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Item THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AEGLE MARMELOS (L.) CORREA AND HR-LCMS BASED METABOLITES PROFILING(Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2023-10-11) Giri, Swikar; Co-Supervisor, Bodh Baby Bhattarai, Ph.D.(Asst. Prof.); Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D. , (Associate Prof.)The Biological Properties as well as HR-LCMS analysis was carried out on the methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos (L.)Correa Leaves.Extract of the leaves was prepared using Soxhlet extractor. The leaves of Aegle marmelos has been employed as therapeutics for various kinds of disease traditionally over the years. This study employed the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, a sustainable and cost-effective method, to assess the antioxidant properties of the plant extract. This plant extractwas evaluated across six biological samples, namely S. typhi, E.Coli, K. pneumonia, P. aureginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, revealing a substantial inhibition of growth in all of these biological specimens. To investigate further insights into the plant extract,Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) and DPPH scavenging activitiesweremeasured using a double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. This analysis unveiled the antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiesinherent in the selected plant parts. Additionally, High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS) analysis of the sample was carried out for the selected plant parts.TheRotary evaporator was used to evaporate the solvent from the extract and18.45% yield extract was obtained from the dried leaves. The methanolic extract was subjected on the analysis of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) (59.307 ± 1.058 mg GAE/g dryweight extract), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) (132.8±1mg QR/g dry weightextract), Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA)(309.444±2.341mg AAE/g dryweight extract) and IC50 value of DPPH scavenging activity was found to be 238 μg/mL Notably, antibacterial activity of the extract against Bacillus subtilisand Salmonella typhiwas found to be with zone of inhibition (ZOI)of 26±4.242mm and 14±1.414mm respectively.Intriguingly, the High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HRLCMS) analysis of the crude extract identified a total of 60 compounds among them 45 are known and 15v are unknown compounds. Some of these compounds have potential applications. So that the plant extract can be used for the preparation of medicine and natural product-based therapeutics. 3-beta,6-betaDihydroxynortropane, Manumycin A, Cepharenthine, Ritterazine A, and Saphenamycin has potential effect for the treatment of diseases like leukemia, cell cancer, constipation, skin allergy, inflammatory diseases etc. To sum up, plant extract has 15 unknown compounds that may exhibit potential biological activities. So further works are necessary for the characterization of these unknown molecules and precisely disclose their biological activity. Keywords: HR-LCMS, Anti-microbial, TAC, TFC, TPC, Phytochemical screening.Item BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CALLICARPA MACROPHYLLA VAHL. LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS HRLCMS BASED PROFILING(Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2023-10-11) THAPA, SABI; Co Supervisor Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D. (Associate Prof.); Bodh Banu Bhattarai,Ph.D. Asst. Prof.Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. is a traditional medicinal plant that belongs to Verbaceaceae family growing in Nepal, India, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. The leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla were collected from Tanahun district in the month of October. The leaves were then air dried, crushed into powder using kitchen mixer. The powdered sample was extracted with methanol by maceration, concentrated using Rota vapor and analyzed the concentrated extract for the presence of different bioactive compounds, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant activity (TAC), effectiveness against microbes along with HR-LCMS analysis. The antibacterial activity was tested against 6 bacterial strains like B.subtilis, S.aureus (gram positive strains) and K.pneumonia, E.coli, S.typhi, P.aureginosa (gram negative strain). The TAC was quantitated using Phosphomolybdenum assay. TPC and TFC were evaluated using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent assay and Aluminum Chloride assay methods, respectively. The semi-solid methanol extract of leaves of the C.macrophylla obtained was 10.8% w/w of the dried powder. The qualitative analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, amino acid, coumarins, gums and resins, fixed oils and fats. The anti-bacterial test showed the following inhibition zones: B.subtilis- 17.333 mm, S.aureus- 14.167 mm and K.pneumonia- 9.667 mm but no activity was shown in E.coli, S.typhi, and P.aeruginosa. The TPC was observed to be 43.489±0.175 mg GAE/g of dry material while TFC was 189.8287±0.429 mg RE/g of dry material. The TAC was found to be 63.953±0.271 mg AAE/g of dry material.The HR-LCMS analysis showed total of 70 known compounds and 5 unknown compounds. Some of the useful phytochemicals observed were Trimeprazine, Methotrimeprazine, Flurandrenolide Oxazepan, Sakacin, Antimycin A, Ritterazine A, Pleuromutilins etc. The most abundant compound was Trimeprazine, an antipruritic and analgesic agent. These compounds are of high medicinal value and employed in the treatment of various cancers (colon, prostate, breast), antibacterial diseases, multiple sclerosis, seizure disorder, inflammation, swelling and also used as sedative. Since ancient, the plant has been used as remedy by local people to treat different disorders. The HR-LCMS data provided the evidence of the presence of different medicinal bioactive constituents in the plants, which was further assisted by antibacterial activity, TPC, TFC and TAC values. However, it also contained some unknown compounds that may have remedial properties suggesting the further analysis of these compounds. Keywords: phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, phenolic, flavonoid, HR-LCMSItem NUTRIENT ELEMENTS AND HR-LCMS ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PRESENT IN METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF Colocasia esculenta (L.) SCHOTT (cocoyam)(Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2025-02-06) MAHATO, AJAYA; Dr. Ganga Raj PokhrelNutrient Elements and HR-LCMS Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Present in Methanolic Extracts of (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Cocoyam) is still not understood clearly. Methanolic extracts of three different parts (tuber, petiole and leaf) of plants from different sampling spots (Palung, Upperdangadhi and Padampur) were utilized to assay antioxidants activities through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and phosphomolybdate assay (TAA), total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total carbohydrate content (TCC) using spectrophotometer (T80+, PG Instruments, UK). The antimicrobial susceptibility test of methanolic extracts of plant samples was conducted on seven microorganisms i.e. E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus, A. baumannii and S. typhi, Pseudomonas and Salmonella species. Nutrient elements and toxic metals quantification and HR-LCMS analysis of plant tuber, petiole and leaf from Upperdangadhi were carried out at Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS), Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, 400076, India, using ICP-AES and HR-LCMS spectroscope model G6550A respectively.IC50 value of plant extracts was found in between 240.45-1018.44 µg/mL. TAA by phosphomolybdate assay was found 1.25±0.01 to 28.29±0.01 mg AAE/g DS. TPC was found in between 6.38±0.004 and 19.96±0.01 mg GAE/g DS. TFC was found in the range of 10.46±0.0007 and 89.1±0.006 mg QE/g DS. TCC was found in between 1.78±0.0 and 112±0.0 mg GE/g DS. Concentrations of elements were found in the order of tuber, petiole and leaf as: Ca (8910.0, 303.0, 355.0 mg/Kg), Cr (0.476, 0.252, 0.427 mg/Kg), Cu (1.226, 0.670, 0.727 mg/Kg), Fe (15.6, 1.241, 2.41 mg/Kg), Mg (96.8, 43.6, 104.0 mg/Kg), Zn (128.0, 0.685, 1.942 mg/Kg) and As (15.7, 9.8, 65.6 mg/Kg). Concentration of Pb was below the detection limit(1ppb).HR-LCMS analysis of tuber, petiole and leaf revealed that the extract contained 200, 140 unidentified, 60 identified- 11 alkaloids, 4 phenolic, 5 flavonoids, 3 glycosides, 5 steroids, 32 others, 200, 85 unidentified, 115 identified- 12 alkaloids, 15 phenolic, 26 flavonoids, 9 glycosides, 53 others, 197, 106 unidentified, 91 identified- 13 alkaloids, 17 flavonoids, 3 terpenoids, 1 steroid, 12 pharmaceutical drugs, 45 others respectively. Neuraminic acid, Amprenavir, Butin, catechin, cyclopamine,disopyramide, Funtumine, gentamycin, Jervin, Kaemferol, ketamine, retapamulin, swertiamarin, syringic acid, usambarensine etc. are potentially bioactive. Key words: Cocoyam, Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial Activity, DPPH, HR-LCMSItem Study Of Ethnoecology And Phytosociology Of Vegetation With Its Use Value And Conservation Status Of Bhanu Municipality, Central Nepal.(Amrit Campus, 2023-09-29) Dinesh Acharya; Dr. Laxmi Joshi ShresthaAvailable Full TextItem Effect Of Ageratina Adenophora Invasion On Litter Decomposition, Fine Root Production And Mycelial Growth Of Selected Saprophytic Fungi(Amrit Campus, 2024-06-30) Deepa Gharti Magar; Dr. Laxmi Joshi ShresthaAvailable Full TextItem Traditional Knowledge To Treat Maternal And Child Health Illness In Runtigadhi Rural Municipality, Rolpa District, Lumbini Province, Western, Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2023) Anisha Bhandari; Dr. Shila SinghAvailable Full Text