Critical Regionalism, for Contextual Architectural Development in Kathmandu

Abstract

Literature demonstrates how modernization and globalization have impacted contemporary architecture, resulting in a style that pays little attention to the preexisting local and regional styles. In response to the international architecture practiced in the West, critical regionalism, as described by theorist Kenneth Frampton, has found use in various parts of the world. It is an architectural idea that aims to strike a balance between local requirements and resources and the developing modernization teachings. After the emergence of democracy in the 1950s, Kathmandu began to embrace modernism while retaining its medieval urban culture. But rapid urbanization resulted in the valley's chaotic architectural expression. This paper seeks to examine the critical regionalism approach in architectural practice and identify key characteristics that support this approach. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the applications of the identified attributes, two case studies—the Taragaon Complex by Carl Pruscha in Kathmandu and the Saynatsalo Town Hall by Alvar Aalto in Finland—were chosen. Three factors—climate, spatial attribute, and material—were chosen based on theories to help decide if the chosen cases critique or assess an established theory of regionalism. These characteristics were verified using a different method, including literature reviews, field observations, interviews with key informants, and computer modeling tools. In order to learn more about traditional valley architecture, one traditional structure, the Dhakhwa home, was also visited. Using Autodesk Ecotect 2011 simulation software, climatic analysis of the chosen case buildings was carried out. Both the Dhakhwa House and Taragaon buildings, according to the simulation's results, are fit for Kathmandu's climate. Although there is a minor departure from the best fit orientation, the outcome is consistent with the suggested direction for Kathmandu. The results of the interviews also demonstrated the necessity for further consideration of other factors in the context of Kathmandu for contemporary architectural development, including topography, context, material, and spatial features.