Cross-border irregular migration of rohingyas in Nepal

Abstract

This dissertation analyzes the patterns, causes, and security implications of Rohingya irregular migration to Nepal and evaluates Nepal’s preparedness for emerging security challenges. Although Rohingyas are treated as “unmanaged refugees,” Nepal has not granted them formal refugee status. Unlike Bhutanese or Tibetan refugees, the Rohingya issue has received limited administrative, policy, and academic attention. This study aims to fill that gap by examining the issue from a political science perspective at both the domestic and international levels, with particular focus on border dynamics. The research examines Nepal’s laws, policies, and border security practices, especially along the Nepal–India border. Using social network theory, it explores why Rohingyas migrate to Nepal and how migration networks,family ties, kinship, friendships, and community connectionsfacilitate their movement. Security implications are analyzed through Robert Putnam’s two-level framework, assessing both domestic and international impacts, including border management challenges, human trafficking, drug smuggling, and human security concerns. The study uses a qualitative methodological approach within a constructivist paradigm. Data were collected from legal documents, policy reports, literature, and interviews with security officials in the Jhapa, Morang, and Parsa districts, as well as case studies of seven Rohingya migrants. Thematic and discourse analysis were used to examine how Rohingya migration is framed as a security issue and how such narratives influence legal and policy responses. Findings highlight three key areas: migration routes and causes, Nepal’s legal and policy responses, and implications for border management and national security. viii Despite existing policies on border security and irregular migration, implementation is weak due to unclear institutional roles, overlapping responsibilities, open borders, and limited resources. Rohingya migrants enter Nepal through Bangladesh and India using brokers, family networks, and social media connections. While their numbers remain small, potential risks related to transnational crime and instability cannot be ignored. The study concludes that Nepal faces a policy dilemma between national security and humanitarian obligations. A balanced and comprehensive strategy is needed to manage irregular migration while respecting human rights. Addressing the Rohingya issue is important for Nepal’s national security, regional diplomacy, and international reputation. Security mechanisms along the international border are insufficient and must be strengthened with modern technology, smart border security measures, and well-trained manpower.