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Item Assessment of Climate Smart Agriculture: Study on Rapti Municipality-11, Korak, Chitwan, Nepal(Central Department of Rural Development, 2019) Paudel, Bibek RajThe Global warming has struck the agriculture sector the most and has impacted in its production. The agricultural production and productivity have been depleting in the present days. For tackling the changing climatic condition and increase the production of agricultural goods, Climate Smart Agriculture has been introduced. This is a new practice where people try to adapt their pre-existing agriculture practice in the changing environment. The topic Assessment of Climate Smart Agriculture- A study on Rapti Municipality, Korak, Chitwan, Nepal has been prepared to analyze what change does a Climate Smart Agriculture practice brings in livelihood of the people as well as environment. For addressing the basic objective, three specific objectives are developed that include the assessment of socio-economic status of Climate Smart Agriculture practitioners in marginalized people of study area, evaluation of effectiveness of Climate Smart Agriculture practice (leasehold forestry) in the study area and analyze different practices under Climate Smart Agriculture practices in context of study area. For the conduction of this research, Katlekhola has been considered as the census as all of the population under 10 households living in Katlekhola leased forest user group has been considered as the respondent of this research. Both qualitative and quantitative data has been collected for conduction of this research with the help of both primary as well as secondary source. For the collection of data from primary source, Key Informant Interview, Focused Group Discussion, Interview as well as survey has been taken. In the study of leased forest user group of Katlekhola, the leasehold forestry has been playing a major role in changing the lifestyle of the people. The people were found to have uncovered a new dimension of economy as well as social development through the use of leasehold forestry. Not only the use of leasehold forestry, the people have been found to be using other CSA techniques that has helped them in making their life easier than before. After the introduction of leasehold forestry, the people had been profited to some extend but the profit that they received was not extra-ordinary. In terms of their socio-economic status, they have new dimension for economic earning as well as they have been able to uplift their social life to some extent. But the upliftment is not too overwhelming. Talking about the effectiveness in the leasehold forests, the forest area has grown more denser and thicker and greener. The marginalized people with the motive to sustainable management of the forest area has made an impression that if the right to use and care is given at the same time, the sense of parenthood is established in people this managing the property that they are given for use. Lastly, in terms of application of other Climate Smart Agriculture practice in the study area, plastic pond and multi water use system is more prevalent as these are the best way to adopt to the changing climate. With the change in climate, the scarcity of water has not only impacted in desertification, it has also impacted in day-to-day activities among the peoples. So, the two used methods of climate smart agriculture are suitable in-terms of the study area. Other than the two, vertical farming can be one of the most favorable method that can be followed. With the sloppy terrain and with limited water resource, vertical farming can be a boon for farming to the farmers as well as general population of the area. So, the idea of climate smart agriculture is a major breakthrough in adapting the changing climate. Despite the fact that the practices don’t have a fast and great impact in the livelihood of the people, it has the capacity to make a great deal of impact in the long run. Other than the adaptation, this can also help in mitigation of the climate change. As of leasehold forestry, when the forest area is grown more denser and greener, the capacity to soak up carbon dioxide present in atmosphere greatly increases. This increased capacity of the forest area helps in decreasing the rate of global warming as it helps in carbon sequestration and helps to complete the carbon cycle. The main problem of the present time, global warming, can be solved if the climate smart technique is used appropriately and more smartly (conduction of research to find out what kind of activity can be done and is appropriate in what type of places).Item An Assessment of Drinking Water and Sanitation Project (A Case Study of Patha Khola Drinking Water and Sanitation Project, Harsahi/Tandi, Sindhuli)(Department of Rural Development, 2008-12) Dhakal, Jaya KumaiThe present study entitled An Assessment of Drinking Water and Sanitation Project (A Case Study of Patha Khola Drinking Water and Sanitation Project, Harsahi/Tandi in Sindhuli District) is carried out for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Rural Development. The present study has tried to answer the following questions: What are the social impacts brought by the drinking water project? How has the drinking water project helped the local people to raise their income? What are the changes that local people have experienced in their health condition following the new drinking water scheme? Is it sufficient and equally distributed? How has the drinking water managed/maintained? The level of awareness on the issues of safe drinking water and sanitation is still a challenge; and various initiatives has been taken with financial support of World Bank to implement the community drinking water and sanitation projects in rural Nepal. The general objective of the study is to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of drinking water and sanitation project on the local people. The specific objectives are: To explore the socioeconomic impact of the drinking water project on the local people. To assess the improvement in health condition of the local people following the drinking water and sanitation program To examine the local people's participation on the project management The study adopt explorative as well as descriptive methods. Household survey and key informant interview has been the techniques of the study through questionnaire. Man, like all other forms of biological life, is extremely dependent upon water and can survive much longer without food than he can without water. But in Nepal, a rich country in water resources, still there is large number of population who do not have proper access to safe drinking water and sanitation facility. Water related diseases has been very common which are giving life taking threats for the people living in those areas. Various efforts are still being made by the government of the country, public and private institutions as well as various donor agencies to provide adequate quantities of water of reasonable, though not entirely satisfactory, quality. If sufficient water could be supplied to the people living in rural areas then they could spend their surplus time for income generating activities through which socio-economic progress can take place. The study in ward no 1, 2 of Harsahi VDC and ward no. 7 of Tadi VDC of Sindhuli district with reference to socio-economic analysis has revealed several aspects of this program. The dominant caste of the area is Danuwar, and they have been simply bypassed from the mainstream life. This scheme was constructed 5 years ago with financial assistance from RWSSFDB. Drinking water is the prime need of human being and should be provided to all the people. Participation of local people in decision making and implementation of any development program is the most important factor for the successful of the project. And this has been the reason for the success of the project which has been studied. Drinking water in combination with the sanitation component has been effectively collaborating for the health and hygiene of the local people. Construction of toilet is although not encouraging the village but progress is satisfactory. Safeguarding and smooth operation of the drinking water projects should also be given to the local people and they should be skilled to perform the task within the project tenure in the village. This ensures the sustainability of the project. Local people's participation in all level of project has been recognized and this proven to be the formula for success of the project to a greater extent.Item Attitudes of Teachers and Students towards Continuous Assessment System(Faculty of Education, Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, 2016) Rana, YaduThis study was on Attitudes of Teachers' and Students' Towards Continuous Assessments System at Lower Secondary Level. Main purpose of the present study was to find out attitudes of teachers and students towards continuous assessments system at lower secondary level. The researcher selected the government aided schools of Rukum district. The total sample of this study consisted of 5 lower secondary level teachers and 30 students who were chosen using purposive non-random procedure. It was a survey research. The tool I used was questionnaire. The data collected from the informants were analyzed and interpreted to determine the attitude of teachers and students towards continuous assessment system. The finding of the study show that 70% teachers have positive attitudes towards continuous assessment system. But these teachers 30% who did not proper idea about continuous assessment system. They have negative attitudes, similarly, 30% students have positive attitudes towards continuous assessment system. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations of the study, operational definition of the key terms. The second chapter deals with the review of related literature and conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with methods and procedures of the study adopted during the research study, population and sample, sampling procedure, data collection tools, data collection procedures and data analysis and interpretation procedure. The fourth chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of results. The fifth chapter deals with conclusion and recommendations. In the final part of this thesis references and appendix are included.Item Basic Lavel English Teacher's Perceptions Towards Continuous Assessment System(Department of English, 2021) Chaudhary, PujaThis study is on Basic Level English Teachers' Perceptions towards Continuous Assessment System. The main motive of this study was to find out the perceptions of basic level English teachers on continuous assessment system. The researcher selected the government schools of Sunsari District. Thirty basic level English teachers from 15 schools, two from each were selected using random sampling procedure. The study adopted a survey research design. The tool I used was questionnaire. The data collected from the teachers was compared, analyzed and interpreted to find out the perceptions, challenges and problems while implementing CAS. From this study, it was found that CAS is very effective for language learning. Continuous assessment is a part of the teaching learning process. The study also revealed that there is a lack of fair and strong assessment system in the school. Most of the teachers agreed that there is weaker relationship between the assessment and learning outcomes. The teachers agreed that CAS decreases the students’ class repetition rates. In addition, there is a lack of proper guidance, supervision and assessment related training, there is a lack of continuous and regular feedback. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter includes the background, statement of the problem, research questions, significance of the study, de-limitations of the study, operational definition of the key terms and the second chapter deals with the review of the theoretical literature, review of the related empirical literature and conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with the methods and procedure of the study adopted while conducting the research, population and sample sampling procedure, data collection tools, data collection procedure and data analysis and interpretation procedures. The fourth chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of results. The fifth chapter deals with conclusion and ethical consideration and recommendation. At the end, the references and appendices are included.Item Current Practices of Continuous Assessment System In Grades 1-3 in Nawalparasi District(2017) Sharma, Laxmi DeviThe present study entitled Current Practices of Continuous Assessment System in Grades 1-3 in Nawalparasi District is an attempt to find out the current practices of continuous assessment system in Nawalparasi district, and gap between the policy and practice in relation with continuous assessment system. For this purpose, I selected thirty teachers (primary level) from thirty different schools, two school supervisors and three resource persons by using non-random purposive sampling procedure. I used two sets of questionnaires, one for teachers and one for supervisors for data collection. The data obtained from the informants were analyzed and interpreted descriptively using simple statistical tool. Findings show that the practice of continuous assessment system (CAS) is good. Because the teachers always use student friendly techniques in the classroom, students play the active role in teaching learning activities, teachers regularly update portfolio, take attendance, assign project work, measure creativity, through different activities, evaluate students continuously. Similarly, no huge gap was observed between policy and practices. All teachers, resource persons, school supervisors are familiar with CAS, policies related to CAS, however there is gap in terms of training. This thesis has been divided into five chapters. The first chapter encompasses introduction of the study. It incorporates background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations of the study, and operational definitions of the key terms. The second chapter encompasses review of related literature and conceptual framework. The third chapter is related with methodology, which incorporates design and method of the study, population, sample and sampling strategy, sources of data, research tools, data collection procedures, data analysis and interpretation procedures, and ethical considerations. Similarly, the fourth chapter four consists of analysis and interpretations of results and summary of findings. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with findings, conclusion, and recommendations related to policy, practice, and further research. Finally, the reference and appendices that are used in the thesis from the concluding chapter.Item Detrimental Factors of Low Achievements in Geometry(Department of Mathematics Education Central Department of Education, 2015) Adhikari, Jhalak PrasadGeometry is one of the important aspects of mathematics. Research findings have shown difficulty in teaching and learning of mathematics, Geometry in particular. Not only the geometry most of the students are suffering from the confusion of the basic concept of the mathematics. So, this is a case study to identify the detrimental factors for low achievement of geometry and its remedial measure. This Study was conducted on Grade – VIII of Nightingale School, Kupondol, Lalitpur. Two teachers and six low achiever students of Geometry were selected as the respondent units. The school documents, classroom observation and interviews with students, teachers and parents were the tools of study. The major findings of the study were identified such as foundation of the instructor and the learner is not in the level of satisfactory. Students have poor generalization power in Geometry and interest of the students to improve their level is no more towards Geometry. Lacking on the willingness to learn new concept in Geometry and searching new teaching techniques, material related aspect and the evaluation tools. In our context we most give emphasis of geometry learning. In the similar manner contextualization of learning and change from the traditional one-way classroom to two-way interactive classrooms is required to change the level of Geometry in school level.Item Dietary Assesment and Niche Overlap of Anurans in Western Lowland Nepal(Central Department of Zoology, 2019) Sapkota, SumanDiet of organism plays important role to understand the ecology, behaviour and overall life processes. Present study was carried out in three different habitat types (cropland, forest and forest edge) of Western Terai of Nepal to explore dietary habit and niche overlap among the anurans. Nocturnal time-constrained visual encounter line transect method was employed for anuran surveys and the diet of the captured individuals were collected by using non-lethal stomach flushing technique. Nineteen (10.11%) individuals out of 169 stomach flushed were found with empty stomach. The diet contained 685 prey items which were categorized into 13 taxonomic groups. Hymenoptera (35.79%) and Coleoptera in Hop lobatrachus crassus. The relation between the body size and the weight of prey found significantly positive (R x 2 =0.103, p<0.002). Among all species, H. tigerinus showed the positive relationship between both body size and body weight with prey weight. There was no significant relationship between the habitat types and dietary preferences. The result from Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling revealed that there was high degree of dietary niche overlap between H. crassus, H. tigerinus, Minervarya teraiensis, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and Duttaphrynus among them, M. teraiensis had the highest niche breadth (BA = 0.501). Similarly, the niche breadth of H. crassus and Duttaphrynus; H. tigerinus and E. cyanophlyctis was quiet similar. In other hand, dietary niche overlap was found the highest in medium sized (SVL < 50 mm) frogs (Ojk = 0.97) whereas the large sized frogs (SVL > 50 mm) had comparatively lower niche overlap (Ojk = 0.89). Prey preferences with regards to different body size of anurans might help in coexistence of various species in ame habitats. Furthermore, this study suggests the need of detailed study on amphibians and their diets. Such studies help for the conservation of amphibians including other wetland dependent fauna.Item Item Promoting Continuous Assessment System In he Mathematics Classroom(Department of Mathematics Education, 2021) Thapa, LokeshThe present research entitled“Promoting Continuous Assessment System in Mathematics Classroom” to explore the challenges and opportunities of continuous assessment system in mathematics education and to uncover the ways to make continuous assessment system student friendly. This study is conducted in Kathmandu district. In order to achieve the objectives, a school Janasewa Higher Secondary School and Central Department of TU were visited to conduct the study.Narrative inquiry approach among qualitative research design method was adopted for this study. The data were collected through interviews.Five mathematics teachers were selected as the purpose of the study intends. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted by different themes based on conceptual framework and generated the different codes according to the response of participants. The above study concludes that continuous student assessment is used more in the present than in the past. Continuous student assessment, if applied in the classroom, can make a positive difference in a student's learning. At present, despite the need to use continuous student assessment, it has been found that teachers do not use it as it is a hassle to use it.It was understood that proper physical infrastructure,financial condition of the school and time would be required for continuous evaluation. Similarly, the teacher needs the same kind of energy and vigilance.If it can be used, the learning achievement of the students will be better and the shortcomings in the students can be identified in time and necessary advice can be given to improve the learning in mathematics classroom. Also positive guidance can be given. For the conceptual development of mathematical abstract subjects, the learning is being more effective.But at a time when the world is being attacked byCOVID-19, even the schools could not remain untouched by this problem, due to which even the schools are not open continuously. There is a situation that cannot bed one but in fact, continuous assessment is very important for students, teachers and parents in the school.Item A Study on the Attitude of Teachers and Students towards Internal Assessment: ACase of M.Ed. in English(Department of English Language Education, 2008) Bhattarai, Punya PrasadThe purpose of the present study was to find out the attitude of teachers and students towards the internal assessment. The researcher selected 5 teachers teaching in the Department of English Education and15students were from M.Ed first year and 15 were from M.Ed.second year. The researcher used questionnaires as a research tool consisting of both the close-ended and open-ended questions in order to collect the required information which was expected to meet the objectives of the study. The researcher also interviewed VC, Rector, Register and Dean of Tribhuvan University to collect the perception of the officials of the University authority. The data collected from the informants were analyzed and interpreted to determine out the attitude of teachers and students towards internal assessment. It was found that teachers have negative attitude towards the present system of internal assessment whereas students have highly positive attitudes towards the internal assessment. This study consists of four chapters. Chapter one introduces the study in terms of general background, review of related literature,objectives of the study and significance of the study. Chapter two deals with the methodology applied to carryout the research work. This consists of the sources of data, sample population and sampling procedure, tools for data collection, and limitations of the study. Chapter three presents the analysis and interpretation of the data.This also flashes light on the views of different officials about the internal assessment and its significance in the university. Chapter four discusses the findings recommendations and pedagogical implications of the study. March 2008