Browsing by Subject "Earthquake"
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Item An Analysis Of Post Disaster Response Through Gender Perspective (A Case Study of Earthquake Affected Area Of Sindhupalchowk District)(Department of Sociology, 2019-03) Paudel, Ambika KumariThe literature on gender and disasters powerfully documents the importance of including gender considerations in disaster prevention, emergency response, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. As a consequence of the social context of gender relationships, men and women have different roles, responsibilities, capacities, resources, and experiences in virtually all societies. The Impact of earthquake in different aspect of society has been portrayed with many dimension, however there is lack of study on the gender face of disaster and post disaster situation. Therefore, this study has been carried out to explore the gender face of earthquake in light with standpoint and Marxist theory. A research framework has been developed, field study was done and research around was carried out to explore; how women were affected and what was the vulnerability they faced being a subordinated person in the society. It was found that women were more vulnerable than man with the disaster. The majority of recovery efforts to date still reflect traditional gender stereotypes that largely prioritize the needs and contributions of men. Male biased perspectives dominate policies and intervention processes, often excluding women from equitable compensation and assistance and subsequently placing them at even greater risk of future harm of hazards and disasters. Damage, needs, and vulnerability assessments too often fail to capture the different impacts of disasters and disaster response on men and women. Additionally, the immense contributions women make to recovery too often go unrecognized, while the marginalization of their skills and knowledge limits their opportunities to play a greater role in building back better. The study suggests developing a gender sensitive disaster risk management framework to cope with the post disaster situation keeping in mind the women's socio-cultural position in the society. This needs to reform the policies, practices and social strata of women so that they would not much vulnerable and burdened during natural disaster and post management period.Item Diasaster and family: A study of earthquake 2015 in Lanagol(Department of Sociology, 2019) Maharjan, KishorNot availableItem Disaster Diplomacy: A Study of Post Earthquake Disaster Management in Nepal (2015)(Department Of International Relation & Diplomacy, 2020-01) Paudel, UjjwalA country cannot fight with the destructions of a large scale disaster alone. Internal and external help is needed to fight with the aftermath of such disasters. The term 'Disaster Diplomacy' includes the diplomatic activities in relation to disasters. The role of military in disasters and diplomacy is increased in the contemporary world. The basic aids and monetary support is required for a country to cope up a huge disaster. So, the disaster affected country needs a proper conduct of diplomacy and management of international aids. This research aimed to explore the destruction of the earthquake that hit Nepal on 25th April, 2015. After being hit by devastating earthquake, the utilization of the local resources and strategies adopted by Nepal to cope up with the earthquake needs to be looked in depth. For the post recovery of the earthquake, many countries promised short term and long term assistance. Thus, the research attempted to review the aids and assistance pledged by international community to Nepal and its utilization and management. The research has included the data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The research concludes that Nepal suffered a great loss from the earthquake and Nepalese Security Sector played an important role in the management of the earthquake. Many countries provided aid and assistance to Nepal after the earthquake. Although, Nepal was able to control the short-term emergency situation by utilizing domestic and international resources, it could not accomplish the projected long-term reconstruction and recovery goals.Item Earthquake Emergency Preparedness and Response - A Case Study of Thecho VDC Lalitpur(Department of Geography, 2016) Maharjan, SonyNatural disaster cannot be stopped but its effect can be minimized or avoided by science, technology and necessary human adjustment i.e. emergency preparedness. Earthquake is one natural event which gives severe threat due to the irregular time intervals between events and lack of adequate forecasting due to its extreme speed of onset. Emergency preparedness is aimed at minimizing the loss of life and property during a natural event. Preparedness includes actions taken in anticipation of the event and special activities both during and immediately after the event. The current study is an attempt to explore emergency preparedness and response to earthquake in Thecho VDC of Kathmandu valley. The main objective of this study is to assess emergency response to earthquake hazard with respect to physical infrastructure condition and human perception. The study also tried to explore level of knowledge, awareness and preparedness of the local people. The research has adopted field observation, Key Informant Survey, household survey using random purposive sampling for the estimation of potential loss of buildings; lifelines, causalities. The RADIUS method has been applied for estimation of probable building damage and casualties in different earthquake scenario. Earthquake risk assessment was conducted based on earthquake shake scenario at two nearest fault lines to Thecho VDC and Gorkha Earthquake fault line. Post earthquake building damage was also assessed caused by 25th April 2015. The survey found that VDC is vulnerable due to the weak structure of buildings and construction materials and method. Spatial location of building damaged caused by 25th April 2015 is coincide with hypothetically earthquake scenarios. It seems that RADIUS method and tool is reliable and valid for the building damage estimation caused by the earthquake. People awareness and preparedness on earthquake was found very less. From the analysis it was concluded that the respondent have a low level of awareness and capacity. The low level of capacity was because of low level of preparedness and awareness. Therefore the study has recommended increasing the efforts in rising effective awareness addressing each sector of the local communities. Awareness and preparedness program should be launched in the VDC by concerned institution and the VDC itself and also need to adopt Earthquake emergency response plan at community level.Item Earthquake Ground Motion Parameters for Structural Design in Nepal(Pulchowk Campus, 2009) Sah, Shailendra KumarThe study on “Earthquake Ground Motion Parameter for Structural Design in Nepal” is carried out in two parts: in the first part, the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is carried out for the Kathmandu Valley considering 10-active faults as earthquake sources; the recurrence law proposed by Gutenberg-Richter is used. The intensity of earthquake at the center of Kathmandu valley in terms of PGA and SA is obtained by adopting the attenuation law proposed by Youngs et al (1997) and poison’s process for occurrence of earthquakes. Using conditional probability of magnitude of earthquake and source to site distance, the probabilistic seismic hazard curves are obtain at the bed rock, free field as well as separately assuming soil amplification factor of 2. In the second part of the study, a single envelope of the spectral ordinates are obtained using Young’s et al empirical relationship due to all sources for bed rock and free field separately, which are used to simulate Time-Histories at the bed rock as well at free field . The study shows that the contribution of Source Gosai Kunda (MCT-3.30) in Seismic Hazard curves is larger compare to the other sources and it is considered to be the vulnerable source for Kathmandu City. The program developed in Visual Fortran which generates time history from response spectra and gives good result within 20 iterations. Results are verified using Standard Software (SeismoSignal).Item Earthquake Induced Displacement and Livelihoods: the Case Of Severely Affected Districts of Nepal(Department of Population Studies, 2022) Shrestha, Madan GopalThe overall objective of the study is to understand and examine how humans react to a disaster situation like earthquake (EQ) and how they cope with the situation that prevailed in the 2015 Nepal earthquake induced displacement and followed by several subsequent aftershocks. The specific objectives were to study the processes of earthquake induced displacement and forced mobility and examine the shift in livelihood patterns due to the earthquake. For this study, the sampling involved three stages. In the first stage, the two heavily affected districts i.e. Sindhupalchok and Rasuwa from central mountain of Nepal were purposively selected. In the second stage, the relocated settlements of the earthquake induced displaced households were selected. Finally, in the third stage, individual households were selected using a systematic sampling procedure, and the total of 735 households were interviewed for this study. The study collected both quantitative and qualitative data using the structured survey questionnaire and qualitative information collection tools. The key finding of the study revealed that displaced households were already deprived and from socially disadvantaged groups. And still, they are vulnerable. The study examined that the root cause of displacement was the earthquake, but still they are prone to secondary disasters such as landslides, floods, and crake. The study concludes that earthquake generates a stream of displacement at the intra and inter-district and inter-intra Rural Municipality/ Municipality levels temporarily and permanently. There is clear evidence of livelihood shifts from better to the worsen situation. In an earthquake situation, there have been significant changes in livelihood capital assets namely - natural capital, human capital, physical capital, and social capital but not seemed significant change is evident in financial capital. The significant change in social capital is due to the loss of social networking at the new place of residence and a reduction in social and cultural rituals and participation. Significant changes in physical capital assets appear as loss of household assets these are used in daily livelihoods. In the case of human capital assets, there were significant changes after the earthquake and in some cases; positive changes were evident as some members of the affected households learn vocational skills and earthquake preparedness training, showing the fact that disasters may not always have negative impacts on livelihoods.Item Effects of Earthquak -2015 in Livelihood of People: A Case Study of Barpak, Gorkha(Department of Rural Development, 2018) Khadgi, BinjuThe thesis entitled “ Effects of Earthquke-2015 in livelihood of People .A Case Study of Barpak , Gorkha” has been prepared for the fulfillment of Master Degree in Rural Development from the Central Department of Rural Development, T.U., Kirtipur. Its entirely based on the field survey in which researcher has exercised to highlight the impact of Nepal Earthquake -2015 and how people coping from such situation . Nepal is one of the disaster- prone countries in the world, Nepal’s proximity to earthquake hazards is mainly due to her young and fragile geology. Haphazard and unplanned settlements and poor construction practice are the other reasons that have made her highly vulnerable to earthquake impacts. Nepal is ranked 11th in terms of Earthquake in the world. The general objective of the study was to analyze the impact of earthquake 2015 on livelihood of people and how they coping in such situation in Barpak , Gorkha District and used the purposive and Random sampling method is selected four wards of Barpak. The primary data were collected using questionnaire through the field survey in the study area and secondary data from various sources. Barpak is located in the western part of Gorkha district is highly populated of Ghale , Gurung village. It is a pleasant as picturesque village situated upon the hilltop about 1,900 m above sea level and approximately 45 km away from Gorkha Bazzar.It is famous among tourists for watching wonderful landscape of mighty Himalayas and excellent home stay. Along with it is also a wonderful variety of natural and cultural beauty crowded into one small area ,is one of the stopover village routes of trekking around Manaslu. The study identified that physical, social and infrastructure sectors are badly affected.. Farming of food crops is major occupation of people. After earthquake, import of foods has increased. Trend of livestock farming has also been on decline. People are currently involved in reconstruction as labours for construction. Practice of going foreign employment and army is popular. villagers who are more dependent on agriculture are affected and face limited options of alternate livelihoods. The earthquake has had a major effect on reducing labour availability for agricultural tasks. An important reason for this was that household members were too busy to built shelter for themselves. Livestock is a major component of livelihoods both as source of food and income. Production of animal products also has been reduced due to stress condition, lack of feed and shelter. People who conducted home stay and hotels are affected due to collapsed of their houses and damaged of trekking routs, hazardous transport due to landslides. The negative impact of the disaster is likely to translate into a reduced number of tourist arrivals over the next few years significantly affecting income. Out of 60 households only 25% completed rebuilding of their houses. Many of households are still forced to live under tents and tarpaulin roofs. Though the wealthy people of the village built their houses on their own but the underprivileged lots have lost hopes of building their houses. Some schools still conduct under the temporary structure whereas Shree Himalayan higher secondary school has been rebuilt which is supported by JICA. Likewise there was a state funded health post which was also destroyed so people now depend on health camp instead; they depend on readily available traditional lama Jhakri to cure their illness. The main coping strategies of people in Barpak are growing more crops, borrowing money from relatives and friend who are in foreign employment likewise engaging in additional income generation activities. work. Cash for work is very popular in Barpak. People are currently involved in reconstruction as labours for construction. Practice of going foreign employment and army is also practice against coping. Getting from Ex army’s pension, elder allowance and retirement are also supporting to Barpakis livelihood and also getting susidy for loss of life and fully damaged of house. Hence all the sectors like social sector (health, education, nutrition, housing and human settlement), productive sector (agriculture, tourism, irrigation, commerce and industry, financial sector), infrastructure sector (electricity, communication, transport, water, sanitation and hygiene) and cross- cutting sector (governance, employment and livelihood, social protection, gender equality, environment and forestry) are badly affected in Barpak. .Item Effects of Earthquake on Marginalized Groups in the Nuwakot District(Department of Sociology, 2017) Chaudhary, RinaNot availableItem Effects of Earthquake on Marginalized Groups in the Nuwakot District(Department of Sociology, 2017) Chaudhary, RinaNot availableItem Post earthquake mitigation practice for resilient community: A case study on Panchakanya Rural Municipality-1, Aapchaur of Nuwakot district(Department of Sociology, 2019) Rai, PranitaNot availableItem Role Of India And China In 2015 Nepal's Earthquake(Department Of Intenational Relations And Diplomacy, 2020-03) Chhetri, KritiThe occurrence of natural disasters remains outside human control. Earthquakes are an unpreventable seismic activity against which humans have almost no control. A massive earthquake of 7.6 magnitudes on 25 April 2015 and a major aftershock of 6.8 magnitudes on 12 May 2015 hit central Nepal. There were 8,790 casualties and 22,300 injuries and affected one-third of Nepal‟s total population (28 million). The April 25, 2015 earthquake in Nepal and the subsequent aftershocks resulted in losses not only in terms of lives and physical infrastructures but also there were social, economic and political impacts. The 2015 Nepal earthquake is one of the most devastating disasters in the modern history of Nepal. There was a wide range of response from all around the world. This overwhelming international response included immediate search and rescue personnel and support, medical teams and support, emergency relief items, as well as assets, from aircraft to deliver aid, to other equipment and machinery to assist in the relief effort. Nepal‟s neighbouring countries, India and China responded immediately and sent search and rescue teams and relief items right after the 2015 Earthquake. The relief efforts in Nepal showcase a competitive aspect of the two major regional powers, as China seeks to gradually increase its influence in South Asia. Both countries have made a significant contribution to Nepal through aid, and via emergency rescue and relief material since the earthquake hit hard in 2015 but they are influenced by differing interests. This thesis had analyzed how India and China utilized relief efforts to increase the sphere of influence in Nepal and the interest of them. The Chinese and Indian relief responses after the Nepal earthquakes are extrapolated to assess their strategic utility.Item Role of India and China in 2015 Nepal’s Earthquake(Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, 2020) Chhetri, KritiAvailable with full textItem Role of Social Capital in Disaster Response Earthquake 2015: Case Study of Bhaktapur(Department of Sociology, 2019) Bhandari, PoojaThe purpose of this paper is to describe the role of social capital in response to disaster. Similarly to identify the types of social capital and explain the operation of social capital in response to massive Earthquake 2015. In addition also examines the importance of having social capital in lives of 15 respondents from Bhaktapur. This study completely based on experience of survivors. It attempts to explore how individual and families utilized their social capital in the aftermath of the earthquake and role of social capital in response to disaster. Methodology This is a qualitative study with semi structure interview and discussion with earthquake survivors on their own locality. Flexible methods of date collection was adopted through interaction with respondents and following up on. Results Bonding social capital is most extensively operated in lives of 15 respondents. Thus bonding social capital is crucial in response to disaster. Bonding social capital play important role in sharing of physical, financial and emotional support in response to disaster. Social capital are interlinked to each other- it means one form of capital drag other forms of capital. Social capital are interconvertible. Lack of understanding on government scheme and Government scheme limited only in one level of scheme. Conclusion As disaster is socially constructed phenomena similarly response to disaster is also socially constructed. Individual prior social capital determines his/her response to disaster. There is linkage between possession of social capital and its response to disaster. Social capital has both positive and negative phenomena. It has shown in studies that out of 15 respondent four respondent are not much involved in utilization of social capital because of their prior social relation and these four respondents are all old age people who are not able to work and not able to earn money.Item Seismic Hazard analysis of Nepal(Institute of Science and Technology, Zoology, 2019) Rajaure, SudhirNepal is situated in the central part of the Himalaya, which is one of the most seismically active zones in the world. Nepal has witnessed several mega-quakes, with magnitude above 8, and thousands of smaller earthquakes. The 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake is the most recent significant event in the country. Large and moderately large earthquakes can have a tragic impact on people and society as a whole. The preparation of seismic hazard map and evaluation of site specific ground motion due to earthquake are recognized as the fundamental steps towards the earthquake risk reduction. An attempt is made to develop seismic hazard maps of Nepal using available data of earthquakes, recent knowledge of seismotectonics and refined geological features. A comprehensive and magnitude-homogenized earthquake catalogue is prepared from the processing of earthquake catalogues collected from different sources. Thus prepared catalogue contains earthquake data since 1100 AD to 2017 AD. Nine sets of potential earthquake source models are delineated after the analysis of the seismicity distribution, geological structures, results of different geophysical and geodetic surveys and the experience of 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. Probabilistic technique of seismic hazard analysis is applied to evaluate seismic hazard in Nepal. The result shows high hazard in an east-west elongated belt that runs parallel to the front of the Higher Himalaya. The maximum PGA reaches about0.45 g in farwest Nepal and about 0.4 g in Kathmandu Valley for 10 % probability of exceedance in 50 years, at engineering rock site. The effect of the sediments of the Kathmandu sedimentary basin is investigated using strong motion data of earthquakes recorded in the Kathmandu Valley. During the Mw 7.8 (Gorkha) earthquake, the largest PGA (0.25 g) was recorded at Kirtipur (KTP), which is a rock site. The record shows a single and unusual spike, which is attributed to the permanent displacement of the Main Himalayan Thrust. The second largest PGA (0.23 g) was recorded at the Central Department of Geology (Tribhuvan University (TVU)), which is a soil site. During the Mw 7.8 earthquake, the PGAs were vii comparatively smaller at all soil sites, whereas the peak ground velocity (PGV) was small at KTP (rock site) and were larger at all other soil sites. The strong motion records of the earthquakes depict the predominant period being between 3 and 5 seconds at the soil sites. The high frequencies (>2.5 Hz), were strongly damped and the low frequencies (<2.5 Hz) were amplified at the soil sites, therefore tall buildings suffered more and the low rise buildings suffered less when compared. The amplification factor was small during the stronger earthquakes and was large during smaller earthquakes; thus demonstrating non-linear response of soil. The analysis shows that the azimuthal effect of earthquake sources was not observed in the Kathmandu Valley. Earlier reports on the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake (Mw 8.2) and 1833 North Kathmandu Earthquake (Mw ~7.6) report localized massive destruction in the Kathmandu valley and attribute the massive destruction to local geology of the basin (Pandey and Molnar, 1988). Contrary to these claims, amplification of ground acceleration was not observed in the Kathmandu valley during the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake but the low frequencies were amplified. The seismic hazard map and ground response results are mandatorily considered in policy making, planning, formulation and revision of building codes, design of new infrastructures and retrofitting of existing infrastructures. It facilitates the seismic risk assessment, insurance policies and many other related matters.Item Seismic Vulnerability of Building A Case Study of Ilam Municipality(Department of Geography, 2008) Khatiwoda, NandalalNot AvailableItem Socio demographic differentials of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age and determine its causes in earthquake affected district Nuwakot(Department of Sociology, 2019) Kapali, RanjanNot availableItem Socio-economic impact of earthquake-2072 in women: A case study of Khokana Lalitpur(Department of Rural Development, 2018) Maharjan, PrajeenaThe thesis entitled " Socio-Economic Impact of Earthquake-2072 In Women, A Case Study of Khokana Lalitpur". The specific objectives of the study are: to examine the present general scenario of the study area after earthquake-2072, to compare the socio-economic status of women before and after earthquake, to analyze the health problems after earthquake, to analyze the educational problems after earthquake. The study attempts to explore and investigate the socio-economic and decisional power of women in the society, so, it is an exploratory as well as descriptive type of study. As the study targeted women, respondents and locations were selected using purposive sampling (the snowballing technique) in collection of data by the researcher. Out of 1,056 households 837 were completely or partially damaged by the earthquake 2072. Among the 837 households, 8 % i.e. 64 household were selected as sample. The findings of the study are none of the respondents were involved in government sector before the earthquake, but after the earthquake, one woman became selected in the local government authority as the ward member. Before the earthquake there 32 respondents were not involved in any institution but after the earthquake only 26 members have not been involved that means 6 members have been involved in different institutions especially in health institution and socio-cultural like mother groups and cooperative groups.The majority of the household depend on agricultural income, 65.62 % of the respondent households has main income source is farming, whereas 21.87% were depend upon wage labour. Status of income and expenditure of respondents shows that before the earthquake there was no deficit but after the earthquake 40.62% had deficit. After the earthquake most of the respondents’ income had been changed. 31.25% respondents’ income had been decreased by below 10,000 whereas 59.38% had no change in income. Before the earthquake, 93.75% had no loans but after the earthquake 65.63% had taken loans more or less. 26.56% had taken loans 100,000-500,000 rupees. Almost all respondents have health issues during earthquake. 18.75% had mental problems and 15.63% had been disabled, out of them 10% had severe and normal degree of disabilities. Food and nutrition supply was also affected during earthquake. 45.31% had no enough food and nutrition during the earthquake, among them 19 respondent had fever, diarrhoea and anxiety. The education status of women is 29.69% of women are illiterate and only 6.25% of women were studied more than bachelor level. During the earthquake, most of the schools were closed for more than months but after few months there is regularity in the education. Hence, 85.94% of the students were regular in schools whereas 7.81% of the students dropout due to earthquake, among them 80% were boys. There was a great impact of socio-economic status of women in Khokana. But in involvement in various sector after the earthquake, they had involved in socio-cultural groups like mothers' group and other local health institutions. Lots of people died during and after the earth quake 2072. Most of the respondent had health issues during and after the earthquake. There was a disturbance on education of the school going students during the earthquake. All the educational institution were closed for few months. But after a few months, the students went to schools regularly.Item Women empowerment through mason training activities after Gorkha earthquake 2072: A case study of Chautara Sangachowkgadhi municipality ward no.12, Sindhupalchowk district, Nepal(Department of Rural Development, 2018) Thapa, Udaya BikramAvailable with full text