Security Peace & Development

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/55

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Causes of road traffic accident along naubise-Narayanghat road axis and challenges to respond
(2025) Shah, Ganesh Bahadur; Danda Pani Adhikari
The Naubise-Narayanghat, a vital transportation road to Kathmandu Valley, faces RTAs frequently due to driver’s behaviour, fragile geography, poor infrastructure and extreme weather condition. This study examines the primary causes of RTAs and the challenges faced while responding and the measure to make effective rescue operation. The study has adopted qualitative exploratory-descriptive approach through surveys, KIs, interview, FGD and field observation methods. The data has been descriptively and thematically analyzed to uncover factors involved. Accidents and casualties’ rates are found to be fluctuating over the period of five consecutive fiscal years from 077/78 to 081/82. Motorbikes dominate the accident involvement with 40% followed by truck/tanker with 18% and car/jeep with 16 %. Driver’s behavior, and poor road conditions are key contributors to road accidents. Drivers’s error remains responsible for 61% accidents while poor road conditions accounts 21%. The finding consistent with Combination Theory highlighting multiple interdependent factors contribute the road accident. Among driver’s behaviour, excessive speed found to be responsible for 68% of accident. The study also highlights the challenges in emergency response, including the lack of resources, insufficient trained personnel, lack of information, extrication difficulties, hilly terrain and complex Trishuli River, weather condition, and lack of road safety law. Multidisciplinary approach includes enhancing traffic law enforcement, improving road infrastructure, implementing modern technologies, conducting road safety awareness programs to reduce traffic road accidents. Findings emphasize that advanced resource management, centralized information system, a comprehensive road safety law, sufficient trained manpower are indispensable to improve post-accident response. By addressing both the causes and response challenges, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on road safety and disaster management in Nepal, with broader implications for other high-risk road networks in low income countries. Keyword: Accident, driver’s behavior, response challenges, road safety, strategies
Tibetan refugee and impact on internal secrity of Nepal
(2025) Mahat, Bashudev; Govind Prasad Kusum
This study explores the relationship between Tibetan refugees and impact on internal security of Nepal, shedding light on the intersection of humanitarian concerns, security and geopolitical dynamics. Despite not being a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, Nepal hosts approximately 13,645 Tibetan refugees, whose presence is marked by legal uncertainty due to the lack of formal refugee policies. The study's objectives are threefold: to assess the current status of Tibetan refugees in Nepal, to identify the internal security impact arising from their presence and to explore the measures to strengthen internal security. Employing a qualitative research design, the study gathered primary data through interviews with Tibetan refugees, Local inhabitants, key informant interviews with government officials and focus group discussions involving District Security Committees. Likewise, secondary data from UNHCR reports, government publications and academic literatures provided a broader context for the findings. The study reveals that, due to the absence of legal recognition, many Tibetan refugees face restrictions in accessing education, employment and financial services, leading to frustration and marginalization among the refugee population. This legal void has also created vulnerabilities that have, in some cases, resulted in criminal activities, such as document forgery, gold smuggling and the acquisition of fake citizenship, posing challenges to internal security of Nepal. Likewise, protests and demonstrations organized by Tibetan refugees, particularly during high-profile Chinese diplomatic visits have heightened law enforcement concerns and security alertness due to the Tibetan refugee activities. In response to these security impact, the study suggests the need for a formulation of clear legal framework, robust intelligence mechanism, strengthened border security, application of new technological advancement and improved coordination between security agencies and humanitarian organizations. Similarly, it calls for enhanced efforts to integrate Tibetan refugees by expanding their access to education, employment and legal documentation to mitigate the risk of social unrest. Keywords: Tibetan refugee, status, threats, challenges, Security
Delpoyment practices of APF, Nepal and SSB along Nepal- India : prospects and challenges
(2025) Silwal, Bishal; Tikaram Gautam
This research provides an in-depth analysis of the deployment practices of Armed Police Force (APF), Nepal and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), India along Nepal-India border, exploring their operational strengths, challenges, and potential for improvement. The Nepal-India border, characterized by its open nature and socio-economic interdependence, facilitates trade and cultural exchange but also exposes the significant security challenges such as cross-border crime, human trafficking, and smuggling. APF, Nepal and SSB are responsible for managing these challenges through distinct operational strategies based on their resources, mandates, and local conditions. The primary objective of this study was to compare deployment strategies, command structures, and challenges encountered by APF, Nepal and SSB, highlighting both similarities and differences between the two forces. Using a qualitative research approach, the study employed Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) Focus Group Discussions(FGDs) with security personnel and local residents, and an analysis of policy documents, government reports, and academic literature. This approach provided valuable insights into strategies and operational challenges faced by both forces in securing the border. The findings reveal that SSB benefits from a larger workforce, advanced technology, and intensive surveillance, while APF, Nepal faces resource constraints and focuses on community-based intelligence gathering, relying on local networks for information. Despite these differences, both forces face challenges such as limited resources, technology, and insufficient coordination, although joint patrols and intelligence-sharing efforts have led to increased bilateral cooperation, real-time coordination remains inadequate, hindering their ability to respond effectively to emerging security threats. In conclusion, the research recommends improving technological capabilities, enhancing legal frameworks, and strengthening coordination between APF, Nepal and SSB. Establishing dedicated intelligence-sharing platforms, increasing border outposts (BOPs), and integrating advanced surveillance technologies are crucial for effective border security management. Strengthening bilateral cooperation and infrastructure development will be key to improving operational efficiency and regional stability. By addressing these challenges, both the APF and SSB can enhance their operational efficiency and contribute to regional stability. Keywords: APF, Nepal, border security, deployment practice, intelligence sharing SSB.
Intelligence in internal security : prospects and challenges in Nepal
(2025) Paudel, Ashok; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
This study explores the critical role of intelligence in internal security of Nepal, analyzing its definitions, applications, and effectiveness in safeguarding national interests. Intelligence is examined as a product, process, and mission integral to informed decision-making and proactive security strategies. Drawing from both Western and Asian perspectives, the study highlights how intelligence is perceived and applied in various contexts, including military, law enforcement, and policy formulation. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing content analysis of legal frameworks, academic literature, and interviews with current and former officials from intelligence and security agencies in Nepal. Findings reveal that intelligence significantly contributes to internal security by aiding strategic planning, resource allocation, and inter-agency coordination. It enables military preparedness, law enforcement effectiveness, and national security resilience by anticipating threats such as cybercrime, terrorism, and organized crime. However, intelligence practices in Nepal face several challenges, including weak legal frameworks, poor coordination, outdated technology, and insufficient oversight mechanisms. The study identifies a lack of clear separation between foreign and domestic intelligence, inadequate real-time information sharing, and limited integration of intelligence-led approaches in law enforcement. Drawing lessons from international intelligence practices such as those of the UK and India, the study underscores the need for Nepal to modernize its intelligence infrastructure, enhance collaboration between agencies, and improve accountability. Strengthening intelligence-sharing mechanisms, investing in advanced surveillance technologies, and ensuring better prioritization in intelligence assessments can significantly enhance national security preparedness. By addressing these gaps, Nepal’s intelligence community can shift from a reactive to a proactive security approach, contributing to a more stable and resilient internal security framework. Keywords: Intelligence, internal security, law enforcement, national security
Management of private security agencies in Nepal
(2025) Khatri, Amar Bahadur; Bhim Raj Suwal
Management plays a vital role in ensuring the efficiency, accountability and sustainability of organizations, including PSAs. As the demand for private security services increases in Nepal, effective management becomes crucial for optimizing human resources, operational strategies and technological adoption. Level of investment significantly impacts PSAs management as higher investment leads to structured training programs, professional workforce development and advanced technologies while lower investment results in poor service, weak regulatory compliance and limited resource allocation. Additionally, absence of a robust legal framework further complicates PSAs management, leading to operational inefficiencies and lack of accountability. This study explores the challenges faced by PSAs in Nepal focusing on investment disparities, regulatory gaps and workforce management. Using qualitative methods with an exploratory and descriptive design including interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions, the research identifies critical issues such as inconsistent operational standards, lack of coordination with government agencies and weak monitoring mechanisms,all of which are influenced by investment levels. The findings reveal that well-funded PSAs demonstrate higher operational efficiency, better employee retention and enhanced technological integration but low-investment agencies struggle with resource shortages, high turnover rates and inadequate administrative oversight. Similarly the fragmented legal framework results in weak enforcement, unstructured operational guidelines and poor coordination between PSAs and state authorities. Introducing financial incentives and investment policies will enhance technological adoption and workforce professionalism. Moreover, developing a comprehensive legal framework with strict licensing, monitoring and compliance mechanisms is essential for improving regulatory oversight and ensuring PSAs contribute effectively to national security. The study recommends policy reforms of existing policies for making comprehensive an apex law, investment in workforce development and improved monitoring systems. Strengthening legal provisions, ensuring digital record-keeping and aligning Nepalese PSAs with global best practices will help create a more structured and reliable security sector. Addressing these challenges will not only improve service quality but also ensure that PSAs function as an integral component contribute meaningfully to national security and public safety. Keywords: Private security agencies, management, investment, legal framework, operational effectiveness
Challenges and opportunities of border security at Mustang district
(2025) Upreti, Yukesh; Gaurav Bhattarai
Border security is a fundamental aspect of national security, sovereignty and independence. Border security particularly in high altitude geographically challenging regions like Mustang district of Nepal is crucial for cross-border governance. This study explores the challenges and opportunities in securing the Nepal-China border, focusing on four key dimensions: physical security, trans-border crime, revenue support and civic action. By adopting a pragmatic world view, this research uses an exploratory sequential mixed model method design in gaining the insights to meet the objective of research from multiple perspective. Both primary and secondary data are extracted for this paper. In terms of qualitative analysis, primary data are taken from Key Informant by using purposive sampling technique and for FGD homogenous sampling are engaged. For quantitative analysis, field survey was conducted using purposive stratified sampling technique form 68 government official from Mustang district. Findings from qualitative analysis reveal 37 thematic area of challenges, opportunities and strategy under physical security, trans-border crime, revenue support and civil actions for Mustang border security. Mustang’s high-altitude terrain, extreme weather and limited infrastructure create significant barriers to effective border management. Security forces face logistical difficulties in patrolling and monitoring due to the lack of road networks, harsh climatic conditions, and inadequate technological resources. The high-altitude border, coupled with limited security deployment, contributes to risks such as smuggling, illegal trade, and undocumented cross-border movements. Despite these challenges, the study identifies substantial opportunities, including cross-border trade expansion, infrastructure development, and the use of advanced surveillance technologies such as drones and biometric identification systems. Increased security coordination between Nepalese and Chinese authorities, alongside community participation in border governance, is essential for enhancing security operations. From quantitative analysis, the regression coefficient under border security challenges shows climatic factor has maximum impact with (β) value of 0.494 as a highest factor whereas geographical barrier with (β) value of 0.119 as a lowest factor. In opportunities, local support have a highest (β) value of 0.487 and International collaboration have lowest (β) value of 0.034. Similarly, in strategy use of technology have highest (β) value of 0.487 and BADP have lowest (β) value of 0.086. The study recommends strengthening border security through the establishment of additional outposts, the deployment of modern surveillance systems, and an improved intelligence-sharing mechanism. Moreover, policy-level cooperation between Nepal and China is necessary to regulate trade, address security concerns, and facilitate controlled border movement. Mustang’s border holds economic potential if security frameworks are reinforced to mitigate illicit activities while promoting lawful commerce and tourism. By providing a contextualized analysis of Mustang’s border security landscape, this research contributes to policy discussions on high-altitude border governance, offering strategic insights for strengthening Nepal’s northern border security. Keywords: Border security, Nepal-China border, trans-border crime, high-altitude security, border governance.
Border issues and security challanges of Madhesh Province
(2025) Jora, Tej Bahadur; Tikaram Gautam
Madhesh Province, Nepal, shares an open border with India, presenting unique geopolitical, economic, socio cultural and security challenges. The porous nature of this border has contributed to issues such as encroachment, cross-border occupations, and economic dependency. While the open border facilitates cultural exchange and trade, it also encourages transnational crimes and security threats. This study aims to analyse the border issues and security challenges faced by Madhesh Province, focusing on geopolitical tensions, economic vulnerabilities, socio cultural interaction and security threats. It also explores possible mitigation strategies to ensure stability and cooperation between Nepal and India. The study employs a qualitative research design, incorporating primary data collected through key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGD) and personal interviews. Secondary data analysis were also conducted to identify patterns in border encroachment, economic dependencies, and security risks. Findings indicate that geopolitical issues include border encroachment, cross-border occupations and political influences from Indian counterparts. Economic challenges restrict from revenue leakage, smuggling, and informal trade, impacting formal business operations. Security concerns include transnational crimes such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and arms smuggling, exacerbated by political interference. Socio-cultural complexities such as cross-border marriages and legal inconsistencies in citizenship and property rights further complicate governance. Addressing these border issues requires a multi-spectrum approach, including diplomatic negotiations, enhanced border security measures, economic policy reforms and legal interventions. Improving intelligence-based security, infrastructure development, and international cooperation can help mitigate tensions and ensure sustainable peace and security along the Nepal-India border in Madhesh Province. Keywords: Border security, border issues, security challenges, cross-border trade, revenue leakage.
Identity politics and internal security; A study in eastern Nepal
(2025) Thapa, Ram Chandra; Tika Ram Gautam
World has been facing the threats, challenges and problem of exploring the identity of individual or group, and community. Many developed countries have been also managing such challenges and hurdles. Even from the perspective of individual, group and community, this is the right and inherent necessity to survive and sustain in this world. Identity is based on a particular identity such as ethnicity , race , nationality, religion, denomination, gender, sexual orientation, social background, caste and social class. Identity politics is closely connected to the ascription that some social groups are oppressed such as women, ethnic minorities, and sexual minorities that the idea that individuals bbelonging to those groups are, by virtue of their identity, more vulnerable to forms of oppression such as cultural imperialism, violence, exploitation of labor. This study has employed explanatory sequential qualitative approach. For qualitative data, Key informant information method has adopted. especially, senior leaders of Limbuwan khumbuwan ,Security chiefs of Koshi Province of all security agencies ,Chief Minister of Koshi province, Internal affairs and law minister of Koshi province ,local leader of political parties are the key informant information .The way of interview was open ended questions ,views, ideas and thought of higher respected personalities. Open-ended questions and interviews were employed to further understand the historical background; social, cultural, geographical linguistic perspectives of indigenous society of Koshi province. Security chiefs have expressed the recent security condition and preparedness for future probable circumstance of security concern. Qualitative data have been triangulated by qualitative figure in the study. The issues that this study discussed as historical mirrors ,chronological struggles, recent program and future’s policy, strategy and path to reach in destination. Through this activities, probable threats, challenges and security hurdles. This study has been expected to be useful for understanding the movements and struggle of identity based political groups in eastern Nepal. Indigenous groups have been demanding the autonomous right as the constitution of 2072. The official of koshi province has focused on conversation and peaceful means of getting final decision as well as they have suggested to indigenous group to come through the political means. Keywords: Eastern, identity, indigenous, koshi, security.
Armed police force, Nepal in revenue leakage control of Rupandehi district
(2025) Paudel, Pankaj; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Revenue leakage poses a significant challenge to the economic stability and growth of Nepal, particularly within the Rupandehi District, which is characterized by its strategic location and lively trade activities. The role of the Armed Police Force (APF) Nepal has expanded significantly over the years, particularly in revenue leakage control, a critical issue affecting economic stability. This study focuses on the role and contributions of APF, Nepal in controlling and minimizing revenue leakage in Rupandehi District, a key trade and economic hub along the Nepal-India border. This study employs a qualitative research methods and uses observation, interviews, Key Informant (KI) and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with the key stakeholders. The study conducts data analysis to assess APF, Nepal’s operational strategies, challenges, and overall impact on revenue leakage control and the effectiveness of APF, Nepal's interventions against illicit trade and tax evasion. Data from the relevant government offices and the APF, Nepal indicate a marked improvement in revenue collection since the deployment of the APF, Nepal units, aimed at combating financial irregularities. This study explores the strategies employed by the APF, Nepal and collaboration with other enforcement agencies in controlling the revenue leakage of Rupandehi district. Findings reveal that while APF, Nepal has significantly reduced illegal trade and smuggling, issues such as insufficient resources, corruption, lack of public awareness and coordination gaps with other government agencies persist. The study's implications highlight the necessity for integrated strategies that include strengthening interagency coordination, modernizing surveillance systems, community engagement and capacity building for APF, Nepal to enhance revenue leakage control efforts. It is believed that this research will contribute to policymaking efforts aimed at strengthening the revenue collection mechanisms in Rupandehi district, ensuring economic sustainability and contributing to national development. Keywords: Border, challenges, control, revenue leakage, Rupandehi
Armed police force, nepal relation with border population to strengthen border security in Koshi Province
(2025) Niraula, Mohan Raj; Bhim Raj Suwal
The Armed Police Force (APF) Nepal plays a crucial role in ensuring border security andmaintaining stability in eastern Nepal. The open border with India and the complex geographical and socio-cultural dynamics of the region, APF, Nepal has adopted variouscommunity engagement strategies to strengthen relations with border populations. This studyexplores how APF, Nepal‘s initiatives have contributed to enhancing border security throughcollaboration with local residents. It examines the effectiveness of community-based programs, the challenges faced in implementation, and potential solutions to improveengagement efforts. The research adopts a qualitative approach, relying on interviews, field observations, and secondary data to assess the opportunities and challenges in adopting collaboration between security forces and local residents. The findings reveal that APF,Nepal has conducted multiple relationship-building activities, including health camps, skilldevelopment training, disaster response programs, and awareness campaigns. These efforts have fostered trust between security personnel and local communities, leading to better cooperation in intelligence-sharing and crime prevention. The study highlights that throughlocal collaboration, APF, Nepal has successfully intercepted several cases of smuggling,illegal trade, and human trafficking, showcasing the effectiveness of community participation in border security. Residents have become more proactive in reporting suspicious activities,reducing cross-border crimes and strengthening security operations. Despite these successes, challenges remain. Limited financial resources, logistical constraints, and the need for moreculturally sensitive approaches hinder APF, Nepal‘s ability to expand its outreach. Some communities still view security forces with distrust, requiring sustained efforts to build longterm relationships. The study suggests improving coordination between APF Nepal and local government bodies, increasing training programs for APF personnel on community policing,and implementing technology-driven border monitoring solutions. The study underscores theneed for a more integrated and community-centered approach to border security in Nepal. A key recommendation is the enhancement of intelligence-sharing mechanisms by fostering aparticipatory model where local communities feel valued and actively contribute to securityefforts. Policy interventions that prioritize mutual trust, human security, and economicdevelopment in border regions could significantly improve the effectiveness of bordersecurity strategies. By bridging the existing gaps between security forces and local communities, this research offers valuable insights into security governance and highlightsthe importance of a multi-stakeholder approach in border management. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on national security and community engagement while offering practical recommendations for policymakers, security agencies, and local leaders who aim to create a more resilient and well-coordinated border security system in Nepal. Keywords: Border security, community engagement, security cooperation, local governance
Youth attraction in security force, Nepal
(2025) Koirala, Ishwor; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
This study examines the factors influencing young people’s interest in Nepal’s security forces, including the Nepali Army, Nepal Police, and Armed Police Force, Nepal, amid a 19% youth unemployment rate and the annual entry of 500,000 individuals into the labor market. Globalization, political instability, and foreign job opportunities have affected interest in security careers, raising concerns about their declining appeal, which is crucial for national stability. The research aims to analyze application trends from 2071 to 2080 B.S., identify key motivators and barriers, and suggest strategies to enhance the attractiveness of these careers. Using a qualitative approach within a constructivist paradigm, data was collected through semistructured interviews with 42 participants, including prospective candidates, recent applicants, and key informants, along with an analysis of archival recruitment records. This method provides an in-depth understanding of youth perspectives. Findings reveal fluctuating application rates for non-commissioned officer positions, such as NP Constable applications peaking at 57.8:1 in 2074, intense competition for junior commissioned officer rank like APF ASI at 94.6:1 in 2078, and a steady yet selective interest in commissioned officer ranks, with NA Officer Cadet averaging 22:1 and APF Inspector at just 9.9:1.The primary motivator for youth, particularly among economically disadvantaged individuals, is job security, followed by patriotism, social prestige, and career growth opportunities. However, factors such as low salaries, limited career advancement, political interference, nepotism, and the lure of overseas jobs significantly deter interest. The study emphasizes the need for modernized and transparent recruitment processes, competitive salaries, merit-based promotions, public awareness campaigns, university collaborations, depoliticization, gender inclusivity, skill development, and patriotic appeals to align security careers with youth aspirations better. These measures are essential to maintaining a sustainable and motivated workforce within Nepal’s security sector. Keywords: Youth, attraction, job security, social prestige, career development, patriotism.
Legal challenges border security for armed police force, Nepal
(2025) Pant, Ganga Datt; Govinda Prasad Kusum
Border security is a critical component of Nepal’s national security, particularly given its extensive and porous borders with India and China. This study explores the legal challenges faced by the Armed Police Force, Nepal, in managing border security, focusing on jurisdictional ambiguities, inefficient legal frameworks, and operational inefficiencies. The research highlights the complexities of border management, where transnational crimes such as smuggling, human trafficking, trans border crime, movement regulation issues and territorial encroachments pose significant threats. Despite the APF, Nepal's vital role in safeguarding national sovereignty, legal constraints hinder its operational effectiveness. Key issues include overlapping mandates with other security agencies, lack of a dedicated Border Security Law, and gaps in intelligence sharing mechanisms. Using a qualitative research design, data was collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The study primarily focuses on the Nepal-India border, particularly in Kanchanpur, Kailali, and Kathmandu, while drawing generalizable insights for the broader border security context. Findings reveal that existing laws, such as the Constitution of Nepal, 2015, National Security Policy 2016, National Panel Code 2017, Work Division Rules 2017, Armed Police Act 2001 and other existing laws, lack clear procedural guidelines for modern security threats. The absence of a comprehensive legal framework limits APF, Nepal capacity to address cross-border crimes effectively. The study also identifies the need for better coordination between APF, Nepal, Nepal Police, customs authorities and other government and non-government agencies, working in the border to enhance operational efficiency. The research recommends legal reforms, including the introduction of a dedicated Border Security Law, amendments to existing legislation, and improved technological integration for surveillance and intelligence gathering. The proposed APF, Nepal Bill 2081 offers a potential solution by defining clearer mobilization procedures and enhancing inter-agency collaboration. Strengthening Nepal legal and institutional border security mechanism is essential to addressing evolving security threats and ensuring effective enforcement. Keywords: APF, Nepal, Border security, jurisdictional conflicts, legal challenges, legal reforms
The Study of Fire Disaster in Fungling Municipality of Taplejung
(2022) Singh, Santosh Bahadur; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
A disaster is a serious problem occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which goes beyond the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are routinely divided into either "natural disasters" caused by natural hazards or "human-instigated disasters" caused from anthropogenic hazards. Nepal, most disaster prone South Asian country is exposed to a variety of natural hazards that cause disastrous damage to the built environment and result in loss of lives and properties. The most destructive natural hazards in Nepal are floods, landslides, earthquakes, and urban fire. Among different districts of Nepal, Fungling municipality of Taplejung is one of the most affected local level by fire-induced disaster. Fungling municipality recurrently is facing a Fire induced disaster till the date. The community efforts, government endeavor and current practice is not working properly to mitigate the risk mitigation of Fungling municipality. This study mainly focuses on the status of fire disaster in Nepal in general and cause and effect of Fungling Municipality of Taplejung in specific. So, to find the solution of given question, the study was focused on: To find the major causes of the repeated Fire disaster in Fungling Municipality of Taplejung, To find out the key factors that reduce or mitigate the Fire disaster in Fungling Municipality of Taplejung and To support to develop the roles and responsibility of local government and community people in risk reduction of Fire disaster in Fungling Municipality. For the research, the researcher have adopted qualitative research approach and adopted primary and secondary data as the source of information. The total respondent are taken to 30 community people and FGD/KII to key focal person of government offices. The finding reveals that the major causes of Fire disaster in Fungling municipality are negligence of community people, lack of proper planning by government, capacitated team for fire control, unplanned urban settlement, lightening and low quality of house wiring etc. Keywords: Disaster, Fungling, Recovery, hazards, negligence, settlement
Solar Power in Nepal to Mitigate Climate Change
(2022) Pandey, Dal Bahadur; Naresh Rimal
Contemporary climate change includes both global warming and its impacts on Earth's weather patterns. The current changes are distinctly more rapid, caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. Burning fossil fuels for energy use creates most of these emissions. Many forms of disasters occur due climate change which could be mitigated if not prevented should climate change be controlled. As one of the prominent stakeholder of disaster management, climate change mitigation should be concern for APF, Nepal. Development of renewable energy results in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. It is of high significance to the country from the import and trade deficit reduction perspective also. This research looks for answering the questions why climate change mitigation is important; how solar power production contributes in climate change mitigation and what is the solar power development potential in Nepal. This study is based on qualitative phenomenological research approach in which primary data are obtained from field visits and key informants interviews while secondary data are gathered from published books, online papers, articles and writings. Primary data were collected from the research site in Devighat, Nuwakot, by observation and interviewing officials available at the site. Key informants in various offices related with the topic were identified and additional data were obtained through research interviews. Most of the disasters in Nepal and around the globe are attributed to climate change. There are other various consequences of climate change that are threatening human life and existence. Development and promotion of solar power as a substitute to fossil fuel can substantially reduce the reliance on fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil. Sun’s energy is limitless, unlike fossils and the change has a direct influence on the reduction of emission of harmful GHG. Nepal receives in an average 5 kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day, with roughly 300 days which is 50,000 terawatt-hours per year, which is 100 times larger than its hydro resource and 7,000 times larger than its current electricity consumption. Presently, solar plant cost per MW is approximately NRs. 80 Million which could be reduced to 5 Million with introduction of newly developed PV technology. These parameters are quite good for solar power generation in Nepal. This research has generated the theoretical concept of community solar based on community forestry and NEA. Keywords: Climate change, Climate change mitigation, Renewable energy, Solar power, Fossil fuel substitution
Smart Border Management in Rani, Morang District of Nepal
(2022) Thapa, Manish; Naresh Rimal
SMART Border Management calls for a balanced use of humans and technology to facilitate the movement of people and goods across borders, while controlling and preventing malicious acts such as infiltration, cross border terrorism, illegal immigration and smuggling. It entails a coordinated and focused approach by the country’s leadership, bureaucrats, security agencies and economic agencies of the nation. The advanced technology implemented in border management and readiness of Nepal helps government agencies toward efficient border management. The research study via qualitative and quantitative approach used both primary and secondary data. Field visit for survey, interviews, observation helped understand the situation state of SMART Border Management. The present status of SMART Border Management is at infant stage unable to cope with modern challenges in Nepal-India border. The “willingness” transition to effective SMART Border Management is the key the present situation of border management between Nepal and India. However, SMART Border Management will help in reducing various security threats to Nepal. The absence of robust investment, technology, research and development is affecting implementation of the advanced technology as well as making the border as a part of SMART concept. Keywords: Border, Development, Security, Technology, SMART Border Management.
Sand and Gravel Extraction in Melamchi Municipality of Sindhupalchowk District
(2022) Dhimal, Radheshyam; Naresh Rimal
Contemporarily, riverbed material extraction is one of the serious environmental problems globally. The use of such river materials from the Indrawati River in Melamchi Municipality is also the key component supporting the urban infrastructure development supporting rapid urbanization in nearby Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) and other areas. The indirect challenges to the socio-economy and impact on the air, water and biodiversity are key concerns in the area. The qualitative study helped understand the perception of sand mining in the study area leading to a broader need for attention to the governance and coordination between the stakeholders and government agencies for enhanced social and environmental management. Reclamation of abandoned sand pits; tree planting and agro-forestry practices to speed up the slow rate of natural succession by reduction of negative activities such as perennial bushfires, over-cultivation of lands, and over-grazing to reduce the nutrient depletion rate. Sand, gravel and boulder extraction activities reduce land socio-economic value by causing land degradation, loss of agricultural lands, low availability of water and low quality and loss of biodiversity as well as increased poverty among people in the area. Finally, compliance with statutory laws to regulate the conduct of sand mining on a sustainable basis for the sake of reducing its negative effects on the environment, economy and society is a critical aspect of the sand, gravel and boulder extraction in the municipality. Keywords: Sand, Gravel, Socio, Economy, Impact
Pilgrimage Tourism in Godavari Dham Kailali
(2022) Gaire, Suresh; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Pilgrimage is a religious journey with non-economic motive based on religious objectives. Pilgrimage and tourism share same components like mobility, finance and acceptances for travel that make those two term same alike. Pilgrimage tourism denotes the outward journey towards a sacred and holy goal and inward journey towards greater humanity from self. This field has gained its importance after 1990s and has soon occupied a major space in academic studies due to its multi sectoral and multi-dimensional characters. The socio-economic significance has highlighted pilgrimage tourism among other fields. Godavari Dham of Kailali is one of the major pilgrimage destinations which has a huge potentials of advancement due to its religious sanctity and historical faith of the people. The Hindu texts provide evidences of its importance and the local population’s faith makes it one of the final religious destinations in Nepal’s far west region. No academic studies so far has been done despite of such huge potentialities of Godavari Dham. This thesis aims to explore the religious importance of this place and intends to discover the possibilities of pilgrimage tourism in this site. The researcher has visited the field and used a qualitative method to carry out this research. The lack of motivations, inadequate focus on environmental issues, lapses on management of the site, less attention in diversification, and diversion from sustainability were key issues in sustaining the pilgrimage tourism in Godavari Dham. Still, the Dham has huge potentials and bright future if those issues are timely addressed. The religiou purity and geographical beauty after all, is the only components for this place to highlight its image. Keywords: pilgrimage tourism, Godavari Dham, Religion, Hindu God, Destination
Jamunbote Community Forest in Livelihood of Kavrepalanchowk District
(2022) Sapkota, Janak; Naresh Rimal
Community Forestry has become vital for the forest management policy and practices since 1978. This concept brought all interested local people together and gained great momentum to uplift the livelihood of the poor and disadvantaged groups through sustainable use of forest resources. This study aims to explore and assess the contribution of community forestry on the livelihood assets i.e. human, physical, social and financial aspects of the community forest user groups. This study was carried out in Jamunbote Community forest of Panchkhal municipality ward no., -2- of Kavrepalanchowk district which represents the scenario of most of the hilly community forest. Primary data were collected through questionnaire surveys (20% households were taken as a sample), key informant survey (n=7), and secondary data from related journals, articles, websites. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using MS Excel and results were illustrated in the form of descriptive statistics. Our results show that around 64% of the respondents depended on agriculture, remaining were involved in business, private, government and foreign land jobs. This study found that the contribution of Community Forest is seen in physical, social, human and financial capital. Community Forest sometimes organizes training and workshops to build up the skills of user groups. Based on the people’s perception, most of the income was spent on infrastructure development, community development, forest management and protection. This study also found that the social relationship between and with user groups has increased after the handover of community forest. For increasing its potentiality on livelihood improvement, Government and concerned community forest should carry out effective workshops and training for poor, disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Additionally, Community forest should focus on alternate income generating activities like bamboo plantation, forest product based handicraft industry, horticulture for its user’s well-being. Key words: Community forestry, Disadvantaged group, Livelihood, Marginalized group, Forest management and protection
Islamic Culture and Society in Rajpur Municipality of Rautahat District
(2022) Bharati, Pramod Kumari; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Culture is about the social behavior, values, norms, beliefs and customs of the individual. Different groups have different culture and beliefs. Islam is followed by Muslim which is rich in cultural practice. This study was conducted to examine the cultural values of Islam communities and find the current livelihood challenges faced by the people of Rajpur Municipality of Rautahat district of Nepal. The study is based on the document analysis, field visit and interviews from elected representatives and government officials along with the local residents of the municipality. This study is first of its kind to find the in-depth details about the social and cultural status of Muslims community of Rautahat district. An ethnographic study was conducted with interviews undertaken from households, municipality officials, community leaders, schools and Madarsha representatives. It was found that the livelihood strategies of people of Rajpur are different as they are involved in different occupations. Despite being the majority population, Muslims have very good harmony and social engagements with people from other religion. After analyzing the livelihood strategies of Muslim people of Rajpur, it was found that people have been involved in various works from agriculture to bag making, sewing and selling bangles. There was common perception that when one has money, they can maintain good social relationship, develop infrastructures and easily fulfill all their needs. It was found the Madarsah system was important for the people of Rajpur to learn urdu language. The education system has already shifted from particular urdu based Madarsah to multidisciplinary Islamic school in Rajpur. But, the local government has been facing challenges to integrate Madarsah with the normal schools. This study recommends conducting a detail survey of Muslim people throughout Nepal due to the huge variation of culture and socio-economic practices in order to understand the overview of traditional beliefs and modern systems. Key Words: Culture, Islam, Muslim, Society, Quran
Infrastructure Development and Water Inundation in Rautahat District
(2022) Chhetri, Mohan Bahadur; Naresh Rimal
Historically flooding and inundation were received as boon and over time population growth and chaotic urbanization brings serious challenges to the communities overall livelihood. Infrastructure such as road, embankments, dams, bridges, railway track along with degradation of the Chure Ecological Region has escalated the impact of flooding and inundation in the area. This research has been developed with the objective to understand the disaster phenomenon of Rautahat District with reference to inundation. The qualitative research offers key understanding via collection of primary data gathered through open-ended interview questions, focus group discussions, key informant interaction and stakeholders meeting. The data analysis and interpretation indicate, although Rautahat District is often affected by flooding and disaster for a longer period of time, con temporarily increased urbanization and infrastructural growth is key to recurrence of inundation. Among the various infrastructure, the absence of strategic infrastructure such as road, dam, embankment, railway tracks and the urbanization pattern proves to be the factor for contributing to increased disaster events. The study indicates the need for effective adaptive measures for protection of communities‘ health and well-being. Keywords: Flooding, Inundation, Infrastructural Development, Dams, Embankment, Chure Ecological Region

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