Political Science
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Item Reforming the United Nations Security Council: an international peace and security perspective(2026) Thapa, Chandan Singh; Rabindra KhanalAfter the failure of League of Nations (called LoN afterwards), United Nations (UN) was established on 24 October 1945 with six principal organs - General Assembly (UNGA), Security Council (UNSC), Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Secretariat. With both triumphs and setbacks, the UNSC has been instrumental in global crises. Its structure, however, is progressively out of date and represents the allied dominated world order of 1945. The necessity to confront changing economic and military power dynamics is emphasized in today's UNSC reform discussions. One crucial issue is the permanent members' veto power, which can prevent collective action. The Council's history, changing global politics, the rise of new powers, structural flaws, applications for permanent membership, and restructuring difficulties must all be taken into account during reform talks. While filling in the inadequacies in the current system, any reform plan must improve peace and security. To guarantee that their voices and interests are heard in international decision making, poor nations like Nepal which is landlocked, small, and without significant political clout must participate more in the UNSC. Therefore, reform is both required and inevitable. Within domain of different factors necessitating the reforming of the UNSC, best model of reformation and significance of reformation of UNSC in view of threats related to contemporary world, researcher has set out 3 main objectives which are: a) To identify major drawbacks in United Nations Security Council structure and its tools for the maintenance of international peace and security b) To provide appropriate models for the reformation of the United Nations Security Council's structure and its tools for the maintenance of effective international peace and security c) To explore the major impacts of reformation of UNSC structure and its tools for the maintenance of international peace and security. In order to achieve the set out objectives of the dissertation, it is divided into seven chapters which are Introduction, Review of the literatures, Research Methodology, structural and procedural aspects of UNSC, its functioning mechanism and need of reformation in UNSC with view of Security Perspective, Models for the reforming the United Nations Security Council with view of international peace and Security Perspective, Significance of reformation of UNSC in Contemporary world: Impact analysis and future discourse in broader spectrum of security with final part of the dissertation Summary, Major Findings and Conclusion. The dissertation has adopted qualitative approach of data collection and analysis using both primary and secondary data. The primary data are basically authentic UN publications and reports sampling method for primary data is non probability purposive sampling where respondents are divided into five categories in terms of diplomatic assignment in UN and other related environment, participation in UN peacekeeping in different capabilities at policy and field levels to obtain facts about different dimensions of reforming of UNSC with view of security perspectives. The dissertation has adopted descriptive and exploratory research design. The study mainly revolves on analyzing the gaps in existing framework of UNSC in terms of maintaining peace and security in the world, identifies the effective way of dealing with security threats to human lives and explores the significance of reforming in contemporary world focusing on adverse implications of existing structural and procedural set up of UNSC including veto power vested in P5 countries, effectiveness of UNPKO, implantation of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) duty, role of UNSC in maintaining Collective Security, identifications of possible models of reformation of UNSC, identifications of threats of the contemporary world and explores the significance of restructured UNSC for the betterment of future generations. The major findings of the dissertation are: a) there is need of structural change in current structure of UNSC and its tools used for global peace and security reviewing the change in world order since establishment of UN addressing sovereign equality, inclusion of rising global powers and balanced regional representation b) veto power vested in P5 members is detrimental when interest of P5 is linked with global security affairs and has deviated UNSC from carrying out its assigned responsibility as mandated in UN Charter c) there is need of amendment in UN Charter and there is a need to design the modality for implementation of collective security, R2P, peace enforcement. Peacekeeping operations d) ineffectiveness of peacekeeping missions has a detrimental effect in credibility of UN missions and they are main cause of rising anti UN sentiments. There is need to redefine peacekeeping and peace enforcement strategy and implementation roadmap addressing the gaps and lapses in peacekeeping/peace enforcement missions with effective UNSC resolutions e) reformation of UNSC is significant to address emerging global threats and security, to empower role of nations like Nepal other than P5 Countries in global peace and security related decisions, stop possible disintegration of UN and prevent rise of parallel international organization in replacement of UN.Item नेपालका तराईको स्थानीय निर्वाचनमा महिला सहभागिता र प्रतिनिधित्व(2024) महताे, दिनेश प्रसाद; मीना वैद्य मल्लमानव जातिको अस्तित्वको निरन्तरता र मानव सभ्यताको विकासमा महिला र पुरुष एकअर्काका परिपूरक र सहयात्री हुन । राजनीतिक नीतिनिर्माण र निर्णयप्रक्रियामा महिला सहभागिताको विश्वसन्दर्भलाई हेर्दा मताधिकार जस्तो आधारभूत राजनीतिक अधिकारबाट समेत महिलालाई लामो अवधिसम्म वञ्चित गराइँदै आइएको सन्दर्भ निश्चय नै प्रजातान्त्रिक विकासप्रक्रियामा एउटा कालो धब्बाका रूपमा रहेको छ । नेपालमा पहिलो पटक वि.स. २००४ मा काठमाडा सहरका जनतालाई आफ्नो प्रतिनिधि रोज्ने अवसर दिइएका थियो । राणा प्रधानमन्त्री पदमशमशेरले गराएको उक्त निर्वाचनलाइ पहिलो र ऐतिहासिक निर्वाचन मानिन्छ । उक्त निर्वाचनमा महिलाहरूलाई मतदान गर्ने अधिकार दिइएन तर २००७ सालमा भएको राजनीतिक परिवर्तनपछि महिलाहरूले मतदानको अधिकार पाए । प्रजातन्त्र स्थापनापछि स्थानीय शासनलाई बढी जनमुखी बनाउन नगरपालिका कानुन निर्माण गरिएको थियो । त्यसैका आधारमा २०१० सालको भदौ १७ गते काठमाडौँमा निर्वाचन भएको थियो । त्यस निर्वाचनमा महिलाहरूले मतदान मात्र गरेनन, उम्मेदवारीसमेत दिए । त्यस निवाचनमा काठमाडौँ वडा न. ८ बाट साहनादेवी प्रधान देशकै पहिलो महिला जनप्रतिनिधिका रूपमा चुनिइन । नेपालमा बहुदलीय प्रजातन्त्रको स्थापनापछि वि.सं. २०४९ र २०५४ गरी दुई पटक स्थानीय निर्वाचन भएको थियो । त्यसको २० वषपछि २०७४ सालको स्थानीय निर्वाचन ३ चरणमा सम्पन्न भएको थियो । प्रदेश नम्बर ३, ४ र ६ का ३४ जिल्ला र २८३ स्थानीय तहमा २०७४ वैशाख ३१ गत पहिलो चरणको निर्वाचन सम्पन्न भएको थियो । प्रदेश नम्बर १, ५ र ७ का ३५ जिल्ला र ३३४ स्थानीय तहमा २०७४ असार १४ गते दोस्रो चरणको निर्वाचन सम्पन्न भएको थियो । यस गरी प्रदेश नम्बर २ का ८ जिल्ला र १३६ स्थानीय तहमा २०७४ असोज २ गते तेस्रो चरणको निर्वाचन सम्पन्न भएको थियो । संविधानको भाग ५ धाराको ५६ अनुसार तीन तहको व्यवस्था रहेको छ । सङघात्मक, प्रादेशिक र स्थानीय तह स्थानीयलाई विकेन्द्रीकरण गर्ने प्रयोजनार्थ स्थानीय निकाय पुनः संरचना आयोग, गाउँपालिका, नगरपालिका र विशेष, संरक्षित र स्वायत्त क्षेत्रको पुनः संरचना आयोग प्रत्येक जिल्लामा स्थानीय निकायको सङख्या र सीमा निधारण गर्ने नेपालको संविधानको धारा २९५ अन्तर्गत गठन गरिएको थियो । पुनः संरचना आयोगको छ छ प्रतिवेदनअनुसार नेपाल सरकारले पुरानो ३,३३४ वटा स्थानीय तहको साटो ७५३ वटा नयाँ स्थानीय सरकारको संरचना लाग ग¥यो । नेपालको सम्पूर्ण ७५३ स्थानीय तहलाइ ६,७४३ वडामा विभाजन गरिएको छ । नेपालका तराईको स्थानीय निर्वाचनमा महिला सहभागिता र प्रतिनिधित्वको सम्बन्धमा वर्णनात्मक शोधढाँचाअन्तर्गत रही प्राथमिक तथा द्वितीयक दुवै स्रोतबाट सङकलित सङख्यात्मक तथा गुणात्मक तथ्याङकको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत शोधमा द्वितीय स्रोतबाट प्राप्त तथ्याङकहरूक आधारमा निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिको अवस्था सवेक्षण गरिएको छ भने नेपालका तराईका स्थानीय निर्वाचनमा महिला सहभागिता र प्रतिनिधित्वको अवस्था प्राथमिक स्रोतअन्तर्गत सङकलित तथ्याङकका आधारमा गरिएका छ । स्थानीय निर्वाचनमा निर्वाचित स्थानीय तहका महिला प्रतिनिधित्वको अवस्था स्थलगत अध्ययनबाट सङकलन गरिएको छ । नेपालको स्थानीय तहको निर्वाचनका सन्दर्भमा राजनीतिक कर्मीहरूको धारणा बुझ्नका लागि दलीय, क्षेत्रीय, लैङगिक विविधता समेटने गरी प्रयोजनपरक नमुना छनोट विधिमार्फत उत्तरदाता छनोट गरी अन्तर्वार्ता, अन्तर्वार्ता अनुसूची तथा सूचना फाराम आदिका माध्यमबाट सङकलित तथ्याङकको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नेपालको स्थानीय निकायमा तराई महिलाको सहभागिता, स्थानीय निर्वाचनहरूमा महिला प्रतिनिधित्वको अवस्था, स्थानीय निर्वाचनहरूमा महिलाहरू प्रमुख पदमा अपेक्षित रूपमा निर्वाचित हन नसकेको अवस्था आदि प्रस्तुत अध्ययनका समस्याकथनका रूपमा रहेका छन र उल्लिखित समस्याहरूको निराकरण गरी स्थानीय निर्वाचनहरूमा महिला सहभागिता र प्रतिनिधित्व स्पष्ट गर्न नेपालको स्थानीय निकायअन्तर्गत खास गरी तराइ क्षेत्रमा महिलाको सहभागिताको अध्ययन गर्नु, स्थानीय निर्वाचनहरूमा महिला प्रतिनिधिहरूको अवस्थाबारे मूल्याङकन गर्नु, स्थानीय निर्वाचनहरूमा तराईका महिलाहरू प्रमुख पदमा अपेक्षित रूपमा निर्वाचित हुन नसकेका मुख्य कारणहरू पत्ता लगाउनु प्रस्तुत अध्ययनका उद्देश्यहरू रहेका छन । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन भागौलिक रूपमा तराईलाइ कुनै वर्गविशेषका आधारमा नभई यहा बस्ने सम्पूर्ण समुदायलाइ नै आधार मानिएको छ । प्रस्तुत शोध स्थानीय निर्वाचन २०७४ मा केन्द्रित रहेको छ ।Item Socio-cultural perspectives of Nepal-India relations(2025) Air, Uttar Bahadur; Lal Mani PandeyAvailable with full text.Item नेपालको अन्तरिम संविधान २०६३ मा प्रधानमन्त्री स्थानः एक अध्ययन {Nepalko antrim sambidhan 2063 ma pradhanmantri sthan: ek adhyayan}(2008) कुवँर, जगत बहादुर (Kuwar, Jagat Bahadur); प्रेम प्रसाद पौडेलNot availableItem बझाङ्ग जिल्लाकाे काँडा गा. वि. स. मा राेकाया जातिकाे राजनैतिक सहभागिता एक अध्ययन {Bajhang jillako kada ga. bi.sa. ma rokaya jatiko rajnaitik sahavagita eka adhyayana}(2009) सिंह, कर्णबहादुर ( Singh Karnabahadur); टाेकराज पन्त ( Tokraj Panta)Not availableItem People-to-people relations between Nepal and China(2025) Pandit, Kamal; Purna Bahadur KhadkaThis study explored people-to-people relations between Nepal and China by identifying the factors that had shaped their interactions from 1990 to 2024. While bilateral relations were often framed through state-level diplomacy, this research shifted the focus to individuals and communities, emphasizing the role of interpersonal and grassroots exchanges in shaping cross-border understanding. It also examined how foreign policies had addressed these relations and what strategies could strengthen them in the future. Grounded theory was followed to identify the factors that influence people-to-people relations while Social Network Theory guided the analysis, as it emphasized the importance of relationships and connections between individuals and groups. A qualitative research methodology was employed, utilizing participatory observation, personal interviews, and key informant interviews. General interviews were conducted with randomly selected Nepalese individuals from diverse backgrounds, including drivers, traders, shopkeepers, hoteliers, guides, waiters, students, and teachers—each with varying degrees of interaction with Chinese nationals. A total of 36 personal interviews and observations were conducted across five locations: the Campus of International Languages, Thamel, Pokhara, Sauraha, and three border areas—Tatopani (Sindhupalchowk), Lo Manthang (Mustang), and Rasuwagadhi (Rasuwa). To complement and deepen the findings, 19 key informant interviews were conducted with professors, ambassadors, former ambassadors, political figures, diplomats, and authors with expertise in Nepal-China relations. These interviews were conducted mostly in-person, with a few carried out online or via phone between July 2022 and May 2024. Thematic coding and relational thinking revealed that the factors shaping people-to-people relations fell into three interconnected networks: cultural, economic, and diplomatic. The cultural network included shared religious traditions such as Buddhism, festivals, food practices, cross-border marriages, language, public perceptions, communication technologies, and cultural appreciation. The economic network consisted of cross-border trade, tourism, Chinese foreign direct investment, and labor migration. Meanwhile, the diplomatic network was shaped by cross-border mobility, aid and assistance, education and scholarship programs, exchange visits, and crisis management. Nepal’s foreign policy towards China, although addressed people-to-people relations,it is concluded that strengthening people-to-people relations required a holistic approach integrating all three networks. The summary emphasized about strategies like infrastructure and connectivity, promoting cultural diplomacy (especially targeting border communities), expanding student exchange programs, encouraging tourism and academic collaborations, organizing exchange visits and think tank dialogues, and fostering media partnerships for enhancing ties. Rooted in social network theory, these strategies offered concrete pathways to deepen ties between the people of Nepal and China.Item Geopolitics of Nepal: opportunities and challenges to its national security(2025) Tandul, Gaurab; Ishwori Prasad KandelNepal, a landlocked country nestled on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, holds a strategic position between two major global powers: India and China. The country's northern border is entirely demarcated by the Himalayas, separating it from the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China. This unique geographic positioning, coupled with the presence of vital mountain passes such as Kuti and Kerong, underscores Nepal's significant role in regional geopolitics. Historically, Nepal's attempts to control these passes have been thwarted, leading to their strategic occupation by Tibetan and Chinese forces. The construction of the Kathmandu-Kodari road with Chinese assistance further highlights the geopolitical importance of these routes. In terms of security, Nepal lacks a substantial defense establishment and has historically relied on maintaining friendly relations with its neighbors. Treaties with China and India, including the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, reflect Nepal's strategy to safeguard its sovereignty. Nepal's strategic significance has grown with China's rise as a global power, positioning Nepal as a potential flashpoint in Sino-Indian rivalry. However, economic interdependence between China and India has thus far mitigated the risk of direct confrontation. Nepal‘s geopolitical leverage is both an opportunity and a challenge. The nation‘s location enables it to draw economic and infrastructural support from both India and China. China‘s investments in Nepal and the strategic Kathmandu-Kodari road illustrate Beijing's interest in Nepal's stability and economic development. Conversely, India's historical and economic ties with Nepal make it a crucial partner, evident in India's role in Nepal's political developments. The geopolitical dynamics involving Nepal extend beyond regional tensions. The United States' strategic interests in South Asia, particularly in containing China's influence, add another layer of complexity. China's support for Pakistan serves to keep India preoccupied in the region, indirectly impacting Nepal. Despite the opportunities for economic growth and infrastructure development through engagement with both India and China, Nepal faces significant challenges. Political instability, governance issues, and internal ethnic divisions weaken its capacity to address security threats. Border disputes and the risk of natural disasters further exacerbate these vulnerabilities. To navigate these complex dynamics, Nepal must adopt a balanced approach, balancing diplomatic engagement with both neighbors while strengthening internal cohesion and security infrastructure. Leveraging international platforms such as the United Nations and regional organizations like SAARC and BIMSTEC can enhance Nepal's strategic positioning. It is in this context; the study explains the significance of Nepal‘s geopolitical location. It explores the opportunities for Nepal due to its geopolitical location and inspect the challenges to Nepal‘s National Security due to its geopolitical location.Item Foreign Policy of Nepal as a Small Power(2025) Baral, Bhima Nath; Khadga K. C.The purpose of this study is to examine Nepal’s foreign policy from the perspective of small power theory. Small powers must navigate asymmetrical power structures in international relations and are characterized by their limited diplomatic, military, and economic capacities. Despite significant changes following the country’s transition to democracy, Nepal’s foreign policy has demonstrated remarkable resilience. Its active participation in various multilateral forums has been recognized as a notable achievement in the realm of foreign policy. However, all aspects of international relations—including military, economic, technological, diplomatic, and alignment systems—have undergone substantial transformations. Consequently, the global balance of power has shifted, enhancing Nepal’s geostrategic significance, primarily due to the rise of China and India as competing global powers. This research work employs a qualitative research design, utilizing descriptive, analytical, and exploratory methods to investigate Nepal’s foreign policy from multiple perspectives. For the analysis, data were gathered from secondary sources, including constitutional provisions, official documents, treaties, party manifestos, parliamentary debates, academic literature, expert opinions, and media reports. A desk review, content analysis, and note transcribed methods were comprehensively employed for data collection. Nepal is a medium-sized country; however, it is often regarded as a small state due to limitations in its economic, military, diplomatic, and external affairs, as well as its geographical position between two large neighbors. Despite these challenges, Nepal upholds its identity as a sovereign and independent nation with a rich and ancient civilization. Its strategic location at the center of South Asia, active participation in regional and international organizations, and its position between two rising powers are key factors contributing to its status as a small power. According to the study, Nepal’s historical heritage as an independent country and its geostrategic location significantly influence its foreign policy. Despite its limited resources, Nepal’s foreign policy has demonstrated flexibility, transitioning through various approaches—non-alignment, isolation, equiproximity, neutrality, and strategic balancing—all aimed at preserving its independence and sovereignty. However, the coherence and effectiveness of its foreign policy have been compromised by internal political dynamics characterized by ideological polarization and frequent vi policy shifts with changes in government. Additionally, a centralized and individualized policy-making culture has hindered the institutional capacity of Nepal’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The study also highlights Nepal’s vulnerability to both conventional and unconventional security threats, such as political unpredictability, frequent external intervention, and economic instability. It emphasizes that the effectiveness of Nepal’s foreign policy will rely on strengthening its institutional framework, enhancing policy coherence, and adapting to an evolving global geopolitical landscape, particularly in light of increasing tensions among major global powers. Nepal’s distinct geopolitical position—often referred to as a “yam between three boulders”—with China as a rising superpower, India as a traditional ally, and the expanding influence of Western powers and donors—makes it a small power despite certain limitations. Nepal still continues to be dependent on its neighbors and international partners, while also playing a vital role in their strategic objectives. Therefore, Nepal needs to handle these intricate relationships through a non-aligned, balanced foreign policy that prioritizes its national interests. To achieve this, it becomes essential to foster national consensus among stakeholders, adopt a research driven approach to policymaking, strengthen institutional frameworks, and avoid security alliances that could jeopardize its relationships with neighboring countries and other international partners. By doing so, Nepal can effectively address the evolving geopolitical challenges and maintain its identity as a sovereign, independent, and stable country.Item नेपाली कम्युनिस्ट राजनीतिमा समाजवादी विचारको प्रभाव(2081) मैनाली, गोविन्द प्रसाद Mainali, Govinda Prasad; पूर्ण वहादुर खड्काAvailable in Full text.Item THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AEGLE MARMELOS (L.) CORREA AND HR-LCMS BASED METABOLITES PROFILING(Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2023-10-11) Giri, Swikar; Co-Supervisor, Bodh Baby Bhattarai, Ph.D.(Asst. Prof.); Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D. , (Associate Prof.)The Biological Properties as well as HR-LCMS analysis was carried out on the methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos (L.)Correa Leaves.Extract of the leaves was prepared using Soxhlet extractor. The leaves of Aegle marmelos has been employed as therapeutics for various kinds of disease traditionally over the years. This study employed the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, a sustainable and cost-effective method, to assess the antioxidant properties of the plant extract. This plant extractwas evaluated across six biological samples, namely S. typhi, E.Coli, K. pneumonia, P. aureginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, revealing a substantial inhibition of growth in all of these biological specimens. To investigate further insights into the plant extract,Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) and DPPH scavenging activitiesweremeasured using a double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. This analysis unveiled the antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiesinherent in the selected plant parts. Additionally, High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS) analysis of the sample was carried out for the selected plant parts.TheRotary evaporator was used to evaporate the solvent from the extract and18.45% yield extract was obtained from the dried leaves. The methanolic extract was subjected on the analysis of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) (59.307 ± 1.058 mg GAE/g dryweight extract), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) (132.8±1mg QR/g dry weightextract), Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA)(309.444±2.341mg AAE/g dryweight extract) and IC50 value of DPPH scavenging activity was found to be 238 μg/mL Notably, antibacterial activity of the extract against Bacillus subtilisand Salmonella typhiwas found to be with zone of inhibition (ZOI)of 26±4.242mm and 14±1.414mm respectively.Intriguingly, the High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HRLCMS) analysis of the crude extract identified a total of 60 compounds among them 45 are known and 15v are unknown compounds. Some of these compounds have potential applications. So that the plant extract can be used for the preparation of medicine and natural product-based therapeutics. 3-beta,6-betaDihydroxynortropane, Manumycin A, Cepharenthine, Ritterazine A, and Saphenamycin has potential effect for the treatment of diseases like leukemia, cell cancer, constipation, skin allergy, inflammatory diseases etc. To sum up, plant extract has 15 unknown compounds that may exhibit potential biological activities. So further works are necessary for the characterization of these unknown molecules and precisely disclose their biological activity. Keywords: HR-LCMS, Anti-microbial, TAC, TFC, TPC, Phytochemical screening.Item नेपालकाे राजनीतिक परिवर्तनमा प्रगतिशील गीतहरुकाे याेगदान { Nepalko rajnitik pariwartanma pragatishil geetharuko yogdaan}(2024) भण्डारी, टीकाप्रसाद Bhandari, Teeka Prasad; राजकुमार पाेखरेल Rajkumar PokhrelAvailable in full textItem Role of state to eliminate stigma in leprosy a study in the context of Dadeldhura district, Nepal(2014) Awasthi, Bisnu; Mukund Ballabh KalauniNot availableItem Political challenges of water management in Nepal-India relation: a study on arun III hydro-electricity project(2023) Rai, Viswa; Ishwori Prasad KandelAvailable in fulltextItem Women Participation in Local Government: A Study of Women Members From Bharatpur Metropolitan City of Chitwan District(Department of Political Science, Takur Ram Campus, Birgunj, 2023-02-23) Adhikari, Mahendra Prasad; Shah, Birendra PrasadThe research titled "Women Participation in Local Government: A Study of Women Members from Bharatpur Metropolitan City of Chitwan District" investigates the extent of women's political engagement and their leadership capabilities within the specific context of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan. The research employs a combination of primary and secondary data sources, primarily utilizing interview schedules with 61 female local-level leaders. The study's focal points include the challenges faced by women leaders, their capacity to assume leadership roles, and their backgrounds in political and social work. The findings reveal that women in political leadership roles are gradually developing their leadership skills despite encountering hurdles such as limited knowledge in their mandated responsibilities at the local level. These women typically lacked prior political and social work experience, primarily engaging in household and community-based activities. However, they have now transitioned into roles focused on social services, community development, and women's rights advocacy as representatives of their communities. Despite their education, they continue to grapple with societal patriarchal norms. The study also highlights the importance of leadership and women empowerment training, legal education, and the use of quotas by political parties, which have contributed to the increased presence of female political leaders at the local level. These barriers are intricately linked to societal structures and personal capacities. Interestingly, educated and socially active women leaders are actively encouraging other women in their communities to engage in politics for the broader goal of social transformation and empowerment, fostering a sense of unity among women leaders for collective community upliftment. Keywords: (Women Participation, Local Government, Political Leadership, Gender Equality, Patriarchy, Quota System, Nepal Politics)Item मगर जातिको पहिचानको राजनीतिमा नेपाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको दृष्टिकोण {Magar jatiko pahichanko rajnitima Nepali communist partyko dristikon}(मानविकी तथा सामाजिकशास्त्र सङ्काय, राजनीतिशास्त्र, 2023) बुढा मगर Budha Magar, भोज विक्रम Bhoj BikramAvailable with full textItem Geopolitical implications on Nepal-China Relations After-2008(Department of Political Science, 2024) Shahi, Hirendra BahadurSince the formal diplomatic relations were established between the two countries in 1955, Nepal and China have enjoyed the relations of balance and cooperation. China has always treated Nepal as a good neighbor and has been helping Nepal in times of needs. China has always respected Nepal’s sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity besides being a reliable development partner for the country. On its part, Nepal has remained committed to ‘one-China’ policy. Geopolitics refers to a geographic element such a country's geographic position, climate, available resources, population, power structure, Land Power, Ideology and topography and its influence in domestic and international policy formation and implementation of the country. In this respect geopolitics, however, comes to complicate the relations between the two countries. Nepal's southern neighbor has always been concerned about the development and infrastructure projects with funding and assistance from China. Since the construction of the Kodari highway in the 1960s, India has shown its non-cooperation. Today it continues not only with the construction of Pokhara and Gautam Buddha International Airports but also in the hydropower projects being built with Chinese investment and Chinese contractors. The decision made by the Indian government not to purchase electricity except Indian investment creates investment risk for other countries in Nepal. China is in favor of a stable and strong government in Nepal so that it can maintain both economic cooperation and trust. In the border area between Nepal and China, the government of Nepal should ensure security to prevent anti-Chinese activities. The trade and transit agreement signed between Nepal and China in 2019 should be implemented to put an end to the landlocked situation of Nepal. Both sides should implement the agreement to build a railway connecting Nepal and China and open the door to the economic growth of Nepal. India needs to pay attention to Nepal's sovereignty in Nepal-China relations. Qualitative method has been used in this study and secondary data was collected from journal articles, dependable books, and genuine websites. For this study, an exploratory research design has been used.Item मतदाता नामावली संकलन तथा अधावधिक कार्यक्रम दाङ्ग जिल्ला : एक अध्ययन {Matadata namawali sankalan tatha adhawadhik karyakram Dang Jilla : Ek adhyaayan)(राजनीतिशास्त्र विभाग, 2009) रिजाल Rijal, भेषराज Bheshrajपुर्ण पाठमा उपलब्ध छ /Item Security Management of Nepal- India Open Border(Faculty of Humanities & Social Science, Political Science, 2023) Bogati, Prithivi BahadurAvailable with full textItem नेपालमा समाजवादकाे प्रयाेग (Nepalma samajvadko prayog)(राजनीतिशास्त्र विभाग, 2016) पाेख्रेल Pokhrel, गंगाप्रसाद Gangaprasadप्रस्तुत अध्ययन नेपालमा समाजवादको प्रयोग भन्ने सन्दर्भमा गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनको मूल समस्या नेपालमा समाजवादको प्रयोग रहेको छ । त्यही मूल समस्यामा केन्द्रीत भै नेपालका कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीहरुको समाजवाद सम्बन्धी के कस्तो नीति र कार्यक्रम रहिआएको छ ? नेपालको संविधानमा समाजवाद सम्बन्धि के कस्ता सैद्धान्तिक व्यवस्था गरिएको छ ? र नेपालमा कम्यूनिस्ट पार्टी बीचको विभाजन र रणनीतिमा देखिएको अन्तर कारण समाजवाद लागु गर्न के सम्भव छ ? भन्ने सवालहरु राखी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनको उद्देश्य नेपालमा समाजवादको प्रयोग सन्दर्भमा रहेकाले नेपालका कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीहरुले समाजवाद सम्बन्धी अवलम्वन गरेका नीति र कार्यक्रमको खोज गर्ने पहिलो उद्देश्य राखिएको छ । यस अध्ययनको दोस्रो उद्देश्यमा वैज्ञानिक समाजवादको प्रयोगमा नेपालको संविधानमा भएका व्यवस्थाहरुको अध्ययन विश्लेषण गर्ने राखिएको छ । साथै यस अध्ययनको तेस्रो उद्देश्यमा नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीहरुको वैज्ञानिक समाजवाद प्रतिको धारणाको खोजी गरी वैज्ञानिक समाजवाद प्रयोगमा चुनौतीहरु र सम्भावनाहरुको उपाय अन्वेषण गर्नु रहेको छ । यी नै उद्देश्यका आधारमा आवश्यक पूर्व साहित्यको समिक्षा गरिएको छ । यो अध्ययनको ढाँचा विवरणात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक रहेको छ । यो अध्ययन गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको रहेको छ । साथै यो अध्ययनमा प्राथमिक तथा द्धितीय स्रोतको सहयोग लिइएको छ । प्राथमिक स्रोत अन्र्तगत अन्र्तवार्ता विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ नेपालमा कम्युनिस्ट आन्दोलनकोे बारेमा समाजवादका जानकार व्यक्तिहरुसँग त्यस्तो अन्र्तवार्ता लिएको थियो । साथै द्धितिय स्रोतको आधारमा तथ्याङ्क संकलन गरी विश्लेषणका आधारमा निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । यो अध्ययनले के देखाउदछ भने नेपालको राजनीतिको प्रथम अध्याय समाप्त भै दोस्रो अध्यायको शुरुवात भएको छ । नेपालको संविधानको घोषणासंगै अब नेपाल समाजवाद उन्मुख भएको छ । नेपाल संघीय समावेशी लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रको रुपमा स्थापित भएको छ । समाजवाद सामाजिक न्यायमा आधारित अवधारणा भएकाले सबै खाले शोषणको अन्त्य गरी न्याय र समानतामा आधारित सामाजिक व्यवस्था स्थापना हुने संभावना बढेको देखिन्छ । समाजवादमा समग्र देशको चौतर्फी विकासका ढोका खुला गरिएको देखिन्छ ।Item The role of trade union in hotels of Pokhara(Department of Political Science, 2017) Gurung, BhishanNot available