Population Status, Distribution and Conservation Threats of Swamp Francolin (Francolinus Gularistemminck, 1815) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal

Abstract

Swamp Francolin (Francolinus gularis), is one of the globally threatened bird andclassified as vulnerable species. The bird is endemic to Indian sub-continent and inNepal, it isrestricted to ShuklaphantaWildlife ReserveandKTWR. The study entitled "Population Status, Distribution and Conservation Threats of SwampFrancolin(Francolinus gularis)" was carried out in KTWR from June 11 to July16, 2007with aim to estimate the population status, distribution and threats, hence to recommendfor appropriate management. The direct observation method was used to determine thepopulation status along with biophysical status of area and questionnaire surveys toaccess of habitat utilization and threats. A maximum of 87 individuals were recorded in the easternpart of the reserve with aclumped distribution pattern. The maximum number of the species was found at Kushahaarea. The population of thespecies were seen distributed in a little bit fragmented fashionin swampy grassland of the eastern part although the number of Francolins wereencountered throughout the way from Haripur to Prakashpur but some phantas inbetween were found completely outof the species. Destruction of habitat is major problem in the KTWR, either by the encroachment ordueto the flood in Koshi River. Another major problem is the disturbance either by humaninterference or by cattle/livestock. Overgrazingonvegetation, cutting trees of habitat,active human pressure and worse management reflected critical situation of overallKTWR. The degradation of habitat quality and the loss of space are not supporting the viable selfsustaining population of swampFrancolin at natural condition. For in-Situ conservationof Swamp Francolin population restoration, management and extension of existinghabitat at KTWR is important.