Browsing by Subject "Foreign Policy"
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Item An Analysis on Geopolitical Implication on Foreign Policy of Nepal(Department Of International Relation & Diplomacy, 2019) Sharma Gaudel, ShailendraGeopolitics is a study of the relationship between geography and politics of states interactions with the neighboring countries and international community Geopolitics impact on several sectors of power politics. Rudolf Kjellen who first use the terminology geo politics. Which have an impact on several dynamics of politics. This study analyzes the contemporary international relations from the framework of geopolitics and its implication on Nepal and how Small, Landlocked state faces limitation to explore in power politics due to its geographic location. Also, the effect of geography in domestic as well as external relationship along with evolution of foreign policy of Nepal. Theories of international relation and concept of geopolitics is considered. Geo-politics means geographical setting and human activities of the country. So, the geopolitics and geography are the bones of strategy, therefore, the state's geopolitics is connected with its foreign policy. A state's foreign policy shaped with domestic and international feelings, people's views, and awareness drives the geo-politics. Geo-political vision is the main board to establish the foreign policy of a state.it tries to trace out the geopolitical limitation of Nepalese foreign policy. The description of impact by internal and external factors their interconnection with geopolitics and the dynamics of location in global phenomena. The geostrategic position created by geopolitics described as well.Item Asymmetry Of Power And Interest: A Case Of 2015 Indian Blockade On Nepal(Department Of International Relation & Diplomacy, 2020-12) Paudel, Dilli Ram2015 Indian blockade on Nepal was a historic event in the realm of Nepal’s foreign policy. The blockade that was imposed at the backdrop of devastating earthquake rendered humanitarian cost to Nepal. However, it has also provided significant geopolitical leverage to Nepal. In the discipline of International Relations, the conventional wisdom is that countries with relative power capabilities always turn the crisis into their favor. Despite that, the 2015 Indian blockade on Nepal stands contrary to this. This demands alternative explanations to understand the interstate crisis which is characterized by asymmetry of power. This study has explained the geopolitical context of Indian blockade on Nepal and explored the Indian interest associated with it. As the study suggests, India has imposed blockade, basically, because of its concern over the newly promulgated constitution of Nepal. There were other concerns of India associated with it such as security concern, Hindutva, Madhes factor, Bihar election etc. The study proceeds by comparing the relative power and interest of Nepal associated with the blockade. Although India is relatively more powerful than Nepal in terms of material capabilities, Nepal was asymmetrically favored by interest variable in this game of blockade. This explanation gives important insight to the principal question of this study. The study finds out that Indian blockade was a failed example of employing coercive measures in the inter-state crisis. Although the direct cost of the blockade was to be borne by Nepal, India had to pay a huge strategic cost. In this game of blockade India has to lose the issue at stake and bear audience cost in foreign policy regime. This anomaly has been explained in terms of asymmetry of interests. Finally, the study concludes with an alternative explanation of Indian blockade on Nepal. This suggests that smaller states find it hard to compromise on core issues of national interest despite coercion from larger power. They are instead willing to bear the direct costs of coercive measures imposed by larger power. Secondly, larger power could back down if the issue at stake is not of primary concern.Item Foreign Policy Of India Towards Nepal: A Study Of Economic Sanctions(Department Of International Relation & Diplomacy, 2019-08) Basnet, KhushbooThe purpose of this study has been to assess to analyze the Indian Foreign Policy towards Nepal. This study has aimed to assess the Indian economic sanctions as coercive statecraft. It has further explored why does India differ in its rhetoric and practice of foreign policy towards Nepal.The researcher has found a considerable number of research studies conducted Indian foreign policy, Indian foreign policy towards Nepal. There are also a considerable number of studies on economic sanctions of Indian foreign policies towards Nepal. Nevertheless, the researcher has not found any research on the topic of Indian Foreign Policy towards Nepal and the use of economic sanction as a tool of foreign policy in Nepal. This research has attempted to address this research gap. This research has been done in qualitative research methodology. The sources of data are secondary. The published and unpublished data and information has been analyzed. The explanatory and case study method has been used. The economic sanction on Nepal by India has been used as an area study. The content analysis and process tracing analysis has been the methods of exploring the details of economic sanctions. The process tracing framework of analysis has been used to show the cause and effect of the economic sanction with the presence and influence of power and domestic variables and their impact in foreign policy. The foreign policy of India and their economic sanctions to Nepal has been analyzed from Realist perspective. Power oriented explanation has been backed with Allison’s Models of Foreign Policy analysis: Rational Actor Model; Organizational Behaviour Model; Governmental politics Model has been discussed to analyze the foreign policy of India and economic sanctions with Realism as theoretical tool of analysis. The findings of this research will redound to the benefit of society in the area of study Indian foreign policy towards Nepal and the use of economic sanction as a tool to implement foreign policy in Nepal. This study will serve as the reference for better understanding of Indian political culture, their way of implementing foreign policies in rhetoric and practice and the way Indian Nepal policy has been shaped from past to present. This study will contribute in the existing literatures of Indian foreign policy and use of economic sanction as their medium to preserve their interest and power in Nepal and opens up new avenues for researcher interested in this topic.Item From Look East to Act East: India's Foreign Policy Shift(Department Of International Relation & Diplomacy, 2019-07) Rijal, Shiva RamForeign Policy plays a vital role in international relations. And diplomacy is a tool to carry out the established foreign policy of a country. India, as an emerging country in the global sphere, has shifted its foreign policy from Look East to Act East towards its eastern region. It is simply targeted towards its friendly countries in South East Asia especially ASEAN which earlier was intended to have economic engagement. The rising role of India in regional as well as in global sphere has its value when it shifted its foreign policy. India is particularly interested to be more engaged with South East Asian countries and other countries in the Indian Ocean Region and in Asia-Pacific region. This study is based upon trying to find the areas of engagements from the Indian side in terms of Act East Policy in economic, cultural, diplomatic and strategic front. The crux of increased Indian engagement with ASEAN as a whole and member states in particular and with countries in IOR and Asia-Pacific is in the intent to maintain cordial relations with the stakeholders of maritime trade through IOR which India finds its in own backyard. India, further, cautious about Chinese assertive nature and subsequent influences in India's neighbours by which India feels threatened and the need for deeper engagement and alliances is felt by the Indian establishment. As going through various literature available, India has made several attempts under AEP so as to project itself in greater posture in regional as well as the global sphere. Despite the increased engagement in economic, cultural, diplomatic and strategic front, Chinese presence in the ASEAN region is not in the level to be balanced soon. Indian trade with ASEAN as well as with China comes under huge deficit. On the contrary, China has a favourable position in trade with both ASEAN and India. Chinese diplomatic dealings with ASEAN have placed to deal with Indian intent of aligning with countries that have some sort of tussle with China. The fragmented ASEAN mentality has made less probable regarding Indian intent of maneuvering in issues like the South China Sea by advocating peaceful settlement of issues is by and large common understanding between ASEAN and China. This reveals Indian efforts are remarkable and visible on the one hand and on the other it needs to make some more efforts by engaging more with its like-minded countries like Vietnam, Singapore in strategic as well as the economic front. In short, India has been in the track of progress in connectivity with ASEAN countries, engaging cultural and commerce as the heart of AEP. But no approach and engagement are ultimate. Therefore, continuous efforts of engagements, covering its promises in time with quality and friendly relation with other major stakeholders of the region particularly Japan, Korea, the US and with China as well is important to maintain peace and security in the region. The result shows that Indian efforts are counted as a positive step under AEP vis-à-vis its earlier version of LEP. And the analysis and thereby conclusion is made that Indian presence in ASEAN and the region is increased and this has made India a major player in the regional architecture by which peace and stability can be maintained. ASEAN also wants India to take a greater role so that there is proper balance and stability.Item Geopolitical implications on Nepal-China Relations After-2008(Department of Political Science, 2024) Shahi, Hirendra BahadurSince the formal diplomatic relations were established between the two countries in 1955, Nepal and China have enjoyed the relations of balance and cooperation. China has always treated Nepal as a good neighbor and has been helping Nepal in times of needs. China has always respected Nepal’s sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity besides being a reliable development partner for the country. On its part, Nepal has remained committed to ‘one-China’ policy. Geopolitics refers to a geographic element such a country's geographic position, climate, available resources, population, power structure, Land Power, Ideology and topography and its influence in domestic and international policy formation and implementation of the country. In this respect geopolitics, however, comes to complicate the relations between the two countries. Nepal's southern neighbor has always been concerned about the development and infrastructure projects with funding and assistance from China. Since the construction of the Kodari highway in the 1960s, India has shown its non-cooperation. Today it continues not only with the construction of Pokhara and Gautam Buddha International Airports but also in the hydropower projects being built with Chinese investment and Chinese contractors. The decision made by the Indian government not to purchase electricity except Indian investment creates investment risk for other countries in Nepal. China is in favor of a stable and strong government in Nepal so that it can maintain both economic cooperation and trust. In the border area between Nepal and China, the government of Nepal should ensure security to prevent anti-Chinese activities. The trade and transit agreement signed between Nepal and China in 2019 should be implemented to put an end to the landlocked situation of Nepal. Both sides should implement the agreement to build a railway connecting Nepal and China and open the door to the economic growth of Nepal. India needs to pay attention to Nepal's sovereignty in Nepal-China relations. Qualitative method has been used in this study and secondary data was collected from journal articles, dependable books, and genuine websites. For this study, an exploratory research design has been used.Item Nepal-India Political Relations 2006-2016(Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Political Science, 2022) Suwedy, Keshav RajAvailable with full textItem Nepal–Britain Relations with Special Reference to Gurkha Soldiers(Central Department of Political Science Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 2008) Kandangwa, Ram NarayanItem The Role of Nepal Army in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations 1958-2009(Faculty of Political Science, 2010) Tamang, Asha BahadurThe history of human civilization may be characterized as the history of war, conflict and searchfor peace. After World War-II, on October 24, 1945, United Nations was established. Nepal hasbeen one of the active members of United Nations since her membership on December 14, 1955.The United Nations is common forum for all the member states. The peacekeeping is a techniquewhich has been developed mainly by the United Nations to help, control and resolve armedconflict through Security Council Resolution. After Cold War, peacekeeping operations havebeen complex and multidimensional. There are many success stories as well as failures of theUnited Nations peacekeeping operations.Nepal Army is facing tough competition mostly fromits South Asian counterparts like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Keeping these facts in mind,the main objective of the study is to assess the significant contribution of Nepal Army in theUnited Nations peacekeeping operations 1958-2009. The study entitled "The Role of Nepal Army in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations 1958-2009",examines a fifty one year's history of Nepal Army's participation in United Nations peacekeepingoperations. The main problem of the study is to evaluate the role of Nepal Army and its challenges inperforming United Nations peacekeeping operations 1958-2009. This is the first attempt to analyze the role of Nepal Army in the United Nations peacekeepingoperations.The research intends to studythe roleof Nepal Army in the United Nations peacekeepingoperations. This study is based on descriptive analysis. In this research the perposive sampling method isused for primary data.The primary data were collected from more than hundred personnel relatedto the topic with the help of interview,questionnaire and interaction. During the primary andsecondary data collection various libraries, Nepal Government offices, Nepal Army HQ, NepalPolice HQ, APF HQ,etc. have been visited. Field visit of Bunia,DRC, Congo and various NAtraining centers, units and sub units have been carried out. The information available in the website has also been used in course of analysis. The data were cross-checked in various ways. Thedata have been described, analyzed and compared in the study. This study is organized into five chapters. Chapter one deals statement of the problem, objectives,justification of the study, limitations of the study, review of the literature, research methodology,conceptual framework and organization of the study. Chapter two presents the nature of UnitedNations peacekeeping operations and Nepal's participation in peacekeeping operations. Chapter threelooks at the role of Nepal Army in theUnited Nations peacekeeping operations. Chapter fouranalyzes the challenges of Nepal Army in performing United Nations peacekeeping operations. Chapter fiveoffers a summary, conclusions, findings and recommendations. The UNDPKO has been conducting various PKOs though it is not mentioned in the UN Charter.Peacekeeping is becoming major tools for the peace and security in the world.Main challenges of UNare budget, effectiveness, political interest of powerful nations etc. To overcome new challenges manypanel and reports have prepared. Nepal is sixth largest troops contributing country in the world. Nepal Army has played several roles in the history of Nepal. To support national policy throughinternational peace support operations is one of the secondary roles of Nepal Army. Nepal Army selectsthe troops according to selection procedure and provides them pre-deployment training in BirendraPeace Operations Training Center.Over 74,000 troops of Nepal Armyincludingfour Force Commanders,one Assistance Military Adviser to Secretary General and 197 females have participated in UNPKOs.Fiftysix Nepali peacekeepers have laid their lives in line of their duties for serving the cause of peace andsecurity of the world and fifty seven have injured. The Nepal Army troops are always accepted heartily around the world. The Nepal Army celebrated itsfifty years participation in the UNPKO on June 12, 2008. Despite of negligible weakness of the NepalArmy, it has shown significant contribution in peacekeeping operations duties. The findings of the studyare as follows: In the context of new world order, the nature of UNPKO is becoming more complex and versatile as aresult of which the level of risk has increased for the peacekeepers.NA troops also have to be equallycompetitive to take advantages from the UNPKOs. Nepal has become reliable and renowned major troops contributing country to the UN since herparticipation in the UNPKO. As a result, the country is more secured in preserving her nationalindependence. NA has also contributed to maintain and implement Nepal's foreign policy. It has becomeprofessionally stronger due to the participation in thirty four UNPKOs along with the training of modernweapons, equipments and modern values. The main challenges for Nepal Army to perform UNPKOs are: weakness in logistic self sustains securityof troops and language problem.Item Soft Power Strategy Of China(Department Of International Relation & Diplomacy, 2019-12) Shrestha, SuvechhaThe power of state at present is not solely based on the military, political and economic potential. A new factor “soft power” has become an important aspect of influence for states in the globalized, interactive and interdependent state of international system. After Professor Joseph Nye coined the term Soft Power, there has been an increased focus on the cultivation and proliferation of soft power by governments around the world. Over the past few years, China has also taken great measures to strengthen its soft power capabilities. Nye equates power of attraction in international relations with the values of the country as expresses by a country in its culture, its internal and external principles, policies and relations. However, the Chinese soft power seems to be incorporating the economic and development aspects along with the framework of Nye to meet its objectives. The thesis explores the limits of the concept of soft power by critically examining the reconceptualization of soft power in contemporary China. It seeks to highlight the uniqueness in the Chinese interpretation of soft power compared to the original Western approach. The Chinese soft power is seen as a great opportunity to increase the country’s efficiency in attaining its foreign policy goals, improve its international image and overall performance in the global arena. The vast scholarship on Chinese soft power continue to criticize the resources and understanding of soft power with Chinese characteristics. However, it is important to remember that the concept of soft power in itself is vague. Thus, we cannot say with certainty whether or not China’s soft power has succeeded based on the western approach. Although it is true that China still has a long way to go to further increase its appeal around the world especially the West. We also cannot measure the Chinese perspective only with the Western yardstick.