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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/26

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Cinematic Representation of Body shaming in Chbosky's worder and Katariya's Dum Laga Ke Haisha
(2025) Gartaula, Sudeep; Dhruba Bahadur Karki
Sharat Katariya's Dum Laga Ke Haisha (2015) and Stephen Chbosky's Wonder (2017) examine the contradiction that arises when mainstream film frequently shapes society's fascination with beauty. Following Adorno and Horkheimer's culture industry criticisms, this dissertation interrogates body shaming to argue that both films disrupt capitalist beauty norms, reframing heroism through non-ideal protagonists. While typica movies uphold generalization, fueling cruel abuse, harassment, and mockery, these films instead foster critical awareness, revealing how systemic marginalization persists within capitalist commodification. Applying textual interpretations, methods and techniques, I have examined and analyzed representative shots, scenes and sequences pertaining to body shaming in these films. My methodology combines critical theory with close examination of camera angles, character dynamics, and verbal and nonverbal clues in textual segments. Although my primary focus concentrates on the films discussed, I include a short observation about the body politics of the Nepali cinema industry. By centering self-acceptance over conformity, these films challenge filmmakers globally to abandon stereotypes. Their narratives urge Nepali creators to confront cultural roots of body shaming and create stories that celebrate diversity beyond physical appearance. Keywords: body shaming, capitalist beauty norms, marginalization, nonverbal cues, camera angles, self-acceptance, physical appearance
Subaltern Agency and resistance in Mahasweta Devi's The Queen of Jhansi and Mother of 1084
(2025) Adhikari, Bimal Prasad; Dhruba Bahadur Karki
This research examines struggle and resistance of subaltern people in hegemonized Indian society during colonial era and the historical Naxalite breakthrough of Bengal during 1960s through 1970s. The subaltern people allow them to attain their autonomy and identity via agency to resist through consciousness. This study examines why and how Mahasweta Devi’s characters Lakshmibai, Sujata and Brati undergo active internalization of consciousness as a catalyst to subaltern agency, and Devi portrays such experiences of characters in her novels The Queen of Jhansi (1956) and Mother of 1084 (1974) respectively. As a researcher, I have employed the theoretical perspectives of gender subaltern of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak amd resistance paradigm of Michael Garnett. By experiencing subaltern consciousness- an awareness of hegemonic experience in terms of gender, class, caste, and age or in any other ways, the characters acquire the agency to oppose injustice. They preserve their identity and dignity while establishing their own agency. Devi's Mother of 1084 (1974) and The Queen of Jhansi (1956) depict the protagonists Lakshmibai, Sujata, and her son Brati as the subaltern characters resisting against imperial hegemony, , gender and caste based exploitation and discrimination in the contemporary society. Through the protagonist's awareness from a state of powerlessness to an empowered quest for agency and autonomy dismantles the notion that the subalterns cannot speak. Keywords: Subaltern, subaltern consciousness, Resistance, Agency
An Ethical reasseessment of modern day salvery and systemic fallure in Mc Cormick's sold and Washington's up from Salvery
(2025) Karkee, Bhoj Raj; Anirudha Thapa
This dissertation compares Patricia McCormick’s Sold and Booker T. Washington’s Up from Slavery, two works written a century apart, to examine the persistence of slavery in contemporary society. While Washington reflects on the historical oppression of African Americans and their struggle for freedom, McCormick’s novel narrates the harrowing experience of Lakshmi, a young girl trafficked into the sex trade. Although slavery is widely believed to have been abolished, Lakshmi’s story exposes how it continues to exist in hidden and systemic ways. Despite the existence of numerous laws prohibiting slavery, its persistence raises a critical question: why do such exploitative conditions endure worldwide? This dissertation argues that the root cause lies not in the absence of legal frameworks but in the failure of authorities who often prioritize personal interests over their duty. The systemic failure enables modern-day slavery to thrive. Overall, these texts calls for a collective response in which every individual, government, NGOs, and INGOs, prioritizes ethical responsibility over self-interest. Only through a coordinated and committed effort may slavery-like conditions be meaningfully addressed, if not entirely dismantled. Keywords: Modern-day Slavery, Systemic Failure, Slavery-like Situation, Contractualist-Deontology, Mass-Awareness.
Symbiosis of colour and people ; Critique of Ideology in Doris lessing's The Golden Netebook
(2025) Chand, Birendra Bahadur; Komal Phuyal
The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessing is a highly acclaimed masterpiece in English literature. It is received and criticized in multiple ways. In other words, the analysis of The Golden Notebook has been multifaceted. The use of five notebooks with different colours has bolstered the presentation of the novel even more. At last, Black, Red, Yellow, Blue, and the Golden Notebook are used by Anna Wulf, the protagonist, to record her writing life, political experience, emotional and fictional sensations, everyday diary, and then acceptance of the fragmentation of life, respectively. The following study is centralized to explore the use of colour and people and its critique of ideology. The study begins with the background analysis of the study, which then leads to the main story of the novel, followed by the exploration of the use of colour and people in the novel. Similarly, reading a novel with the theory of new criticism is done along with the critique of ideology. The representations of each colour are mentioned in detail, whereas the analysis of the red colour, that is, the political life of Anna, is then highlighted in brief. Finally, the study concludes by analyzing the significance of the golden notebook in the novel. Keywords: fragmented, compartmentalized, disillusionment, writer’s block, trauma, new criticism
Power dynamics and post independent disillusionment in Vikram Seth's A suitable Boy
(2025) Acharya, Raju; Toya Nath Upadhyay
This studyexplores political practices, hostility betweenreligions, communal violence, sexual exploitation and class conflict in post independent India and explores biopolitics in the characters activities over political events of 1950’s post independent India.Seth’snarrativeis examined through biopolitics theory of Michael Foucault.Discourseof biopolitics of Foucaultthat carries ideologiesofpoliticsand social normscirculatebio power andcreate a sort of power relationthathas been practicedfromone group to anothergroup in post-colonial Indian society.Power politics is dynamic that changes from colonial period to post-colonial period continuously. Power changes from one hierarchy to another. Power Politics,racial hatred, caste exploitation and communalism playmainrole tokeep power relationbetween Hindu and Muslims, upper caste and lower caste, majority and minority groups.This study also exposes discourses of biopower exercises in newly post independent 1950’s India. Land reform,partition violence and Hindu Muslim hatred are the problems in post-colonial India which will be examined in the study. Mahesh Kapoor, Nehru, Raja of Marh, Dr kishen Chand Seth, Sandeep Lahari, and L.N Agarwal are some characters whose biopolitics over landlord, minority peoples, Hindus, prostitute, lower caste Jatav, rural common people and Muslims is observed in the study. There is disillusionment in post-colonial India due to exploitation, class conflict and racial hatred. Foucault’s biopolitics is the main theoretical analyzing tool and power and discourse of Foucault on the context of post colonialism are secondary tools of analyzing the narration of Seth. This study has some key terms such as power, discourse, postcolonialism, biopolitics, post independent, power dynamics and disillusionment.
Rise of Artificial intelligence and crisis in Humalsm in machines like me and Ex Machina
(2025) Bhattarai, Guru Prasad; Bal Bahadur Thapa
This present dissertation examines the representation of crisis of Renaissance led version of humanism invited by the rise of humanoids empowered by Artificial Intelligence in the novel Machines Like Me by Alex Garland and the film Ex Machina directed by Ian McEwan. In the selected primary texts, the representation of humanoids with the human traits is problematic. Renaissance humanism keeps human in center, emphasizing on human potentiality and achievement. Human as rational, creative, endowed with ethical and moral aspects. This account of human version can be in challenge by humanoids enhanced with Artificial Intelligence. This research, therefore, analyzes and interprets the novel and the movie focusing on their representation of the growing development of artificial intelligence in humanoids and its impacts on humanism. Regarding the research problem, the present study argues that humanoids with artificial intelligence may subvert human thoughts and behaviors in the near future. Though artificial intelligence has enhanced human life on several fronts, the humanoids with the enhanced human qualities like consciousness can surpass human beings and thus cause human beings to question their own identity. In this way, this research is a speculation on the verbal and visual representations of the futuristic world in which human beings may be reduced to slaves to humanoids with the hyper programmed consciousness. This study derives insights to the position of human from the scholars like Rosi Braidotti and Francisco Ferrando to develop a theoretical framework. One of the key propositions of this study is the role reversal between machines and human beings. Machines show traits of humans and vice versa. Both the primary texts, as per the present dissertation, are representations of the futuristic high tech modern world, where human beings barter their consciousness and emotions with machines for the latter’s efficiency and thus undergo an identity crisis. As Artificial Agency will be able to counter human account of supremacy and the conceptual identity about human uniqueness will be in re-definition. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, humanoids, humanism, posthumanism, human identity
Call for Human -Animal coexistence in White Fang and The Call of the Wild
(2025) Mukhiya, Narendra Man; Toya Nath Upadhayay
The research examines the relation between humans and animals in Jack London’s novels White Fang and The Call of the Wild from the perspective of animal studies. , animals are supposed to lack rationality and are considered inferior to human beings. However, in the novels of Jack London selected for this study, the dogs, Buck and White Fang, are presented as sentient beings with rationality. Regarding this issue, the study argues that London— by representing the dogs as and humans and thus advocates for egalitarian relation between them. This is how London advocates for agency, rights and justice for animals. In order to develop a theoretical framework to analyze the selected primary texts, the study derives the insights from the animal studies, especially from Peter Singer’s idea of animal rights. To some extent, in both the novels, animals are domesticated to fulfill the human needs and purposes. In the process of domesticating, White Fang and Buck are treated badly that their natural animals' rights are violated in the different human camps. Because of the exceptionalism, human beings mistreat Buck and White Fang ignoring their sentiments, emotions, feelings, desires, dreams and duties. However, human beings and animals, as observed in these novels, are both the ecological selves of the same ecosphere. If both respect each other's rights, emotions, feelings and experiences, the bond between human beings and animals grows stronger. Keywords: Animal agency, animal rights, domestication, earth jurisprudence, animal welfare, coexistence
Resistance of the Subaltern Characters in Parijat‘s Anido Pahad Sangai and Rajan Mukarung‘s Damini Bhir
(2024) Poudel, Bimal Prasad; Tara Lal Shrestha
This research work explores the subaltern experiences and identity struggles in Parijat's Anido Pahad Sangai and Rajan Mukarung's Damini Bhir. Both of the novels distinctively unfold the lives of marginalized characters—such as Gorimaya, Suwani, Jamuni, Suntali, Lal Bahadur, Dhoule Kanchho, Lachhi, Hangdima, Rambha, Sani Sundas, and Ghyabring Baje—depicting their struggle against gender and racial violence in a deeply racist and patriarchal society. For Parijat and Mukarung, giving voice to the excluded and marginalized is a profound quest for self-discovery and cultural identity. The narratives reveal that while repression incites resistance, it also demands significant compromises from the subalterns, who are often silenced by socio-political and gender ideologies, echoing Spivak’s assertion in her essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” Yet, significant historical events—such as the assassination of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Anido Pahad Sangai and the impact of the ten-year-long Maoist Insurgency in Damini Bhi—spark a newfound consciousness and resistance among these characters. Characters like Suwani in Anido Pahad Sangai and Lachhi in Damini Bhir emerge as agents of change, challenging systemic oppression. By drawing the critical perspectives from subaltern scholarship as developed by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Antonio Gramsci, Ranajit Guha, and others, this study examines how these narratives amplify the voices of the subaltern characters, highlighting their sufferings, agency, and empowerment. Through a subaltern lens, this paper reaches the conclusion that the novels effectively articulate the struggles, resistance, and resilience of marginalized communities, showcasing the authors' profound engagement with themes of oppression and empowerment. Keywords: Gender, Subaltern, Violence, Agency, Resistance
Neo-Marxist Reading on Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine
(2012) Pradhan, Tika Ram; Pradip Raj Giri
The capitalistic configuration design of this novel „Jasmine‟ by Bharati Mukherjee evokes the subordination of the working class people. The structure is set up in such a way that all the characters are bound to think that whatever the hardship and sufferings are happenings to them are because of the economic exploitation and the ruling ideology of the capitalist. They are restricted beyond the social periphery that are framed in the name of cast, social status, religion, education, gender, tradition and culture. Jasmine has epitomized the injustices of capitalist society towards the working class of people. Mukharjee has presented the image of domination and exploitation of lower class of society. Each and every character is bind with the bondage of suppression and are compelled to live under the power of capitalist ideology. Most of the characters are victimized either by objectification or reification.
International Relations in For Whom the Bell Tolls, the Honorary Consul and Shalimar the Clown
(2025) K.C.,Chandra Bahadur; Krishna Chandra Sharma
International Relations is a broad area that includes the relations between states, international organizations and non-state organizations. It also includes various issues, such as diplomatic relations of states, international cooperation, conflict and peace. Further, it explicates relations among individuals across states and regions. Diplomatic and international relations can be deliberated in multiple disciplines, such as history, culture, and literature. Literature, mainly narrative works, is rich sources of informationfor studying International Relations. This dissertation analyzes issues and ideas of International Relations represented in modern novelistic discourses, such asErnest Hemingway‟sFor Whom the Bell Tolls(1940), Graham Greene‟s The Honorary Consul(1973),and Salman Rushdie‟sShalimar the Clown (2005). Applying a multidisciplinary approach, this research posits the contribution of these narratives to an in-depth comprehension of diplomatic and international relations. In that line of thought it addresses some pertinent questions: In what ways do International Relations theories contribute to the study area for literary narratives? How do literary narratives such as novels bolster the understanding and analysis of International Relations?What issues and theories of International Relations do Hemingway‟s For Whom the Bell Tolls, Greene‟s The Honorary Consul, and Rushdie‟s Shalimar the Clown imply? The research objectives of the research are to highlight the importance of issues and theories of International Relations in the study of literature and apply them to study literary narratives; to justify the role of literary narratives in the understanding of relations of different nation-states; and to analyze Hemingway‟s For Whom the Bell Tolls, Greene‟s The Honorary Consul, and Rushdie‟s Shalimar the Clown to explain the issues and theories of International Relations implicit in them. This research claims that literary narratives are great sources to explain International Relations because they deliberate upon issues of International Relations like war, conflict and peace, friendship and enmity, diplomacy, cross-border transactions, operation of non-state institutes, foreign policy, strategic studies, great powers, and the balance of powers. They also explain other International Relations issues like human rights, international society, violence, democracy, prosperity, treaties, climate change, organized crimes, human security, foreign intervention, and ideas (theories) of International Relations like realism, liberalism (idealism), Constructivism, eco-criticism, Marxism, globalization, and terrorism. This study has followed the methodology of applying realist, idealist, and constructivist traditions of International Relations theories as tools to analyze the selected literary works. In orthodox International Relations study, these theories are solely analyzed to describe the relation between and among nations, but in the post- modern period, these theories have been rethought as tools to analyze the elements of International Relations in cultural artifacts like narrative/fictional works. Love and diplomacy are intermingling features in the field of International Relations. In all these three novels, activities related to love are linked with diplomatic figures. The Spanish Civil War, an inherent subject of For Whom the Bell Tolls, was a conflict of power, and it is an issue of Realist International theory. The protagonist Robert Jordan goes after the international alliance for the success of the republican side. It is an issue related to the Idealist International Relations theory. The novel also exposes the clash of ideologies of two opposing sides: fascism and communism. The ideology is an element of Constructivist International Relations theory. The next novel The Honorary Consul mentions the cross-border activities that are related to International Relations. Paraguay under the rule of General Stroessner is very much aggressive towards rebel groups. Leon Rivas works selflessly for the sake of good for the people, to make the nation free from the hand of cruel ruler. His utopian thought is concerned with Idealist International Relations theory. The state creates anarchy that is related to constructivism. The third novel Shalimar the Clown includes customs, cultures, beliefs, and diplomacy of different countries. The activities of the US diplomat Maximilian Ophuls are related to Realist International Relations. He is the source of anarchy in Kashmir. The issue of Kashmir, a place once utopia changed into dystopia, is the issue of Idealist International Relations. The novel keeps the ingredients of cultural diplomacy to promote mutual relationships between the nations and their people. Cultural diplomacy is an issue of Constructivist International Relations theory. The novel provides a glimpse of the image of the Cold- War novel. In conclusion, all three novels analyzed in this dissertation include the issues and ideas that are related to International Relations. Keywords: constructivism, cross-border activities, diplomacy, idealism, realism, utopia
Depiction of Indian Cultural Values through Magic Realism: A Study of Selected Stories from Ruskin Bond's When Darkness Falls and Other Stories
(2015) Regmi, Goma; Badri Prasad Acharya
This research analyses how Ruskin Bond's some selected stories from When Darkness Falls and Other Stories use magical realism as a technique to mingle the opposite values like real and fantastic, natural and supernatural, the past and the present and life and death. It attempts to show how Bond presents the Indian culture, tradition, belief system and behavior of people by using the technique called magic realism. Using the non-western setting of India, the writer challenges the westerners who blame non-westerners as traditional and superstitious. Bond valorizes the concept of magic realism, which focuses on multiple truths by questioning single version of reality. The magical elements like ghostly visitation, supernaturalism, haunting, charms and spells, dreams and foretelling come true in the real life experiences of Indian people. Magic realism in Bond's stories is not only monolithic rather it has multiple versions such as postcolonial, postmodern, ontological and has association with children's culture. Presenting the relationship between real people and ghostly appearances, the stories portray the attachment of Indian people with supernaturalism. The stories wave the elements of supernatural and extraordinary happenings about the victimization of the characters with ordeals in life. Magic realism in the stories gives subversive effects of supernaturalism and presents unusual and extraordinary with the context of firm reality.
Resolving Conflicting Cultures in Potok's The Chosen
(2011) Karki, Khagendra Bahadur; Beerendra Pandey
The Chosen focuses on its two main characters, Danny Saunders and Reuven Malter, and covers their high school and college years, the period in their lives when they struggle for self realization. Both are sons of religious fathers, but while Reuven is orthodox and secularized. Danny's father is the head of an ultraorthodox and mystical sect of Jews called Hasids. Rabbi Isaac Saunders, Danny's father, fully expects Danny to inherit his role as the spiritual leader of his congregation, but Danny is more interested in modern psychology. Reuven's father, David Malter, is a Hebrew scholar. The dissertation has argued that the predicament of Danny Saunders lies at the core of Potok's The Chosen: Should Danny remain in the very ethnic world of the ultra-Orthodox Hasidic Jews, or should he reach out to join mainstream American Culture? In this regard Danny's predicament which symbolizes the concern of many Jews in the United States constitutes the conflict in the novel. What the proposed dissertation reveals is that in the Potok's The Chosen, the conflict functions at several levels. These are: the generational conflict, cultural conflict, ideological conflict, the split between two vision of God and man's relationship to him. The conflicts are, however, resolved in favor of liberalism and multiculturalism.
Silenced Sierva Maria: A Study of Gendered Subaltern in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Of Love and Other Demons
(2011) Dahal, Dipendra; Tara Lal Shrestha
This research aims to show the marginalization of female who is born in an aristocrat family based on Gabriel Garcia Marquez‟s Of Love and Other Demons. The females of colonial family are also treated as colonized natives during colonial era. They are inferiorized not only in domestic life but also in public life. The research paper also proves how a female is victimized in the networks of patriarchy that always privilege the male. Female‟s voice is always silenced on account of patriarchal ideology and role of church authority in the context of this novel. Moreover, superstitious beliefs, manipulation of female as patriarchal agency, traditional concept, construction of truth by religious institution that functions as if it is synonymous to patriarchy are some of the factors that play the crucial role to marginalize female. For this, the novel is approached from the perspective of gendered subaltern.
Meditation on Death in Mary Oliver's Poetry
(2010) Giri, Anita; Maheshwor Paudel
This research examines the images of death in Mary Oliver's poetry. Meditation on death is the motif behind this research. As we know, there is co-relation between life and death, where there is life; it's sure and certain that there is death. Oliver's most of the poems are related to death. A number of her poems have the word death occurring in them and there are terms linked with the effects of death, silence, grave, funeral, and tomb. Time and again she has imagined her own death, or of poetic persona, or the death of any other character in her poetry. Her death poems give the glimpse of life poems. Except death nothing is beautiful for her. Whatever position human beings acquire in the society is nothing for her because one day everyone should die. In most of her poetry, she is searching her existence in death. Nothingness is the goal of her life. Death is a certainty among innumerable uncertainties of life. Death is the gateway to achieve freedom in her life and it is the essential factor in her poetry.
Realization of One’s True Nature: Vedantic Elucidation in R.K. Narayan’s
(2025) Sharma, Manish; Krishna Chandra Sharma
Not available
Eroticism and the Sacred: A Semiotic Study of Tudal in Uma-Maheshwara Temple, Kirtipur
(2025) Dev Saru; Mahesh Paudyal
This paper explores the epistemic, philosophical, aesthetics, historical, religious and spiritual motifs of Uma-Maheshwar’s nude sculptures, particularly using Barthean Semiology. It examines how nudity in Nepali sculpturestranscends eroticism to symbolize purity, transcendence, and spiritual enlightenment. Drawing on Barthean semiology, the paper contends that these sculptures offer deeper meaning beyond their visual representation of sexual acts, reflecting societal openness and metaphysical knowledge. Furthermore, it situates the erotic imagery within Hindu and Buddhist philosophical frameworks, suggesting that these carvings represent sacred unions and cosmic balance rather than mere physical desire. Through a visual and epistemic analysis, the study emphasizes the sculptures' role in communicating spiritual truths and cultural values.
Gretel Rewritten: Deconstructing Gender in Niamh Murphy‟s Gretel: A Fairy Tale Retold
(2025) Rai, Junu; Mahesh Paudyal
This study explores the reversal of traditional gender roles and the re imagining of female positionality in Gretel: A Fairy Tale Retold by Niamh Murphy. By analyzing Murphy’s retelling of the classic Brothers Grimm fairy tale Hansel and Gretel, this research examines how the portrayal of women challenges conventional gender norms and archetypes found in traditional folklore. In contrast to the passive, dependent role of Gretel in the original version, Murphy's Gretel is an active, empowered character who takes charge of her own destiny, demonstrating agency and independence. The study applies Judith Butler's feminist theory, particularly her concept of gender performativity, to argue that gender identity is socially constructed and can be reshaped through the performance of actions. Through textual analysis, this paper investigates how the characters' actions in Murphy’s retelling defy traditional gender expectations, offering a subversion of power dynamics typically associated with female roles in fairy tales. Additionally, the study compares the representation of women in both the original and retold versions, highlighting the transformation of Gretel’s character from a passive figure into a strong, resourceful protagonist. Ultimately, this research illustrates how Gretel: A Fairy Tale Retold challenges gendered representations, offering a modern perspective on the possibilities for women’s agency within societal narratives. Keywords: Gretel, reversed positionality, new woman, breaking the archetypes,
Beauty as a tool of oppression in Morrison’s The Bluest eye and Walker’s The color purple
(2026) Nyaupane, Namdev; Hem Lal Pandey
This dissertation looks at how beauty used to oppress people because of their race and gender in Toni Morrison the Bluest Eye and Alice Walker the Color Purple. It says that beauty in the literature written by American women is not just about how something looks but it is actually a way of thinking that is shaped by European standards and men having power over women. The research uses ideas from different fields, including what Frantz Fanon said about racism and how it affects our minds what Antonio Gramsci said about how some groups of people have more power over others and what bell hooks and Patricia Hill Collins said about feminism and being black. This study is based on reading and comparing the texts. It shows that characters like Pecola Breedlove and Celie think that European beauty standards are the best and this makes them feel bad about themselves be quiet and feel like they are falling apart. Beauty is like a kind of violence that controls the bodies and identities of women by leaving them out treating them like objects and looking at them in a certain way. The study also shows that Toni Morrison and Alice Walker do not agree with the usual ideas about beauty. Instead, they think that beauty is about defining yourself being with your sisters having control over your body and being proud of your culture. In the end this study says that beauty in these novels is connected to politics and oppression. It helps us understand American literature better by showing that beauty is not just about how something looks but it is also, about power, identity and surviving. Beauty is a part of oppression and this study helps us see that.
An analysis of budgeting allocated and implementation status child friendly local governance in Kathmandu valley
(2024) Magar, Shijan Budha; Maya Timsina
Child friendly local governance ensure that the plans and policies designed at the local level are at the best interest of the children. The study aims to assess the policy relevant to child friendly local governance in the context Nepal, compare the Child friendly Local Governance Budgetary allocation per child population for the year 2076-2081 in Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Bhaktapur Municipality and to analyze the Child Friendly Local Governance plans and programs initiated by Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Bhaktapur Municipality for 2076-2081. Nepal has ratified different international convention that supports in the promotion of child friendly local governance. Nepal has progressively strengthened children's rights since 1990. Bhaktapur Municipality demonstrates higher percentages of budget allocation for CFLG compared to Kathmandu Metropolitan City, albeit with significant annual fluctuations. Bhaktapur demonstrated a more dynamic but inconsistent commitment, while Kathmandu showed gradual improvement but with lower overall allocations. There are differences in the prioritization of child-friendly governance between the two municipalities, with Bhaktapur over the years. Kathmandu showed significant changes in budget allocation per child in 2080/081, while Bhaktapur maintained a steady and consistent allocation per child throughout the years. It is recommended to align the plan and polices with the national strategy of Child Friendly Local Governance of Nepal. The Study recommended to allocate consistent budget and to develop the capacity of the employees as well as other stakeholders regarding CFLG. Keywords: Child-Friendly, Local Governance, Budget, Plans, Policies, Programs
Elements of the generation writings in J. D. salinger's The catcher in the Rye
(2025) Shakya, Anu; Anirudra Thapa
This thesis explores the elements of the Beat Generation's writings in J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. The novel articulates a protagonist, Holden Caufield, who is laminating upon the bygone days and has no sense of urgency in rectifying his mistakes. He is absorbed in lustfulness and maddened with modern desires including boozing, squandering, and strolling. On the one hand, the protagonist resembles American standardization and on the other hand, he rejects the social convention by redefining sexuality, religion, and philosophy which is similar to the aspirations of the Beat Generation which was booming during the context of the novel. In this connection, this study focuses on four specific questions: Why does the protagonist stand in liminal space? What purpose does the novel serve in igniting the Beat Generation's writing? How does J. D. Salinger imbue the aspiration of the Beat Generation and in doing so, how does he challenge American standardization? To these questions, the research embodies the new historicist perspective, especially dealing with Stephen Greenblatt’s notion of new historicism or cultural , and argues that Salinger’s protagonist is neither an absolute representation of Americans nor an active activist of the Beat Generation. He gives double exposition, the dark reality of American culture, and the result of American standardization. The study claims that Salinger has adopted the elements of the Beat Generation writings that include sexuality, religion/philosophy, and economy not only to show his alignment with the movement but also to illuminate the unprecedented desensitization of Americanness that impuissant the present, unavailing the sterile future of the American culture. Keywords: Americanness, liminal space, transition, brutality, sterilization

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