Intelligence in internal security : prospects and challenges in Nepal

Abstract

This study explores the critical role of intelligence in internal security of Nepal, analyzing its definitions, applications, and effectiveness in safeguarding national interests. Intelligence is examined as a product, process, and mission integral to informed decision-making and proactive security strategies. Drawing from both Western and Asian perspectives, the study highlights how intelligence is perceived and applied in various contexts, including military, law enforcement, and policy formulation. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing content analysis of legal frameworks, academic literature, and interviews with current and former officials from intelligence and security agencies in Nepal. Findings reveal that intelligence significantly contributes to internal security by aiding strategic planning, resource allocation, and inter-agency coordination. It enables military preparedness, law enforcement effectiveness, and national security resilience by anticipating threats such as cybercrime, terrorism, and organized crime. However, intelligence practices in Nepal face several challenges, including weak legal frameworks, poor coordination, outdated technology, and insufficient oversight mechanisms. The study identifies a lack of clear separation between foreign and domestic intelligence, inadequate real-time information sharing, and limited integration of intelligence-led approaches in law enforcement. Drawing lessons from international intelligence practices such as those of the UK and India, the study underscores the need for Nepal to modernize its intelligence infrastructure, enhance collaboration between agencies, and improve accountability. Strengthening intelligence-sharing mechanisms, investing in advanced surveillance technologies, and ensuring better prioritization in intelligence assessments can significantly enhance national security preparedness. By addressing these gaps, Nepal’s intelligence community can shift from a reactive to a proactive security approach, contributing to a more stable and resilient internal security framework. Keywords: Intelligence, internal security, law enforcement, national security