Pronominal in English, Nepali and Achhami

Abstract

This thesis entitled “Pronominal in English, Nepali and Achhami” attempts to compare and contrast English, Nepali and Achhami pronominal systems. The researcher used both primary and secondary sources of data. The sampled study population were 60 Achhami native speakers but English and Nepali pronominal were taken from secondary sources. A set of interview questionnaire was prepared as tool for data collection. The collected data were cross-checked by the researcher being a participant observer for two months.

The major findings of the present research comprises Nepali and Achhami have complex pronominal system, no existence of possessive pronominal in Nepali and Achhami, nasalization found in Achhami pronominal, morphologically negative pronominal is not exist but verb makes negation in Achhami and Nepali, masculine and feminine contrast do not found in Achhami and Nepali pronominal system. Only personal pronominal contrast for number, person, in Nepali and Achhami but personal, reflexive and possessive pronominal contrast for number, person, case and gender in English. Achhami and Nepali pronominal have honorificness and levels of honorificness, respectively but English does not. ‘Lai’ is suffixed to subjective case to make it objective one in Achhami and Nepali but separate forms are used for subjective, objective and possessive case in English. Nepali and Achhami 3rd person personal pronominal also function as dative case.

Greater number of pronominal exists in Nepali in comparison to Achhami but less number in comparison to English. Different forms of same pronominal due to the addition of different case markers like ‘le’, ‘bata’, ‘dekhi’, ‘kekhin’ are found in Nepali and Achhami. Verbs and in few cases preposition assign case to English pronominal but verbs as well as case markers/ case – endings assign case to Nepali and Achhami pronominal. Addition of suffix '-huru’ is the main Nepali pronominal pluralization process in Nepali except ‘hami’. Changing of ‘o’ of ‘yo’ and ‘tyo’ into ‘i’ and ‘ ’ is a pronoun pluralization process found in Nepali and Achhami, respectively. Same singular honorific forms are used as plural in Achhami. This thesis consists of four chapter. First chapter deals with general background that consists of definition of language, the English language, languages of Nepal, dialect, Achhami dialect, pronominal system and contrastive analysis. Second chapter is related to methodology that deals with sources of data, sampling procedure, research tool, process of data collection, limitation of the study and significance of the study. Third chapter interprets, analyzes and presents data and fourth chapter includes findings, recommendations and pedagogical implications of the study.