars makes him revolutionary which is no different than the voice of protest emerging from the proletarians. Bok’s advocacy for equality, freedom, and justice signals the resistive force and new forms of awareness on the part of the hitherto marginalized people.
Exploration of female individuality: A third world feminist reading of Bijaya Malla's Anuradha
(2010) Sapkota, Amita; Dipak Giri
Malla's Anuradha explores Anuradha’s individuality by opposing any specific forms of exploitation propagated by male ideology and female submission. Anuradha tries her best to oppose her forceful marriage, thereby resisting the exploitation of male culture and hegemonized female supporters. Her mother forces her for forceful marriage with Ratnaman Singh without her consent. She feels that all males see her from an eye of lustfulness. For them, her beauty and smile can become an easy target. In these backdrops, she develops her value of freedom and individuality to the extent that her extreme hatred and revenge turns herself as a psychopath.
Gender trauma in jodi Picoults change of Heart
(2024) Khadka, Niraj; Mahesh Paudel
This research explores gender trauma in Jodi Picoult's novel Change of Heart. Applying the concept of gender trauma discussed by Kali Tal in her book Worlds of Hurt: Reading the Literatures of Trauma, this research examines how the novelist, Picoult, narrates the serious problems of women spurred by sexual violence that eventually causes trauma in the victims. Revolving round two female characters June and Claire, this novel makes a case of women who get traumatized by the unpleasant and violent treatment of men. Sexual violence and murder on the one hand and the heart donation by the same perpetrator on the other create shock to these female characters. June and Claire feel some relief after sending Shay to the prison, but their trauma resurfaces when the murderer intends to donate his heart to the girl who is oscillating between life and death. Keywords: gender, trauma, abuse, violence, hurt, literature

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