Health Education
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Item Exploring Youths' Perceptions of Yoga in Everyday Life: A Study from Dang District(2025) D.C., Durga; Yadav AcharyaThe study entitled “Exploring Youth's' Perceptions of Yoga in Everyday Life: A Study from Dang District” analyzes the perception of participants and the situation of practicing yoga in the study area. The objectives of this study are to explore the perceptions of Youth's toward Yoga practice in their daily lives and to analyze the practice of Yoga exercise by Youth's in their daily lives. The research examines the practice of yoga and the perceptions of young people about it. Conducted in the Ghorahi sub-metropolitan area of Dang district, the study included five participants aged 20 to 40 years. A descriptive qualitative research design was used, as it effectively explores individuals' perceptions, opinions, and attitudes. This study specifically looks at the views of youth within the 20 to 40 age range regarding yoga. The participants were long-term residents of the Ghorahi sub-metropolitan city in Dang district. Primary data were gathered through in-depth interviews, using interview guidelines that featured open-ended questions to explore the participants' perceptions of yoga. After analyzing the data, it is concluded that participants believe that yoga promotes their overall health; however, they were confused about the theoretical underpinnings of their' practice of yoga, particularly aiming to cure their specific diseases. The study highlights a need for further exploration of why Youth's are motivated to participate in yoga without their theoretical understanding.Item Depression Anxiety and Stress Among Secondary Level Students of Pokhara Metropolitan City(2025) Silwal, Muna; Surendra GiriDepression, anxiety, and stress are the worldwide-recognized mental health problems affecting adolescents. This research aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with depression anxiety and stress among Secondary Level Students of Pokhara Metropolitan City. A quantitative analytical cross-sectional research design was adapted in this study. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 348 students from the five public schools. For the analysis of data, multivariate logistic regression was carried out to decide statistically significant variables of symptoms of DAS at a p-value <0.05. The overall prevalence of DAS was found to be 43.1%, 47.1%, and 45.6% (95% CI). In multivariate analysis, bad childhood experience and traumatic life experience were found to be significantly associated with depression; similarly, educational stress and traumatic life experience were found to be significantly associated with anxiety, and bad childhood experience, physical illness or injury, involvement in social activities, bullying, traumatic life experience, and exam phobia were found to be significantly associated with stress. It is concluded that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress are more prevalent in the moderate to extremely severe range among the secondary level students. The role of family and school is essential to promote mental health of the secondary level students.Item Impact of physical activities in cognitive development of basic level students in Udayapur district(2025) Giri, Mahesh; Lokendra SherchanThis study, entitled "Impact of Physical activities in cognitive development of basic level students in Udayapur district", was conducted in the Udayapur Gadhi rural municipality of Udayapur district, Koshi province, Nepal. The objectives of this study were to find out the impact of physical activities in cognitive development of basic school students in Udayapur district, to evaluate the relationship between physical activities and cognitive development and to analyze the opinion of PE Teachers and Headmasters towards the association of physical activities with knowledge development. This study was grounded in an explorative qualitative research design, the study utilized in-depth interviews to gather perspectives from twelve respondents, comprising six students (three boys and three girls), three health and physical education (HPE) teachers and three headmasters, selected through purposive sampling from three community schools within Udayapur Gadhi Rural Municipality. The Findings revealed that physical activities significantly enhanced students’ cognitive functions, including attention, memory retention, comprehension, and classroom engagement. Regular involvement in exercises also contributed to students’ time management, self-discipline, emotional regulation, and development of positive social behaviors such as teamwork and cooperation. Both teachers and headmasters observed increased academic motivation and improved behavior among physically active students. However, challenges such as lack of facilities, undervaluation of physical education, and unstructured PE sessions hindered its full implementation. Overall, the research emphasizes that balanced, structured, and well-supported physical education is essential not only for students’ physical well-being but also for fostering cognitive and academic growth. It recommends policy support, teacher training, and improved infrastructure to integrate physical activity meaningfully into the school curriculum.Item Knowledge and Screening Practices of Breast Cancer among Female Teachers in Pokhara(2025) Banjara, Dipti Koirala; Chitra Bahadur BudhathokiAs women are at risk of breast cancer (BC), female teachers should be aware of its risk factors and screening practices to safeguard their health and increase preventive awareness among other women. Considering this context, the present study aimed to assess BC knowledge and screening practices among female teachers in Pokhara. In addition, this study examined the role of health belief model (HBM) constructs in predicting breast self-examination (BSE) practice among teachers. A cross-sectional study was done among 198 female teachers working at 13 secondary-level community schools of Pokhara metropolitan using a single-stage cluster sampling technique. Data was collected from 12 March to 9 April 2024 using a semi-structured questionnaire and self-administration technique and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22. The teachers ranged from 21 to 58 years; their average age was 40.99 + 8.10 years. Nearly half of the respondents (44.9%) had a Master's degree in Education, and 62.1% were teaching at the primary level. This study found that 64.1% and 19.2% of the teachers knew BC symptoms and risk factors, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in BC knowledge score according to job duration and having a social history of BC. BSE was ever done by 76.3% of the teachers. However, only 16.7% reported examining their breasts at least monthly. One-third of respondents (27.8%) had ever done a clinical breast examination (CBE), and 15.7% had done mammography. The practice of BSE was significantly associated with having a history of breast problems, marital status, having CBE, and having done mammography. This study also assessed health beliefs related to BC and BSE using the Champions HBM (CHBM) scale. The mean scores of the HBM constructs in the present study are: perceived susceptibility (7.07 + 2.15), perceived severity (20.52 + IV 5.05), self-efficacy (24.85 + 5.52), perceived benefits (22.21 + 4.25), perceived barriers (13.35 + 4.04) and general health motivation (27.47 + 4.20). The present study also examined the relationship between BSE practice and HBM variables. The score of perceived benefits of BSE and BSE self-efficacy score were significantly higher among BSE performers than among women who never performed BSE (t’s<- 2.876, p’s<0.011), and the groups did not differ with respect to other HBM variables. The present study observed that the women with perceived benefits of BSE were more likely to perform BSE. It was also observed that women with greater general health motivation were less likely to engage in BSE. This study concludes that only a few female school teachers living in urban areas have an understanding of BC and are less likely to go for BC screening periodically. BC knowledge and screening might be increased through the targeted intervention of BC education, emphasizing the risk factors of BC, the benefits of BSE, and focusing on increasing women’s self-efficacy to perform BSE.Item Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls at Community Schools(2024) Nepal, Narayani; Deep BahadurAdhikariMenstrual hygiene is crucial for the health and dignity of adolescent girls, yet limited research has explored this topic in Nepal. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing knowledge, attitudes, and practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in grades 11 and 12 from five community schools of Siddartha Municipality. For the sample Schools were selected using purposive sampling and students were selected simple random method. Questionnaire was collected through self-administered questionnaires and interview schedule. The study revealed a mean age of participant was 17.1 years, with 91.1% reporting menarche between ages 10–14. While 82% perceived menstruation as a natural cycle, only 50.9% respondent identified the uterus as the source of menstrual blood. Mothers were the primary source of information for 69.9% of respondents. Better menstrual hygiene knowledge and practices were significantly associated with nuclear family setups and mothers with formal education. Findings indicated positive attitudes toward using sanitary pads (92.2%) and daily hygiene practices (92.3%). During menstruation, 91.1% used sanitary pads, 66.4% bathed daily, and 88.1% attended school. However, 63.7% reported physical challenges, while 16.7% experiences mental and 16.1% experienced social problem. The study suggests the need for continuous education on menstrual hygiene and government support to address gaps in facilities like clean water, toilets, and sanitary pads. And need of promoting comprehensive health education can help correct misconceptions and foster healthier practices among adolescent girls.Item A study on volleyball skills between indigenous and non-indigenous basic-level girl students in Likhu Rural Municipality(2025) Shrestha, Sujeeta; Lokendra SherchanA study was conducted on the title ‘A study on volleyball skills between indigenous & non-indigenous basic level girls’ students in Likhu Rural Municipality”.The main objective of this study was to measure & compare the volleyball skills between indigenous and non-indigenous basic-level girl students in Likhu Rural Municipality. For the fulfillment of thesis objectives, the researcher applied comparative cum descriptive type of research design with in quantitative nature and which attempted to compare the volleyball skill between the indigenous and non-indigenous basic level girl students. The study was based on purposive cum simple random sampling method were applied to select the respondents were applied to select the respondents. Six basic schools were selected by using a purposive sampling method and a random sampling method was applied to select the respondent students. The sample size was limited to 120 students. Sixty indigenous and sixty non-indigenous girls were selected from a Secondary level school. The researcher used a readymade test battery of a volleyball skill test, which was developed by “Russell Lange”. It had to volleyball skill test item they are serving and repeated the volleyball test as the main tools for data collection. All the collected raw data were converted into standard score with the help of simple statistical techniques as mean, S.D, C.V, and Z-test were used in this study. While observing the result, the indigenous girl student found slightly highly better in serving and repeated volley test than non-indigenous basic level girl students. The researcher applied a z-test to find out the significant difference between the indigenous and non-indigenous basic level girl students in the tested volleyball skills. After conducting the z-test result found not significant difference in the serving and repeated volley test of indigenous and non-indigenous basic level among girl students at a 0.05 level of degree of freedom of this skills in Likhu Rural Municipality of Nuwakot district. In this study, the researcher found that the girls' students were somewhat weak in the volleyball game, but those schools‟ students have the chance to develop good sportsmanship in regular useful for sports facilities, sport teacher, teaching, coaching and practices inter school competition and planners to develop skills for students on this game.Item Perception of Clients towards Ayurveda Health services in Manang Ayurveda Hospital(2021) Paudel, Gyanendra Prasad; Bhagwan AryalThis thesis entitled "Perception of Clients towards Ayurveda Health Service of Manang Ayurveda Hospital" was aimed to find out the perception of the clients of Manang Ayurveda Hospital on the services provided from Ayurveda Health Facilities.The study was descriptive in nature. Total 422 patients were sampled which were selected by convenient sampling method on the basis of time duration for the study. The researcher visited the respondents personally, developed rapport, explained the purpose of the study, took consent and finally collected required information by using interview schedule. The analysis of socio demographic statistics revealed that different age group had come in the hospital during field study. From one year baby to the 84 years old man had come in hospital. More patients were between in the age group 45 to 65 years old. Among the total sample of patients, 57.81% were male and 42.18% were female. Out of 422 respondents 49.28% patients were Gurung, 39.57% were Lama. In the total patients, only 7.10 patients were illiterate.It was found 50.89 percents respondents were involved in Hotel and Jadibuti business. The analysis of statistic related with the relationship between doctor and patients revealed that 81.71% patients were satisfied by doctor's saying.After examination the doctors had told 77.72 percent patients about their disease, among this 63.51 percent were satisfied by the doctor's saying. After analyzed the data it was found 27.96 percent patients were called for recheck after one week, 64.92 percent after two weeks, 5.45 percent after one month and 1.65 percent were not called again. It was found 69.66 percent patients were suggested for different types of investigation. After examination the doctor had given medicine to 96.68 percent patients, the doctor/pharmacist had told 93.87 percent patients how to take medicine.It was found 99.05 percent had notany experience of side effects of Ayurveda Medicine. It has been found 95.97% patients think Ayurvedic drugs are effective.this shows patients have a strong believe on the effectiveness of Ayurveda drugs.It has been found that 54.97% patients think the hospital facility is sufficient to them for solving the personal health problems. After analyzed the major findings, it can be concluded that the patients have positive perception towards health service of Manang Ayurveda Hospital.Item Socio-cultural influence on girl students' participation in games and sports in the Terai region(2025) Pandit, Kabita; Shanta Bahadur ShresthaThis study, titled "Socio-cultural influence towards girl students' participation in games and sports in the Terai Region," was conducted in the Mahottari District, Madhesh Province, Nepal. The objectives of this study were to identify the socio-cultural factors affecting girls' participation in sports and to analyze the roles of family, school, and community in promoting or hindering their involvement in sports. A descriptive research design was adopted, with data gathered from six secondary schools. The respondents comprised five teachers, thirty girl students, and approximately three parents per school, a total of 230 respondents. Questionnaires were utilized as research tools for teachers and students, while an interview schedule was used for parents. The findings indicate that, while 98.89% of girls' students enjoy sports, only 16.11% participate regularly in school-based sports activities. Approximately 66.33% participate occasionally, and 20.55% do not engage in sports at all. Socio-cultural factors such as traditional gender roles, early marriage, dowry system, economic constraints, religious beliefs, and misconceptions about menstruation were identified as primary barriers. Additionally, inadequate facilities in schools, such as limited sports equipment, untrained coaches, teachers and insufficient physical infrastructure, further hinder girls' participation in sports. Negative community attitudes, lack of cooperation, and discouraging remarks also contribute to the low involvement of girls in sports. Family dynamics, including gender discrimination, early marriage practices, and lower investments in daughters, further exacerbate these challenges. This study highlights the need to address socio-cultural and systemic barriers that discourage the greater participation of girl students in sports activities in the Terai region.Item Status of the Women in Atharai Rural Municipality Tehrathum District(2021) Kandangwa, Srijana; Pitambar AcharyaThe thesis entitles status of women in Atharai Rural Municipality of Tehrathum District. The main objective of this research was to explore the social, economic, political situation and decision making of women. The study followed descriptive and quantitative research design. Interview schedule was used as the tool of the study. This study was limited to women in the age group of 15-49 years in Athrai Rural Municipality Ward No. 5 of Tehrathum District. The study population was selected using the raosoft method taking 154 sample from 255 population.The required data and information were collected by taking an interview with the participants using interview schedule by the researcher herself. The study was entirely based on primary source of data. The data were analyzed and interpreted manually, as presented in the form of tables and figures with respective frequency and percentages. More than half of the respondents selected in the field were married. The highest number of marriages in the age group of 20-24 years was 33.76 percent. Most of the married women were found to be using temporary contraceptives. The most common cause of reproductive problems in women is uterine problems. In recent times, due to public awareness, most of the women have gone for health check- ups. As women become self- reliant, they pay for treatment themselves.Bussing educated reduced domestic violence 91.55 percent is involved in social and community work of the society. Similarly,3.83 percent of women supported their views in the family, community and work place. In the study area, 73.30 percent women were active in earning money while 26.63 percent were not financially active. The main sources of income for women were agriculture-business, banks and finance in institutions, teacher and the health sector. Among the women in the study area, they did not show much interest in politics, so only a few women were found to be involved.Literate women were found to be more self-decisive. Women involved in other occupations in comparison to agriculture were more self-decisive. Similarly, women in the age group of 25-39 years were found have higher self-determination than women in the age group of 15-19 years.Item Knowledge and Practice of Safe Motherhood among Sherpa Women(2021) Rai, Bandana; Bishnu G.C.The knowledge and practice of safe motherhood among Sherpa women is a representative philosophy of reality. The main focus of this study is to find out the knowledge and practice of Sherpa women in antenatal care, to identify the knowledge of maternity care and to analyze the knowledge and practice of maternity care in Sherpa women. This study excelled in quantitative descriptive types. According to the 2068 census, the total population of this municipality is 8989. This study area belongs to Khumbu Pasang Lhamu village municipality of Solukhumbu district. There are only married women in the age group of 15 to 49 years in Lhamu village municipality ward no. 5 have been selected. A total of 150 married women were selected as respondents for the study. Questionnaires were the main tool for data collection. Based on the research, it has been concluded that the knowledge and practice of safe motherhood in Sherpa women is satisfactory. The vaccination of mother and child was satisfactory. It has been found that the pregnant woman was taken to the health post saying that she was pregnant for a long time. This may be the solution to the problem that women face during childbirth. Most women have seen their baby's navel cut satisfactorily at home or elsewhere. Most pregnant mothers breastfeed their newborn for only two years. Parents were found to have fed the most popular food for weaning. It has been found that most of the women are involved in hotel business. Most women had problems with vomiting, constipation, and vaginal bleeding. After delivery, most respondents participated in vaccination and vitamin days. If a woman gives birth to a normal child, the normal house opens. Most women have been found to use temporary contraceptives. Women in the age group of 20 to 24 years were found to have gone to the maternity hospital. It helps in birth control. The overall practice of those responsible for safe motherhood was adequate and needed to be improved through public awareness and access to health care. Also, culture plays an important role in this regard. Therefore, changing economic listing and unscientific cultural practices is necessary to promote safe motherhood behavior. This community should be supported in safe motherhood, prenatal and postnatal care services. Fearing the Himalayan district, it would have been better to run a safe delivery program for women in this place.Item Factors Affecting the Use of Junk Food among the School Students(2021) Awasthi, Puspa; Bishnu G.C.The present study entitled, Factors Affecting the Use of Junk Food among the The present study entitled, Factors Affecting the Use of Junk Food among the School Students, The main objectives of study were to identity the knowledge and awareness about junk food of people and to analyse the factor affecting use of junk food among the school students. The research was based on quantitative. The study entirely based on primary source of data. This study was done on 188 respondents. Interview schedule was the major tool for data collection. Sampling was based on simple random sampling the collection data were analysed manually and finding of the study presented in percentages, figure and table. Among 188 respondents, 44.3 percent of respondents termed chau-chau and 12.23 percent of respondents termed chocolate eat junk food. Out of 188 respondents 87.23 percent of respondent buy junk food from general stores, 12.23 percent respondent buy junk food from market. Out of 188 respondents 59.04 percent of respondents take junk food every day and 2.13 percent of respondent takes junk food occasionally. Out of total respondents 43.09 percent respondents gave their idea from radio, T.V and 1.60 percent respondents gave their idea from road show to run public awareness program. Among respondents , 50.53 percent respondents willing to give education about the local level food and 15.43 percent respondents run public awareness campaign. Among respondents above 56 percent respondents use junk food because of sufficient money and 3.72 percent respondents use junk food because of show off.Among respondents no respondent responded that junk food improves health and 67.02 percent respondents responded that junk food destroys health. Above 51 percent respondents complained about diarrhoea and above 3 percent respondents complained about food poisoning. Out of total respondents 39.89 percent respondents response that eating habit of junk food suffered from stomach pain and 2.13 percent respondents’ response that eating habit of junk food suffered from appetizing. Out of 188 respondents above 48 percent respondents gave their opinion for decreasing the intake of junk food and 19.15 percent respondents gave their opinion for consuming tasty and delicious food, as the best idea to remain healthy. , The main objectives of study were to identity the knowledge and awareness about junk food of people and to analyse the factor affecting use of junk food among the school students. The research was based on quantitative. The study entirely based on primary source of data. This study was done on 188 respondents. Interview schedule was the major tool for data collection. Sampling was based on simple random sampling the collection data were analysed manually and finding of the study presented in percentages, figure and table. Among 188 respondents, 44.3 percent of respondents termed chau-chau and 12.23 percent of respondents termed chocolate eat junk food. Out of 188 respondents 87.23 percent of respondent buy junk food from general stores, 12.23 percent respondent buy junk food from market. Out of 188 respondents 59.04 percent of respondents take junk food every day and 2.13 percent of respondent takes junk food occasionally. Out of total respondents 43.09 percent respondents gave their idea from radio, T.V and 1.60 percent respondents gave their idea from road show to run public awareness program. Among respondents , 50.53 percent respondents willing to give education about the local level food and 15.43 percent respondents run public awareness campaign. Among respondents above 56 percent respondents use junk food because of sufficient money and 3.72 percent respondents use junk food because of show off.Among respondents no respondent responded that junk food improves health and 67.02 percent respondents responded that junk food destroys health. Above 51 percent respondents complained about diarrhoea and above 3 percent respondents complained about food poisoning. Out of total respondents 39.89 percent respondents response that eating habit of junk food suffered from stomach pain and 2.13 percent respondents’ response that eating habit of junk food suffered from appetizing. Out of 188 respondents above 48 percent respondents gave their opinion for decreasing the intake of junk food and 19.15 percent respondents gave their opinion for consuming tasty and delicious food, as the best idea to remain healthy.Item Menstrual Hygiene Management among Adolescent Girls(2021) Pun, Yamsari; Bishnu G.C.This study entitled "Menstrual Hygiene Management among Adolescent Girls" is a study of adolescent girls of Sworgdwarai municipality of Pyuthan district has been carried out with the objective to indent the menstrual hygiene management of adolescent girls. Using primary and secondary source of data obtained from 227 respondents of adolescent girl. Respondent were selected by census method. The objectives of the study were to find the knowledge of adolescent girls on menstruation, find out the problem faced by adolescence girls during menstruation in sanitary pad and identify the menstrual hygienic practice and management. Open ended and closed question were used for data collection. This study was done on 227 respondents and interview schedule was the major tool for data collection.it was descriptive study and the data were collected by using questionnaires. After collecting the required information about the menstruation problem the data were tabulated in master chart after that they were analyzed and interpreted with the help of figures and tables. Among the total respondents, the study found that the knowledge on reproductive health is good, more than half of the respondents had not idea about reproductive health but knowledge on menstruation was satisfactory. Knowledge about menstruation was found that 33.92 percent respondents were took of the normal phase 14.53 percent respondents were took phase of maturity. Knowledge ager generally about menstruation starts was found that 37.88 percent respondents were took 9-12 years were the first menstruation,6.60 percent respondents were took 8-9 years the first menstruation starts age. All most 54.18 percent of the respondents said that main affection of leading factor of menstruation is nutrition and 3.08 percent of the respondents did not have any idea about leading factor of menstruation. Traditional beliefs regarding menstruation still persist and menstrual hygiene among the adolescents was found to be unsatisfactory. It highlighted the need of targeted interventions to raise awareness and provision of family health education package to all girls. Menstruation hygiene is an issue that needs to be addressed at all levels.Item Factors Affecting on Use of Family Planning Devices of Married Women(2021) Singh ,Kumari Kusha; Bishnu G.C.The study entitled “Factors Affecting on Use of Family Planning Service of married women. It was based on the primary information which was collected from survey. The study was respondent 238 married women from 15-49 age groups. The main objective of this study was to assess the demographic and socio-economic status, to identify the knowledge and use of family planning devices. This study was based on primary and secondary data obtained from simple random method. The data were collected from primary source. Interview schedule was the major tools data collection. Were selected has the population of the study. The respondent 56.30 percent was involved in agricultural activities. 21.84 percent respondents were involved in labor activities. The Respondents 50 percent was married age 19-21 percent whereas 15.12 percent got married earlier age 14-18 years of age. Majority of people in study area were belong to Chhetri were 43.27 percent highest. The least respondent were Brahmin while were about 13.86 percent the second higher cast was Janjati ware about 22.26 percent and third highest cast was Dalit. The study total 238 married women the total 68.06 percent respondent has knowledge about condom and 63.44 percent has knowledge about pills and 65.12 percent knowledge has about Depo-Provera but 8.82 percent respondent Did not have knowledge about using contraceptive devices The respondents get information from various sources The respondent 77.3 percent get information from radio highest whereas the lest number only 4.2 percent respondents got information from new paper .The number of contraceptive user was 66.80 percent Family planning devices user wares 33.19 percent respondents did not use any contraceptive device The study area 7.61 percent not available of family planning devices 8.89 percent lack of interest family planning devices. This community was good practice in health, cultural, economic,and social and education matters. It was also found that various community were good knowledge it was also found that the respondent had faced different side-effects after using contraceptive devices.Item Healthful School Environment of Public and Private School of Bhajani Municipality(2021) Joshi, Dammar Raj; Deep BahadurAdhikariThe topic of the study is "Healthful school Environment in public and private school of Bhajani Municipality, Kailali." It is based on primary and secondary The information collected from field survey in Bhajani Municipality. The main objective of the study was to identify the present status of sanitation and healthful school environment of public and private school and compare the healthful school environment and sanitation practices between public and private school. Descriptive research design was used in this research. There were 8 school in Bhajani municipality and for the study, 3 publics and 3 private schools were selected through simple random sampling method. There were 1130 students in three public schools and out of them, 80 students were selected through random sampling producers by lottery method. Similarly, there were 887 students in three private school and out of them 87 students were selected through simple random method. The data were collected through checklist and separate questionnaire for student and head teacher health teacher of each schools. The obtained data were checked, coded and tabulated to make clear and scientific. Simple as percentage was used to analyze the different aspects related to the objective of the study. The study found that 66.67 percentage of public secondary school were located in peaceful area, and 33.33%public and 100% private secondary school were located in the crowed area. The researcher found that 33.33%public and 33.33%private secondary school had sufficient playground facilities and 66.67%public and 66.67%private secondary schools had an insufficient playground for the student. The study shows that 4 students used to per bench in public and private secondary schools. Only one public and private secondary school dispose west daily, 66.67%public and private secondary schools dispose waste weekly. 2 public and private secondary schools had canteen facility, and 33.33% public and private secondary schools had not available of canteen facility. All of the public and private secondary school had available separate toilet for boys and girls. Only one public secondary school and all the private secondary schools had got garden management, and 66.67percent public secondary schools had no garden management. The study found that all of the public and private secondary school was found to conduct extracurricular activitiesItem Experiences of Girl Students toward Sexual Harassment in Classroom: A Narrative Inquiry Study(2021) Sharma, Tribhuwon; Bhagwan AryalThe present study entitled “Experiences of girl students toward sexual harassment in classroom: A narrative inquiry study” has the main objectives to assess the experience of sexual harassment in the classroom to the female students of Tribhuvan University and to identify the forms of sexual harassment in the Tribhuvan University of the female students. I adopted qualitative research on narrative inquiry research design. All the teachers and students of the Department of Education of Tribhuvan University are my area of study. Out of the girl students studying in the Faculty of Education, Tribhuvan University, I collected the information from the selected girl until the saturation of information. I included four girl students purposively on the basis of various characteristics. Respondents selected through a purposive random sampling procedure. In depth interview the tool for information collection in this study. Both primary and secondary sources of information analyzed in a descriptive and qualitative way. According to this research, girl students at Tribhuvan University were being sexually harassed. Their own classmates and teachers were seen engaging in such activities. Girl students were exposed to three main forms of sexual harassment, including verbal sexual harassment, physical sexual harassment and cyber sexual harassment. The most common was cyber sexual harassment. This type of harassment was seen to affect the girl students physically as well as mentally. Verbal sexual harassment includes the use of ambiguous words, attempts to use words outside the context, used unnecessary relationships, etc. Similarly, physical sexual harassment includes trying to get stuck in the classroom, trying to talk while touching the body while doing normal things, holding hands, moving the hair and trying to get stuck while walking. Under cyber sexual harassment, male students and teachers appear to have sent ambiguous words to the girl students in the message, making unnecessary comments on the personal figure, sending unnecessary messages, sending photos and making unnecessary proposals. The girls student, who are able to express their own problems clearly, express their views spontaneously as needed, are less likely to be sexually harassed. The students, who were narrow-minded, couldn't express their opinions clearly and were scared, were more likely to be sexually harassed. This type of sexual harassment seems to have a negative effect on the personality development of the girl students.Item Effect of Internal Migration on Quality of Life of People at Tikapur Municipality(2022) B.K., Ganesh; ShyamKrishna MaharjanThis Thesis entitled “Effect of internal migration on quality of life of people at Tikapur Municipality” was carried out to find out the positive and negative effect of internal migration at Tikapur Municipality. For the research two wards of municipality were selected. Among them 250 of the total population were selected for the research that has spent at least 2-5 years after migration. Population was selected on the basis of purposive sampling. The present research is descriptive type in nature and the study was based upon the primary sources of data and census method was applied to collect information it was applied to collect the data. The collected data are shown by table and figure. The main objective of this study was to find out the positive and negative effect of internal migration at Tikapur Municipality.. In the study, the 64.8% of total respondent were migrated Tikapur Municipality for better educational opportunities and 18% of total respondent were migrated for security reason. Similarly 8.8% of the respondents were migrated for purpose and 8.4% of total respondent were migrated for the better employment opportunities. After leaving their own place 34% of the total respondents easily got the job. Here, 45.2% of the total respondent got job after some spending sometime in the place of destination. But 6.8% of the total respondents did not have the job so that they had to go India or other countries for employment and 13.2% of the total respondents are self-employed. Here, 5.2% of total respondent were engaged in trade, 14% were engaged in various jobs. The place of destination only about 12% of the total respondent is engaged in agriculture, whereas, 14% of the total respondents were engaged in other occupations like foreign employment and others14% of total respondents were engaged in various kinds of government and other private jobs. 10.8% of total respondent represents the other occupation like selfemployed, foreign job and other house hold jobs.At the place of destination 36.8% of total respondents are engaged in trade. More than 80% population of Tikapur Municipality is migrated from Achham district. Nearly 79% of total respondent were deprived from the health services.This is bitter reality of Nepal.In the comparison to place of origin,the place of destination has the 100% availability of health services. At the place of destination 36% of the total respondent have school within the distance of 10 minutes, whereas 64% of the total respondents have the school within 20 minutes of distance from home.In the comparison, Place of origin, 38.8% of the 9 total respondents have cycle for transportation. And 32.8% of the total respondents have motorcycle, 23.2% of the total respondents have bus as means of transportation. Similarly about 5.2% of the total respondents have bullock cart as means of transportation.After migrating to place of destination only 10.8% of the total respondents have the house made with wood and 89.2% of the total respondents have the modern houses. In comparison to place of origin 18% of the total respondents have access to safe tap drinking water at the place destination, whereas 82% of the total respondents have access to the hand pump this could be taken as safe source of drinking water.Item Socio-cultural Beliefs and Menstrual Health among the Women in Sanfebagar Municipality(2021) Kunwar, Ambika; Shanti Prasad KhanalThis study aims to examine the socio-cultural beliefs and menstrual health among the women of Sanfebagar Municipality. This study followed a sequential explanatory research design. Out of 3948 total, 241 women were taken for this study using random sampling method. Questionnaire was used to collect quantitative and guideline Indepth interview was used to collect qualitative data. The study found that the majority of the population belonged to chhetri (81.3%), 15-25 ages group and having secondary level education. Most women were known that menstruation is the natural phenomenon. The common practices were; not allowing entering temples and keeping women at a separate room during their menstruation period. Most (56.6%) were compelled to follow the practices due to family and society pressure and fear of God. Majority of the women used old pieces of clothes instead of sanitary pad changing on daily basis however only some of them used sanitary pad. Also, the materials used for cleaning were soap and water by (15 percent), 66% responders were treated as untouchable during period. Women were not allowed to pray or worship at temples (100%). In terms of data illiterate women ate normally daily food (94.7%). The respondents’ taking bath during menstruation period was found satisfactory. As this study shows that the (2.9%) respondents having basic education faced different accidents, likewise, (3.3%) of the respondents having secondary education had such accidents, mostly (80%) snake bite incident and majority of the respondents (59.3%) perceived benefits. However menstruation related problems were the major obstacles. Practices were affected by traditional, social and ritual myths of society which affect women/girls. Therefore, respondents were showing negative behaviors related to menstruation. In general respondents’ level of perception risk was low, which should be wiped out through various interventions and awareness programs.Item Junk Food Practice among School Level Students in Chadragiri Municipality, Kathmandu(2022) Maan, Rinku; Sharmila PokharelThe present thesis entitled 'Junk Food Practice among School Level Students in Chandragiri Municipality'. The major objectives of the study to find out the junk food practices among students from class 4 to 10, to identify the sources of Tiffin of basic level students and to analyze the role of mother on selection of Tiffin for their children. All boys' and girls' respondents and their mothers were the respondents from grade 4 to grade 10 by census method. All together 180 students were studied in this selected school. Total 180 students were sample of this research using census method. Hence, this study was done in the basis of primary data. In addition, several research reports, journals, articles, and thesis and so on will be used as secondary source of data. Parents play a powerful role in children's eating behavior, providing both genes and environment for children. For example, they influence children's developing preferences and eating behaviors by making some foods available rather than others, and by acting as models of eating behavior. Work fruits and vegetables into the daily routine, aiming for the goal of at least five servings a day. Be sure you serve fruit or vegetables at every meal. Socio cultural food practices relate to ideas and materials that give rise to food choices and food patterns of a group. We begin with a discussion of how individuals experience, interpret, negotiate, and symbolize the food world around them. We examine primarily the ideational pathways, such as identity, gender, religion, and cultural prohibitions, and their influence on food practices. We then provide guiding questions, frameworks, and a brief overview of food choice values to support policy planning and design. Lastly, we explore how socio cultural change for sustainable or healthy diets is already happening through food movements, food lifestyles, and traditional dietsItem Health Literacy and Risk Perception towards COVID-19 among the Raji and Majhi People of Surkhet(2021) Pandey, Bhupendra; Shanti Prasad KhanalThe main objectives of this study are as follow; to explore the level of health literacy among the Raji and Majhi people. To examine the situation of risk perception and protective behavior of respondents regarding COVID-19. To determine association between health literacy levels, risk perception and protective behavior of the respondents. This study was based on sequential explanatory research design. The data collection tools of this study are interview schedule, likert scale and in-depth interview. . In the first phase of study I had got quantitative data and interpreted and analyzed it. And in the second phase I had got qualitative data and interpreted and analyzed it. There are more respondents in this community who have studied at the basic levels (28.9%) while agriculture (60.20%) is main occupation hare. Total of the people in this community is Hindu. The numbers of people returning from abroad or India after the COVID pandemic are also significant. Corona is an infectious disease, there are 89% of people who believe that I can die from this disease and that people with low immunity and children can infected with this diseases. Turmeric, Timur, Gurjo, Kurila, Jamuna, Garlic, fish shop were found to be used. Some people from the Raji community were found tying/using “BUTI” on the throat to escape from Corona virus. According to them, it is believed that the “Tantric”/ vaidic power in “BUTI” save from COVID. Knowledge transfer from the younger generation to elder generation, about washing hand with soap and water, maintaining physical/Social distance, going to hospital while sick , and use of Ayurveda ,“Tantric” knowledge, using ashes for hand washing and use herbs like “Ritha” was passed on from the older generation to the new generation. Radio, teacher and social activist were found to be the main source of information on health education. Some Raji people agree that they don’t affect from COVOD. The health literacy of these communities is not strong. Due to which, risk perception and protecting behavior has also become weak. To increase the health literacy of those communities, local government needs to run health literacy related programs.Item Lived Experience of Population Education Teachers on Changes in Teaching Learning Process: A Narrative Inquiry(2022) Adhikari, Sabita; Bishnu G.C.The thesis entitled, Lived Experience of Population Education Teachers on Changes in Teaching Learning Process: A Narrative Inquiry was carried out to explore lived experience of population education teachers on changes in teaching learning process on four dimensions of teaching and learning process, their relationship with students, curriculum materials, assessment of student’s learning, and student’s participation in teaching learning process. For this research, the theory of constructivism was used. The research site was Kathmandu valley. I choose four participants from public and private schools. Two of them were male and two of them were female. I used in- depth interview to get the stories of participants by using open-ended questions. I recorded their stories, took some notes. I listened to their recording and transcribed their information and developed stories. Then after I created themes and then after I related themes with theory and reflect on this. After that I synthesized all the findings, interpret, elaborate the information, comparing themes and interpret the stories based on the theory and literature. My research followed quality and ethical standards of respect, protection, and safety of the participants their privacy and dignity. In this study I have explored population education teacher on changes in teaching learning process. Teachers were found to be created a friendly relationship with students, they taught according to curriculum, they use portfolio as an assessment tool to know student’s learning, they engage their student in classroom activities. Although the participants claim that they use constructivist pedagogy, they appear to be in the transition from traditional to progressive pedagogy.