Security Peace & Development

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/55

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Challenges and opportunities of border security at Mustang district
(2025) Upreti, Yukesh; Gaurav Bhattarai
Border security is a fundamental aspect of national security, sovereignty and independence. Border security particularly in high altitude geographically challenging regions like Mustang district of Nepal is crucial for cross-border governance. This study explores the challenges and opportunities in securing the Nepal-China border, focusing on four key dimensions: physical security, trans-border crime, revenue support and civic action. By adopting a pragmatic world view, this research uses an exploratory sequential mixed model method design in gaining the insights to meet the objective of research from multiple perspective. Both primary and secondary data are extracted for this paper. In terms of qualitative analysis, primary data are taken from Key Informant by using purposive sampling technique and for FGD homogenous sampling are engaged. For quantitative analysis, field survey was conducted using purposive stratified sampling technique form 68 government official from Mustang district. Findings from qualitative analysis reveal 37 thematic area of challenges, opportunities and strategy under physical security, trans-border crime, revenue support and civil actions for Mustang border security. Mustang’s high-altitude terrain, extreme weather and limited infrastructure create significant barriers to effective border management. Security forces face logistical difficulties in patrolling and monitoring due to the lack of road networks, harsh climatic conditions, and inadequate technological resources. The high-altitude border, coupled with limited security deployment, contributes to risks such as smuggling, illegal trade, and undocumented cross-border movements. Despite these challenges, the study identifies substantial opportunities, including cross-border trade expansion, infrastructure development, and the use of advanced surveillance technologies such as drones and biometric identification systems. Increased security coordination between Nepalese and Chinese authorities, alongside community participation in border governance, is essential for enhancing security operations. From quantitative analysis, the regression coefficient under border security challenges shows climatic factor has maximum impact with (β) value of 0.494 as a highest factor whereas geographical barrier with (β) value of 0.119 as a lowest factor. In opportunities, local support have a highest (β) value of 0.487 and International collaboration have lowest (β) value of 0.034. Similarly, in strategy use of technology have highest (β) value of 0.487 and BADP have lowest (β) value of 0.086. The study recommends strengthening border security through the establishment of additional outposts, the deployment of modern surveillance systems, and an improved intelligence-sharing mechanism. Moreover, policy-level cooperation between Nepal and China is necessary to regulate trade, address security concerns, and facilitate controlled border movement. Mustang’s border holds economic potential if security frameworks are reinforced to mitigate illicit activities while promoting lawful commerce and tourism. By providing a contextualized analysis of Mustang’s border security landscape, this research contributes to policy discussions on high-altitude border governance, offering strategic insights for strengthening Nepal’s northern border security. Keywords: Border security, Nepal-China border, trans-border crime, high-altitude security, border governance.
Border issues and security challanges of Madhesh Province
(2025) Jora, Tej Bahadur; Tikaram Gautam
Madhesh Province, Nepal, shares an open border with India, presenting unique geopolitical, economic, socio cultural and security challenges. The porous nature of this border has contributed to issues such as encroachment, cross-border occupations, and economic dependency. While the open border facilitates cultural exchange and trade, it also encourages transnational crimes and security threats. This study aims to analyse the border issues and security challenges faced by Madhesh Province, focusing on geopolitical tensions, economic vulnerabilities, socio cultural interaction and security threats. It also explores possible mitigation strategies to ensure stability and cooperation between Nepal and India. The study employs a qualitative research design, incorporating primary data collected through key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGD) and personal interviews. Secondary data analysis were also conducted to identify patterns in border encroachment, economic dependencies, and security risks. Findings indicate that geopolitical issues include border encroachment, cross-border occupations and political influences from Indian counterparts. Economic challenges restrict from revenue leakage, smuggling, and informal trade, impacting formal business operations. Security concerns include transnational crimes such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and arms smuggling, exacerbated by political interference. Socio-cultural complexities such as cross-border marriages and legal inconsistencies in citizenship and property rights further complicate governance. Addressing these border issues requires a multi-spectrum approach, including diplomatic negotiations, enhanced border security measures, economic policy reforms and legal interventions. Improving intelligence-based security, infrastructure development, and international cooperation can help mitigate tensions and ensure sustainable peace and security along the Nepal-India border in Madhesh Province. Keywords: Border security, border issues, security challenges, cross-border trade, revenue leakage.
Identity politics and internal security; A study in eastern Nepal
(2025) Thapa, Ram Chandra; Tika Ram Gautam
World has been facing the threats, challenges and problem of exploring the identity of individual or group, and community. Many developed countries have been also managing such challenges and hurdles. Even from the perspective of individual, group and community, this is the right and inherent necessity to survive and sustain in this world. Identity is based on a particular identity such as ethnicity , race , nationality, religion, denomination, gender, sexual orientation, social background, caste and social class. Identity politics is closely connected to the ascription that some social groups are oppressed such as women, ethnic minorities, and sexual minorities that the idea that individuals bbelonging to those groups are, by virtue of their identity, more vulnerable to forms of oppression such as cultural imperialism, violence, exploitation of labor. This study has employed explanatory sequential qualitative approach. For qualitative data, Key informant information method has adopted. especially, senior leaders of Limbuwan khumbuwan ,Security chiefs of Koshi Province of all security agencies ,Chief Minister of Koshi province, Internal affairs and law minister of Koshi province ,local leader of political parties are the key informant information .The way of interview was open ended questions ,views, ideas and thought of higher respected personalities. Open-ended questions and interviews were employed to further understand the historical background; social, cultural, geographical linguistic perspectives of indigenous society of Koshi province. Security chiefs have expressed the recent security condition and preparedness for future probable circumstance of security concern. Qualitative data have been triangulated by qualitative figure in the study. The issues that this study discussed as historical mirrors ,chronological struggles, recent program and future’s policy, strategy and path to reach in destination. Through this activities, probable threats, challenges and security hurdles. This study has been expected to be useful for understanding the movements and struggle of identity based political groups in eastern Nepal. Indigenous groups have been demanding the autonomous right as the constitution of 2072. The official of koshi province has focused on conversation and peaceful means of getting final decision as well as they have suggested to indigenous group to come through the political means. Keywords: Eastern, identity, indigenous, koshi, security.
Armed police force, Nepal in revenue leakage control of Rupandehi district
(2025) Paudel, Pankaj; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Revenue leakage poses a significant challenge to the economic stability and growth of Nepal, particularly within the Rupandehi District, which is characterized by its strategic location and lively trade activities. The role of the Armed Police Force (APF) Nepal has expanded significantly over the years, particularly in revenue leakage control, a critical issue affecting economic stability. This study focuses on the role and contributions of APF, Nepal in controlling and minimizing revenue leakage in Rupandehi District, a key trade and economic hub along the Nepal-India border. This study employs a qualitative research methods and uses observation, interviews, Key Informant (KI) and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with the key stakeholders. The study conducts data analysis to assess APF, Nepal’s operational strategies, challenges, and overall impact on revenue leakage control and the effectiveness of APF, Nepal's interventions against illicit trade and tax evasion. Data from the relevant government offices and the APF, Nepal indicate a marked improvement in revenue collection since the deployment of the APF, Nepal units, aimed at combating financial irregularities. This study explores the strategies employed by the APF, Nepal and collaboration with other enforcement agencies in controlling the revenue leakage of Rupandehi district. Findings reveal that while APF, Nepal has significantly reduced illegal trade and smuggling, issues such as insufficient resources, corruption, lack of public awareness and coordination gaps with other government agencies persist. The study's implications highlight the necessity for integrated strategies that include strengthening interagency coordination, modernizing surveillance systems, community engagement and capacity building for APF, Nepal to enhance revenue leakage control efforts. It is believed that this research will contribute to policymaking efforts aimed at strengthening the revenue collection mechanisms in Rupandehi district, ensuring economic sustainability and contributing to national development. Keywords: Border, challenges, control, revenue leakage, Rupandehi
Armed police force, nepal relation with border population to strengthen border security in Koshi Province
(2025) Niraula, Mohan Raj; Bhim Raj Suwal
The Armed Police Force (APF) Nepal plays a crucial role in ensuring border security andmaintaining stability in eastern Nepal. The open border with India and the complex geographical and socio-cultural dynamics of the region, APF, Nepal has adopted variouscommunity engagement strategies to strengthen relations with border populations. This studyexplores how APF, Nepal‘s initiatives have contributed to enhancing border security throughcollaboration with local residents. It examines the effectiveness of community-based programs, the challenges faced in implementation, and potential solutions to improveengagement efforts. The research adopts a qualitative approach, relying on interviews, field observations, and secondary data to assess the opportunities and challenges in adopting collaboration between security forces and local residents. The findings reveal that APF,Nepal has conducted multiple relationship-building activities, including health camps, skilldevelopment training, disaster response programs, and awareness campaigns. These efforts have fostered trust between security personnel and local communities, leading to better cooperation in intelligence-sharing and crime prevention. The study highlights that throughlocal collaboration, APF, Nepal has successfully intercepted several cases of smuggling,illegal trade, and human trafficking, showcasing the effectiveness of community participation in border security. Residents have become more proactive in reporting suspicious activities,reducing cross-border crimes and strengthening security operations. Despite these successes, challenges remain. Limited financial resources, logistical constraints, and the need for moreculturally sensitive approaches hinder APF, Nepal‘s ability to expand its outreach. Some communities still view security forces with distrust, requiring sustained efforts to build longterm relationships. The study suggests improving coordination between APF Nepal and local government bodies, increasing training programs for APF personnel on community policing,and implementing technology-driven border monitoring solutions. The study underscores theneed for a more integrated and community-centered approach to border security in Nepal. A key recommendation is the enhancement of intelligence-sharing mechanisms by fostering aparticipatory model where local communities feel valued and actively contribute to securityefforts. Policy interventions that prioritize mutual trust, human security, and economicdevelopment in border regions could significantly improve the effectiveness of bordersecurity strategies. By bridging the existing gaps between security forces and local communities, this research offers valuable insights into security governance and highlightsthe importance of a multi-stakeholder approach in border management. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on national security and community engagement while offering practical recommendations for policymakers, security agencies, and local leaders who aim to create a more resilient and well-coordinated border security system in Nepal. Keywords: Border security, community engagement, security cooperation, local governance
Youth attraction in security force, Nepal
(2025) Koirala, Ishwor; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
This study examines the factors influencing young people’s interest in Nepal’s security forces, including the Nepali Army, Nepal Police, and Armed Police Force, Nepal, amid a 19% youth unemployment rate and the annual entry of 500,000 individuals into the labor market. Globalization, political instability, and foreign job opportunities have affected interest in security careers, raising concerns about their declining appeal, which is crucial for national stability. The research aims to analyze application trends from 2071 to 2080 B.S., identify key motivators and barriers, and suggest strategies to enhance the attractiveness of these careers. Using a qualitative approach within a constructivist paradigm, data was collected through semistructured interviews with 42 participants, including prospective candidates, recent applicants, and key informants, along with an analysis of archival recruitment records. This method provides an in-depth understanding of youth perspectives. Findings reveal fluctuating application rates for non-commissioned officer positions, such as NP Constable applications peaking at 57.8:1 in 2074, intense competition for junior commissioned officer rank like APF ASI at 94.6:1 in 2078, and a steady yet selective interest in commissioned officer ranks, with NA Officer Cadet averaging 22:1 and APF Inspector at just 9.9:1.The primary motivator for youth, particularly among economically disadvantaged individuals, is job security, followed by patriotism, social prestige, and career growth opportunities. However, factors such as low salaries, limited career advancement, political interference, nepotism, and the lure of overseas jobs significantly deter interest. The study emphasizes the need for modernized and transparent recruitment processes, competitive salaries, merit-based promotions, public awareness campaigns, university collaborations, depoliticization, gender inclusivity, skill development, and patriotic appeals to align security careers with youth aspirations better. These measures are essential to maintaining a sustainable and motivated workforce within Nepal’s security sector. Keywords: Youth, attraction, job security, social prestige, career development, patriotism.
Legal challenges border security for armed police force, Nepal
(2025) Pant, Ganga Datt; Govinda Prasad Kusum
Border security is a critical component of Nepal’s national security, particularly given its extensive and porous borders with India and China. This study explores the legal challenges faced by the Armed Police Force, Nepal, in managing border security, focusing on jurisdictional ambiguities, inefficient legal frameworks, and operational inefficiencies. The research highlights the complexities of border management, where transnational crimes such as smuggling, human trafficking, trans border crime, movement regulation issues and territorial encroachments pose significant threats. Despite the APF, Nepal's vital role in safeguarding national sovereignty, legal constraints hinder its operational effectiveness. Key issues include overlapping mandates with other security agencies, lack of a dedicated Border Security Law, and gaps in intelligence sharing mechanisms. Using a qualitative research design, data was collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The study primarily focuses on the Nepal-India border, particularly in Kanchanpur, Kailali, and Kathmandu, while drawing generalizable insights for the broader border security context. Findings reveal that existing laws, such as the Constitution of Nepal, 2015, National Security Policy 2016, National Panel Code 2017, Work Division Rules 2017, Armed Police Act 2001 and other existing laws, lack clear procedural guidelines for modern security threats. The absence of a comprehensive legal framework limits APF, Nepal capacity to address cross-border crimes effectively. The study also identifies the need for better coordination between APF, Nepal, Nepal Police, customs authorities and other government and non-government agencies, working in the border to enhance operational efficiency. The research recommends legal reforms, including the introduction of a dedicated Border Security Law, amendments to existing legislation, and improved technological integration for surveillance and intelligence gathering. The proposed APF, Nepal Bill 2081 offers a potential solution by defining clearer mobilization procedures and enhancing inter-agency collaboration. Strengthening Nepal legal and institutional border security mechanism is essential to addressing evolving security threats and ensuring effective enforcement. Keywords: APF, Nepal, Border security, jurisdictional conflicts, legal challenges, legal reforms
The Study of Fire Disaster in Fungling Municipality of Taplejung
(2022) Singh, Santosh Bahadur; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
A disaster is a serious problem occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which goes beyond the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are routinely divided into either "natural disasters" caused by natural hazards or "human-instigated disasters" caused from anthropogenic hazards. Nepal, most disaster prone South Asian country is exposed to a variety of natural hazards that cause disastrous damage to the built environment and result in loss of lives and properties. The most destructive natural hazards in Nepal are floods, landslides, earthquakes, and urban fire. Among different districts of Nepal, Fungling municipality of Taplejung is one of the most affected local level by fire-induced disaster. Fungling municipality recurrently is facing a Fire induced disaster till the date. The community efforts, government endeavor and current practice is not working properly to mitigate the risk mitigation of Fungling municipality. This study mainly focuses on the status of fire disaster in Nepal in general and cause and effect of Fungling Municipality of Taplejung in specific. So, to find the solution of given question, the study was focused on: To find the major causes of the repeated Fire disaster in Fungling Municipality of Taplejung, To find out the key factors that reduce or mitigate the Fire disaster in Fungling Municipality of Taplejung and To support to develop the roles and responsibility of local government and community people in risk reduction of Fire disaster in Fungling Municipality. For the research, the researcher have adopted qualitative research approach and adopted primary and secondary data as the source of information. The total respondent are taken to 30 community people and FGD/KII to key focal person of government offices. The finding reveals that the major causes of Fire disaster in Fungling municipality are negligence of community people, lack of proper planning by government, capacitated team for fire control, unplanned urban settlement, lightening and low quality of house wiring etc. Keywords: Disaster, Fungling, Recovery, hazards, negligence, settlement
Solar Power in Nepal to Mitigate Climate Change
(2022) Pandey, Dal Bahadur; Naresh Rimal
Contemporary climate change includes both global warming and its impacts on Earth's weather patterns. The current changes are distinctly more rapid, caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. Burning fossil fuels for energy use creates most of these emissions. Many forms of disasters occur due climate change which could be mitigated if not prevented should climate change be controlled. As one of the prominent stakeholder of disaster management, climate change mitigation should be concern for APF, Nepal. Development of renewable energy results in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. It is of high significance to the country from the import and trade deficit reduction perspective also. This research looks for answering the questions why climate change mitigation is important; how solar power production contributes in climate change mitigation and what is the solar power development potential in Nepal. This study is based on qualitative phenomenological research approach in which primary data are obtained from field visits and key informants interviews while secondary data are gathered from published books, online papers, articles and writings. Primary data were collected from the research site in Devighat, Nuwakot, by observation and interviewing officials available at the site. Key informants in various offices related with the topic were identified and additional data were obtained through research interviews. Most of the disasters in Nepal and around the globe are attributed to climate change. There are other various consequences of climate change that are threatening human life and existence. Development and promotion of solar power as a substitute to fossil fuel can substantially reduce the reliance on fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil. Sun’s energy is limitless, unlike fossils and the change has a direct influence on the reduction of emission of harmful GHG. Nepal receives in an average 5 kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day, with roughly 300 days which is 50,000 terawatt-hours per year, which is 100 times larger than its hydro resource and 7,000 times larger than its current electricity consumption. Presently, solar plant cost per MW is approximately NRs. 80 Million which could be reduced to 5 Million with introduction of newly developed PV technology. These parameters are quite good for solar power generation in Nepal. This research has generated the theoretical concept of community solar based on community forestry and NEA. Keywords: Climate change, Climate change mitigation, Renewable energy, Solar power, Fossil fuel substitution
Smart Border Management in Rani, Morang District of Nepal
(2022) Thapa, Manish; Naresh Rimal
SMART Border Management calls for a balanced use of humans and technology to facilitate the movement of people and goods across borders, while controlling and preventing malicious acts such as infiltration, cross border terrorism, illegal immigration and smuggling. It entails a coordinated and focused approach by the country’s leadership, bureaucrats, security agencies and economic agencies of the nation. The advanced technology implemented in border management and readiness of Nepal helps government agencies toward efficient border management. The research study via qualitative and quantitative approach used both primary and secondary data. Field visit for survey, interviews, observation helped understand the situation state of SMART Border Management. The present status of SMART Border Management is at infant stage unable to cope with modern challenges in Nepal-India border. The “willingness” transition to effective SMART Border Management is the key the present situation of border management between Nepal and India. However, SMART Border Management will help in reducing various security threats to Nepal. The absence of robust investment, technology, research and development is affecting implementation of the advanced technology as well as making the border as a part of SMART concept. Keywords: Border, Development, Security, Technology, SMART Border Management.
Sand and Gravel Extraction in Melamchi Municipality of Sindhupalchowk District
(2022) Dhimal, Radheshyam; Naresh Rimal
Contemporarily, riverbed material extraction is one of the serious environmental problems globally. The use of such river materials from the Indrawati River in Melamchi Municipality is also the key component supporting the urban infrastructure development supporting rapid urbanization in nearby Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) and other areas. The indirect challenges to the socio-economy and impact on the air, water and biodiversity are key concerns in the area. The qualitative study helped understand the perception of sand mining in the study area leading to a broader need for attention to the governance and coordination between the stakeholders and government agencies for enhanced social and environmental management. Reclamation of abandoned sand pits; tree planting and agro-forestry practices to speed up the slow rate of natural succession by reduction of negative activities such as perennial bushfires, over-cultivation of lands, and over-grazing to reduce the nutrient depletion rate. Sand, gravel and boulder extraction activities reduce land socio-economic value by causing land degradation, loss of agricultural lands, low availability of water and low quality and loss of biodiversity as well as increased poverty among people in the area. Finally, compliance with statutory laws to regulate the conduct of sand mining on a sustainable basis for the sake of reducing its negative effects on the environment, economy and society is a critical aspect of the sand, gravel and boulder extraction in the municipality. Keywords: Sand, Gravel, Socio, Economy, Impact
Pilgrimage Tourism in Godavari Dham Kailali
(2022) Gaire, Suresh; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Pilgrimage is a religious journey with non-economic motive based on religious objectives. Pilgrimage and tourism share same components like mobility, finance and acceptances for travel that make those two term same alike. Pilgrimage tourism denotes the outward journey towards a sacred and holy goal and inward journey towards greater humanity from self. This field has gained its importance after 1990s and has soon occupied a major space in academic studies due to its multi sectoral and multi-dimensional characters. The socio-economic significance has highlighted pilgrimage tourism among other fields. Godavari Dham of Kailali is one of the major pilgrimage destinations which has a huge potentials of advancement due to its religious sanctity and historical faith of the people. The Hindu texts provide evidences of its importance and the local population’s faith makes it one of the final religious destinations in Nepal’s far west region. No academic studies so far has been done despite of such huge potentialities of Godavari Dham. This thesis aims to explore the religious importance of this place and intends to discover the possibilities of pilgrimage tourism in this site. The researcher has visited the field and used a qualitative method to carry out this research. The lack of motivations, inadequate focus on environmental issues, lapses on management of the site, less attention in diversification, and diversion from sustainability were key issues in sustaining the pilgrimage tourism in Godavari Dham. Still, the Dham has huge potentials and bright future if those issues are timely addressed. The religiou purity and geographical beauty after all, is the only components for this place to highlight its image. Keywords: pilgrimage tourism, Godavari Dham, Religion, Hindu God, Destination
Jamunbote Community Forest in Livelihood of Kavrepalanchowk District
(2022) Sapkota, Janak; Naresh Rimal
Community Forestry has become vital for the forest management policy and practices since 1978. This concept brought all interested local people together and gained great momentum to uplift the livelihood of the poor and disadvantaged groups through sustainable use of forest resources. This study aims to explore and assess the contribution of community forestry on the livelihood assets i.e. human, physical, social and financial aspects of the community forest user groups. This study was carried out in Jamunbote Community forest of Panchkhal municipality ward no., -2- of Kavrepalanchowk district which represents the scenario of most of the hilly community forest. Primary data were collected through questionnaire surveys (20% households were taken as a sample), key informant survey (n=7), and secondary data from related journals, articles, websites. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using MS Excel and results were illustrated in the form of descriptive statistics. Our results show that around 64% of the respondents depended on agriculture, remaining were involved in business, private, government and foreign land jobs. This study found that the contribution of Community Forest is seen in physical, social, human and financial capital. Community Forest sometimes organizes training and workshops to build up the skills of user groups. Based on the people’s perception, most of the income was spent on infrastructure development, community development, forest management and protection. This study also found that the social relationship between and with user groups has increased after the handover of community forest. For increasing its potentiality on livelihood improvement, Government and concerned community forest should carry out effective workshops and training for poor, disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Additionally, Community forest should focus on alternate income generating activities like bamboo plantation, forest product based handicraft industry, horticulture for its user’s well-being. Key words: Community forestry, Disadvantaged group, Livelihood, Marginalized group, Forest management and protection
Islamic Culture and Society in Rajpur Municipality of Rautahat District
(2022) Bharati, Pramod Kumari; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Culture is about the social behavior, values, norms, beliefs and customs of the individual. Different groups have different culture and beliefs. Islam is followed by Muslim which is rich in cultural practice. This study was conducted to examine the cultural values of Islam communities and find the current livelihood challenges faced by the people of Rajpur Municipality of Rautahat district of Nepal. The study is based on the document analysis, field visit and interviews from elected representatives and government officials along with the local residents of the municipality. This study is first of its kind to find the in-depth details about the social and cultural status of Muslims community of Rautahat district. An ethnographic study was conducted with interviews undertaken from households, municipality officials, community leaders, schools and Madarsha representatives. It was found that the livelihood strategies of people of Rajpur are different as they are involved in different occupations. Despite being the majority population, Muslims have very good harmony and social engagements with people from other religion. After analyzing the livelihood strategies of Muslim people of Rajpur, it was found that people have been involved in various works from agriculture to bag making, sewing and selling bangles. There was common perception that when one has money, they can maintain good social relationship, develop infrastructures and easily fulfill all their needs. It was found the Madarsah system was important for the people of Rajpur to learn urdu language. The education system has already shifted from particular urdu based Madarsah to multidisciplinary Islamic school in Rajpur. But, the local government has been facing challenges to integrate Madarsah with the normal schools. This study recommends conducting a detail survey of Muslim people throughout Nepal due to the huge variation of culture and socio-economic practices in order to understand the overview of traditional beliefs and modern systems. Key Words: Culture, Islam, Muslim, Society, Quran
Infrastructure Development and Water Inundation in Rautahat District
(2022) Chhetri, Mohan Bahadur; Naresh Rimal
Historically flooding and inundation were received as boon and over time population growth and chaotic urbanization brings serious challenges to the communities overall livelihood. Infrastructure such as road, embankments, dams, bridges, railway track along with degradation of the Chure Ecological Region has escalated the impact of flooding and inundation in the area. This research has been developed with the objective to understand the disaster phenomenon of Rautahat District with reference to inundation. The qualitative research offers key understanding via collection of primary data gathered through open-ended interview questions, focus group discussions, key informant interaction and stakeholders meeting. The data analysis and interpretation indicate, although Rautahat District is often affected by flooding and disaster for a longer period of time, con temporarily increased urbanization and infrastructural growth is key to recurrence of inundation. Among the various infrastructure, the absence of strategic infrastructure such as road, dam, embankment, railway tracks and the urbanization pattern proves to be the factor for contributing to increased disaster events. The study indicates the need for effective adaptive measures for protection of communities‘ health and well-being. Keywords: Flooding, Inundation, Infrastructural Development, Dams, Embankment, Chure Ecological Region
Dozer and development in Panchthar district, Nepal
(2022) Dhakal, Krishna; Naresh Rimal
Globally, infrastructure development such as road connectivity is one of the indicators of development. After the 1990s, Nepal’s road construction to connect rural areas to urban centers became the major developmental intervention. Such practice continues to effect throughout the Panchthar District after the formation of three tiered governments culminated of the regime change of 2006 after the decade long Maoist insurgency. Panchthar District is known for access road construction compared to other districts in the country. The present research attempts to understand road construction phenomenon via qualitative study approach following the thematic analysis. Although road construction in the district have contributed positively to livelihood outcomes by addressing five basic needs such as food, shelter, education, health, and employment. Alternatively, poorly designed and constructed roads put lives and properties at risk. The study revealed poor access roads are the leading cause of the social capital loss, recurrence of disasters and also the migration. Family tragedies because of deaths are added psychological impact in the community. The study suggests, ecological impact can be addressed through compliance measures required by the national laws and avoiding, minimizing and mitigation measures towards negative consequences such as by following environmental and social safeguard measures. For such measures to be effective community awareness and capacity building is quintessential to balance the needs and wants of the people aspiring for sustainable community development for now and to the future. Keywords: Connectivity, poorly designed, disasters, impact, compliance
Covid- 19 and its impacts in Khokana village of Lalitpur, Nepal
(2022) Joshi, Chet Raj; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
This study has shed light on the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on Khokana village of Lalitpur Metropolitan city as the pandemic has been affecting the entire world in every sectors of life. Culturally enriched village is purposefully taken as the area of study. The pandemic has impacted on the culture, economy, education, agriculture, human health and so on. At this juncture the focus of the global to local level mechanism have been focusing for vaccinating, mitigating, inventing and following the COVD-19 protocols. Locals have shown collaborated efforts with stakeholders to save lives and situation. It needs more effective collaborations among cultural entities and common people, national/ local crisis management mechanism and other related agencies. The cultural understanding and awareness of the enriched locals, prevailing health facilities and coping capacities of the village can mitigate the pandemic further risks as the past. In this scenario, it tries to dig out the COVID-19 impacts in the typical village. The study is based on qualitative research design with the primary data from field visit, interviews with local people, stakeholders (KII and FGD) and secondary data from the books, articles, magazines, internet, library etc. Collected data was interpreted in analytical and descriptive way to achieve the research objectives by analysis from collected information. The paper included the economic, cultural, traditional, psychological, environmental, agricultural, social and ethnographical impacts as the major findings based on the bitter past pandemic experiences of locals. This study finds that the COVID-19 impacts are somewhat distinct in Khokana village from other places because of roles of the cultural and traditional entities, communities’ roles and resilient capacities of the local people. The paper will be beneficial for the administrators, researchers, policymakers, crisis manager to understand the COVID19 impacts in Khokana village. Key Words: COVID-19, Pandemic, Mechanism, Ethnography, Disaster
Role and contribution of retired armed police force nepal personnel in National security
(2024) Khanal, Shova Kanta; Dhandapani Adhikari
The Armed Police Force, Nepal (APF) plays a pivotal role in ensuring national security, yet the contributions and experiences of its retirees remain relatively unexplored. This dissertation delves into the context of the APF Nepal, highlighting the roles and achievements during the service period while identifying research gaps in understanding the post-retirement phase. The study aims to pursue the roles of APF Nepal, retirees and their contributions to national security. To achieve these objectives, a qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews with retired APF Nepal, personnel. The sample selection ensured diversity in backgrounds and service durations, capturing a range of perspectives. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns, themes, and insights from the interview data. The major findings reveal a diverse range of roles and contributions made by retired APF personnel post-service. These include involvement in community engagement, sharing of expertise, advocacy for security issues, and bridging the gap between communities and state agencies. The analysis of findings underscores the significance of leveraging the expertise and experiences of retired APF, Nepal personnel in enhancing national security efforts. Their contributions extend beyond traditional roles, encompassing areas such as community resilience, policy advocacy, and disaster preparedness. This study sheds light on the valuable role played by retired APF Nepal, personnel in bolstering national security in Nepal. The findings highlight the need for policymakers and security agencies to recognize and harness the potential of retirees, addressing challenges in their transition from active service to retirement. Recommendations are proposed to better integrate retirees into security efforts and leverage their unique perspectives for the benefit of Nepal's security landscape. Keywords: Armed Police Force Nepal, national security, retirement, transition, community engagement,
Development of special economic zone in nepal
(2024) Thapa, Navaraj; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
The rapid industrialization and economic development of a nation significantly hinge on the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). These zones are designated areas where economic regulations differ from those in other regions within the same country. SEZs aim to attract foreign investment, boost exports, and create employment opportunities. This study focuses on the development and challenges of SEZs in Nepal, particularly the Bhairahawa and Simara SEZs, which have been developed to bolster industrial growth and economic progress. By examining these zones, the study seeks to provide insights into their effectiveness and the hurdles they face. The primary objectives of this study are threefold. Firstly, it aims to identify and analyze the key factors influencing the establishment and development of SEZs in Nepal. Secondly, it seeks to assess the challenges and opportunities that exist in the implementation and operation of these zones. Lastly, the study aims to recommend measures that could be adopted for the effective implementation and operation ofSEZs, thereby enhancing their contribution to Nepal's economic development. This research adopts a qualitative design, employing both descriptive and analytical approaches. It relies on primary data collected through field visits, survey questionnaires, and key informant interviews, as well as secondary data sourced from books, journals, articles, and reports. The study areas include the Bhairahawa and Simara SEZs, where primary data collection involved interviews with seven entrepreneurs, five SEZ officers, and three local residents. Additionally, personal interviews were conducted with SEZ Authority officials in Kathmandu. This comprehensive approach ensures a robust understanding of the current state and challenges of SEZs in Nepal. The findings reveal that SEZs in Nepal have significant potential to contribute to economic development, but several challenges hinder their full operationalization. Key factors influencing SEZ development include policy and legal frameworks, infrastructure, market access, and investor confidence. Among the challenges identified are bureaucratic inefficiencies, high land rents, mandatory export ceilings, and a lack of political commitment. Despite these obstacles, opportunities exist in Nepal's strategic location between India and China, the availability of a young andenergetic workforce, and recent policy reforms aimed at attracting investment. These factors can significantly enhance the effectiveness and attractiveness of SEZs. Keywords: Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Foreign investment, Industrial growth, Policy framework, Economic development
A study of ethno religious conflict in Sunsari district of nepal
(2024) Rawat, Nar Bahadur; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
The recent study explores the intricate dynamics of ethno-religious conflict in Dharan, a diverse city within the Sunsari District of Nepal, noted for its multicultural population encompassing various ethnic and religious groups. This research aims to uncover the underlying causes, manifestations, and impacts of these conflicts, focusing on the balance between communal harmony and social tensions. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, the study draws on in-depth interviews, observations, and secondary data to offer a comprehensive view of the local socio-political landscape. Dharan serves as a microcosm for examining broader national issues of ethnic and religious integration. With a backdrop of historical migration and modernization, the city showcases both the challenges and opportunities in managing diversity. The study highlights specific incidents, such as the controversial cow slaughter incident, which catalyzed significant social unrest and debates over religious freedoms and community rights. Such events punctuate the ongoing struggle between maintaining traditional values and accommodating modern secular principles. Through interviews with various stakeholders including journalists, politicians, scholars, community people, doctors, religious figures, local leaders, security officers, and business persons, the research paints a detailed picture of the multifaceted nature of communal conflicts. The findings indicate that while Dharan exhibits a strong sense of community and cultural richness, there are palpable tensions fueled by economic disparities, political maneuvering, and social prejudices. These elements are often exacerbated by national political dynamics and global influences, as seen in the rise of religious nationalism and its impact on local conflicts. The role of social media emerged as particularly significant in influencing public perception and exacerbating communal tensions. Platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have been used to spread misinformation, rally support for divisive causes, and organize protests, often resulting in real-world violence and discord. The study underscores the need for greater digital literacy and responsible social media use to mitigate these issues. Moreover, the research delves into the effectiveness of local governance in addressing such conflicts. Findings suggest that while there are efforts to promote inclusivity and peace, systemic biases and inadequate policy implementations often hinder progress. The study calls for enhanced governance mechanisms that not only prevent discrimination but also actively promote intercultural dialogue and cooperation. In conclusion, this thesis provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between ethnicity, religion, and politics in Dharan. It offers a nuanced understanding of how communal identities can both enrich and complicate public life. Recommendations focus on strengthening local governance, promoting inclusive education and community programs, and leveraging the positive aspects of social media for community building. The findings and suggestions from this study contribute to the broader discourse on managing ethno-religious diversity, not only within Nepal but also in similar multicultural settings globally, aiming to foster a more inclusive and peaceful society. Keywords: Ethno-religious conflict, Multicultural population, Communal harmony, Social tensions, Local governance

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