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Browsing Medicine by Subject "Antibiotic susceptibility testing"

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    BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MILK SOLD IN KATHMANDU AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Staphylococcus species ISOLATED FROM MILK
    (Amrit Campus, 2022-08-08) Soniya, Bohora
    Milk is a rich source of nutrients. Milk –borne pathogenic bacteria pose a serious threat to human health. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes with Escherichia coli and Campylobacter are the main microbial hazards associated with contaminated milk. Therefore, it can cause milk borne diseases like scarlet fever, Brucella, diphtheria typhoid etc. This study was conducted to assess and compare microbial quality of raw milk and pasteurized milk and also determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from milk sample consumed in Kathmandu. For this, 30 milk samples (15 raw milk and 15 pasteurized) were collected from different location of Kathmandu district. Total Plate Count and Total Staphylococcus Count for each sample were determined by pour plate technique. While for isolation of Staphylococcus species, samples were isolated by using selective media (MSA) and characterized by biochemical test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates was carried out by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Total bacterial count of all raw milk samples were within the range while for TBC of pasteurized milk 93% were within the range. 17 Staphylococcus species were isolate from TSC. Among them 15 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus. 17 Staphylococcus species were 100% sensitive to Cotrimoxazole, Amikacin and Levofloxacin but resistant to Penicillin G (100%),Ceftriaxone (52.92%), Tetracycline (17.68%), Cefoxitin (23.58%), Ampicillin (76.82%) Ciprofloxacin (17.68%) and Chloramphenicol (11.79%). 3(17.68%) of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk samples showed multi-drug resistance and 4(23.58%) MRSA were detected. It is concluded that the milk produced by small scale farm from different places of Kathmandu district are not of quality and can be potential source of milk-borne infection. It is recommended that routine assessment of microbial quality of milk should be done for the safeguard of consumer health.
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    ENUMERATION AND DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF COLIFORM BACTERIA FROM MILK SAMPLES IN KATHMANDU.
    (Amrit Campus, 2022-08-08) SURAJ, CHAULAGAIN
    The presence coliforms and their resistance in milk is the big issue in present time. Milk is an excellent source of nutrients and also serves as a good medium for the growth of milk-borne pathogens. Cross-sectional study was conducted to assess and compare microbial quality of raw milk and pasteurized milk and also determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of coliforms from the milk samples. For this, 30 milk samples (15 raw and 15 pasteurized milk) were collected from different locations of Kathmandu district. Starch adulteration test and MBRT were done. TCC, FCC for each sample were determined by pour plate technique and interpretated with BIS guidelines (1992), DFTQC guidelines and identification was done. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates was carried out by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method using 12 different antibiotics. TCC of the 12 raw samples were higher than the guideline and its FCC was also found to be higher in 9 samples. In case of pasteurized samples, TCC was higher in 6 samples and FCC in 4 samples. A total of 31 isolates, 21 from raw samples and rest from pasteurized samples were identified. Out of 31 isolates, 17 (54.84%) were identified as Klebsiella spp., 13 (41.94%) were E. coli and 1 (3.22%) was Citrobacter spp. AST of coliform isolates were 100% sensitive against TE. 96.77% of the isolates were sensitive towards NIT, PIT, COT, C and AK. Out of total, 11 (35.48%) were MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant). Among them, 7 (63.64%) were from raw samples and rest 4 (36.36%) from pasteurized samples. Although, quality of most of the samples were good as per MBRT but the presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and adulterants questions the overall quality ofmilk. Thus, it is concluded that the milk produced by small-scale farm from the studied area are not of good quality, caused by coliforms especially the antibiotic resistant. Therefore, such type of study for monitoring the microbial quality of milk should be done in order to safeguard the consumers. Otherwise, it will be hazardous for the consumers and can be a potential source of milk-borne infections.