English Language Education
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Item Practices of continuous assessment system at basic level(2023) Aryal, Dipak; Priti MandalThe present study entitled ''Practices of continuous assessment system at basic level " was aimed to find out the practices of CAS at basic level education and identify teacher perceptions on CAS anditsrole in students learning achievement. Survey research design was used. This study was carried out by using both sources of dataprimary andsecondary. Teachers were selected by using purposive random sampling procedure from different community schoolsof district. Bothclosed ended and open-ended questionnaire were used as the tool for data elicitation about practices of continuous assessment system at basic level. The major findings of this study were that, teachers werepracticing Continuous Assessment System by using different tools such as attendance, class test, homework, project works, change behavior and classroom discussion, they were positive towards implementation of CAS if there was enoughand propermonitoring and supervision from concern authorities and it had positive impact on the student’s learning achievement. Thisstudyincludesfive chapters. Thefirst chapter consists of backgroundunder this different sub topics such as statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study,and delimitationsof the study andoperational definitions of the key terms.Similarly, the second chapter includes theoretical and empirical review of the related literature, implication ofthe study of the literature review and conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter deals with the methodology applied in the study, the sources of data, sample population, sampling procedures,and researchtools, procedures of data collection, analysis procedure and ethical consideration. In the same way, the fourth chapter includes results and discussion of the study more specifically the analysis and interpretation of the data. The fifth chapter presentsthe finding, conclusions and recommendations.Italsoconsistssomerecommendations related tothepolicy, practice and further research are presented. References and appendices are attached at the end.Item Perceptions of Teachers on English Textbook of Grade Nine(2024) Dhami, Manoj Bahadur; Priti Kumari MandalThis research entitled Perceptions of Teachers on English Textbook of Grade Nine was an attempt to explore secondary level English teacher's perception in terms of the language skills, grammatical aspects and language functions included in the textbook. The main objectives of this study were to explore the language skill, grammatical aspect and language function with the provisions given in the textbook, differences between old and new textbook, problems faced by the teachers to develop language skills, grammatical aspect and language function on the students and solutions of the problem. This study was based on qualitative research design based on case study research method by using purposive sampling procedure. The study found that the textbook is well designed by incorporating wide range of reading texts from different genres, important vocabularies are highlighted in red colour, equal focus is given on all language skills, language functions are included within speaking skill, sufficient grammatical exercises are given and extra bit is also given in the textbook for student's additional information. Teaching English is problematic to the teachers because of the factors like lack of training, poor grammatical knowledge and complexity of vocabulary. Developing knowledge of grammar and language function is very complicated task in teaching English language. Finally, some suggestions are provided for the improvement of teaching English language. This thesis has been divided into five chapters. The first chapter includes background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, and significance of the study and operational definitions of the key terms. Similarly, the second chapter is related to the review of theoretical literature, review of empirical literature, implications of the review for the study and conceptual framework. Likewise, third chapter deals with methods and procedures of the study under which design of the study, population and sample, sampling procedures, data collection tools, data collection procedures, analysis and interpretation procedures and ethical consideration are mentioned. In the same way, the forth chapter consists of results and discussion of the study. The fifth chapter includes the findings, conclusion and recommendations of the study. Finally, it includes references and appendicesItem Activities Used for Teaching Speaking at Basic Level Classes(2024) Shahi, Arjun; Gopal Prasad PandeyThis research entitled Activities used for Teaching Speaking at Basic Level Classes was an attempt to find out activities used for teaching speaking at basic level by English teacher. This study was carried out using both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary sources of data, Ten teachers were selected non- randomly from different school at Madhuban area of Bardiya District. Observation checklist was used as a research tool to collect the required information and dairy keeping was also maintained; the finding of the study showed that almost all the teachers were below the average in Basic level Classroom. This means 6 teachers (60%) were found below the average and 4 teachers (40%) were found in average at activities used for teaching speaking at Basic Level’ This study has been divided in to five chapters. Chapter one includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance 0f the study, delimitations of the study and operational definitions of key terms. Chapter two includes review of related theoretical literature, review of the empirical literature and implications of the review for the Study, Chapter Three deals with method and procedures of the study, population, sample and sampling strategy, research tools sources of data, data collections procedures, data analysis and interpretation procedures. Chapter Four present analysis and interpretation of results, finally, Chapter Five present the finding where based on analysis and interpretation, Conclusion and recommendations are include under chapter five, References and appendices are attached at the end of the thesis.Item Impact of Using Cutout Pictures in Developing Basic Level Students’ English Writing Skill(2024) Jaisi, Dhansara; Hari Maya SharmaThe main objectives of the study entitled Impact of Using Cutout Pictures in Developing Basic Level Students’ English Writing Skill were to explore the impact of using cutout pictures in developing basic level students’ writing skill in English. The study was carried out using action research design. The intervention was a month teaching writing skill by using cutout pictures while teaching writing skill. It was found that all the learners were found to have better writing skills on paragraph and essay writing. The overall percentage of post-test indicates that learners' level of writing is higher than that of pre-test. It shows that students have better performance on the given task related to writing essays and paragraphs after teaching through using cutout pictures in the classroom. This study consists of five chapters. The first chapter comprises of the background of the study, statement of the study, research questions, and significance of the study, delimitation of the study and operational definitions of the key terms. The second chapter deals with review of the related theoretical literature, review of the related empirical literature, implications of the review for the study and conceptual framework. Third chapter incorporates research design, population, sample and sampling strategy, sources of data, data collection tools and techniques, data collection procedures and ethical considerations. The fourth chapter is about the analysis and interpretation of the result. And the fifth chapter is all about the conclusion and implications of the study. It is followed by reference and appendices.Item Experiences of Mugali Rai Students in Learning English Language(2024) Rai, Lalita; Kamal Raj DevkotaThis research entitled “Experiences of Mugali Rai Students in Learning English Language”was oriented to explore the experiences of Mugali Raistudents in learning English language in classroom. I used the narrative inquiry as the research design of the study. I collected the required data through unstructured interview. Similarly, the six Mugali Rai students studying at secondary level in Pakhribas Municipality, Dhankuta were the sample of the study. The sample population of the study was selected by using purposive non-random sampling procedure. I analyzed the collected data thematically in order to find the results. The main findings show that the students had both positive and negative, sweet and bitter experiences while learning English language in classroom; whenever they were highly motivated and they got good result in English they had sweet experiences and whenever, they could not read even simple words and sentences and their pen stopped in writing, they had bitter experiences. Similarly, the classroom activities, language tasks and use of ICT tools were the opportunities for the students. On the other hand, they faced many challenges like limited exposure of English language, mother tongue interference, learning different aspects of language, lack of confidence, low motivation, lacks of eliteracy in teachers and students’ hesitation and fear of making mistakes. In order to cope with these challenges, some possible ways were identified such as creating environment to practice a lot, using ICT tools, online and offline apps, platforms. This research consists of five chapters. The first chapter presents introduction including the background of the study, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitation of the study and operational definition of the key terms. In the same way, the second chapter includes review of related theoretical literature, empirical literature review, its implication and conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter includes the procedure of the study which incorporates design and method of the study, sources of data, population, sample and sampling strategy, research tools, data collection procedures and ethical considerations. Similarly, chapter four includes analysis and interpretation of the data and results as well. And the fifth chapter includes the conclusion and recommendations of the study. Finally, the thesis also includes the references and appendices at end of this work.Item Usefulness of ICT Tools in Teaching Question Tag in Secondary Level(2024) Bista, Soni; Bal Krishna Sharma GhimireThis thesis entitled “Usefulness of ICT Tools in Teaching Question Tag in Secondary Level”is an attempt to determine the effectiveness of ICT technologies in teaching question tag in secondary school. This work is experimental in nature. The researcher picked grade nine students from a private school in Hetauda, Makawanpur, using a non-random sampling approach. The research period was from 2081/01/09 to 2081/02/02 for total 21 days. First, I administered the exam items to determine the pupils' existing proficiency level. Then I separated the pupils into experimental and control groups based on their pre-test scores.I attended 21 classes using ICT teaching materials and administered post-tests to assess students' progress from the pre-test and the differences between two groups on the post-test. The disparity was discovered after comparing the results of two tests. In the post-test, students in the experimental group did better than those in the control group. The major finding of the study showed that employing ICT tools to teach question tag had better outcomes than the lecture technique. This study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter includes the study's history, problem description, aims, research questions, importance, study limits, and operational definitions of key words. The second chapter includes a survey of related theoretical and empirical literature, research implications, and a conceptual framework. The third chapter contains methodologies and procedures developed during the study, which include design, population, sampling method, research instruments, primary and secondary data sources, collection and analysis processes, and ethical considerations.Similarly, the fourth chapter covers data analysis and interpretation. The fifth chapter discusses the findings, conclusions, and recommendations. This work concludes with references and appendices to ensure legitimacy.Item Teaching Voice through Inductive Method and its Effectiveness(2023) Regmi, Sangita; Sanjay Kumar BasnetThis research titled as “Teaching Voice through Inductive Method and its Effectiveness” was an endeavor to get the effectiveness of inductive method comparing it with deductive method. It was an experimental research. I had handpicked thirty two students from grade seven associated with a single community school situated in Makawanpur district. A pre – test was executed before the experiment in order to find their pre – knowledge of the subject matter. After that, the students were divided into two different groups as experimental and controlled group through non – random sampling procedure. They were taught from the 30th May 2023 to the 7th July 2023 implementing inductive method for experimental group whereas deductive method for controlled group. After that, a post – test was executed to get their achievement scores as data. The primary sources of the data were their scores obtained in several questions. The findings portrayed a vast difference of average score with 8.25 (8.57%) between those two groups. It displayed that application of inductive method is more fruitful in comparison to deductive method to make the students understand the subject matter well in lower – secondary level. However the time consumption of this method can be declared as its negative side. The research constitutes five chapters. In which, chapter one contains background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational definitions of the key terms. In the same way, review of related theoretical literature, review of empirical literature, implications of the study and conceptual framework are included in the second chapter. In addition to, the third chapter holds method of procedures implied during the study, population, sample and sampling strategies, research tools, sources of data that i.e. primary and secondary, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures and ethical consideration. Furthermore, the fourth chapter consists of analysis of data and interpretations. At last, findings, conclusion and recommendations are included in the fifth chapter.Item Effectiveness of Realia in Teaching English Vocabulary(2023) Sigdel, Asmita; Sanjay Kumar BasnetThis research entitled “Effectiveness of Realia in Teaching Vocabulary” aimed to figure out the effectiveness of applying realia in teaching English vocabulary. This is an experimental research in type. To accomplish this research, I had chosen twenty six students of grade five from one of the community schools running in Nijgadh Municipality of Bara district. Firstly, I administered a set of questions regarding vocabulary as pre – test in order to observe the existing competence of the students. Next, I divided the students in two different groups; experimental and controlled group implying non – random sampling procedure. I took the classes, from 15th May 2023 to 22nd June 2023, applying realia in experimental group and lecture method in controlled group. Those groups were formed to experiment effectiveness of realia in teaching primary students on English vocabularies of their level. Finally, in order to accumulate the data, I administered the same set of questions to find out their outcomes. The result showed huge difference between the outcomes of the both groups. The result portrayed that experimental group led the controlled group by average score 9.83. It revealed that use of realia for teaching English vocabulary in primary level is more satisfactory than that of lecture method. This study contains total five chapters. Chapter one includes background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational definitions of the key terms. Likewise, chapter two comprises review of related theoretical literature, review of empirical literature, implication of the study and conceptual framework. Furthermore, chapter three consists of methods and procedures applied for the study that comprises design of the study, population, sample and sampling strategies, research tools, sources of data (Primary and Secondary), data collection procedures, data analysis procedure and ethical considerations. Besides, chapter four incorporates analysis of data and interpretations. Finally chapter five embraces findings, conclusion and recommendations. References and appendices have been attached at the end of this study.Item Teaching writing exercises at twelfth grade english textbook(2024) Regmi, Uddhab; Kamal Raj DahalThesis entitledTeaching Writing Exercises at Twelfth Grade English Textbookis an attempt to identify and analyze the writing exercises included in the English textbook for grade twelve and to explore how far the writing exercises are designed based on Nunan (2004) taxonomy of task types. To fulfill the objectives of the study I have adoptedcontent analysis research design. Questionnaires for English teachers and observational check-list were used as major tools to collect data. In the process of this study, I collected data from primary sources that are the English Textbook of Grade Twelve through observational check-list and questionnaires. The obtained data were tabulated and analyzed using a simple statistical tool. It was found that there were 36 writing exercises included in the text book. Similarly, it was found that free writing exercises covered highest weightage i.e. 44.44 percentage,controlled and guided writing exercises covered equal weightage i.e. 27.77 percentage in the text book. On the other hand, it was found that 83.33 percentage writing tasks or exercises were designed according to Nunan (2004) taxonomy of tasks type, where 22.22 percentage cognitive writing tasks, 8.33 percentage interpersonal writing tasks, 27.77 linguistic writing tasks, 11.11 percentage affective writing exercises and 13.88 percentage creative tasks were included in the English textbook of grade 12; the remaining writing tasks were designed focusing the local environment, considering the historical and cultural importance. English textbook of grader twelve focuses various writing tasks according to their nature of writing like E-mail, news story, argumentative essay, press release, autobiography, description of an event and a person, summary, short account article and so on. To meet these objectives, writing exercises were graded into various types of controlled tasks like; combining, reproduction review, guided tasks like; parallel writing developing text through skeleton etc., free writing tasks like; explanatory, narrative etc., others being cognitive tasks, interpersonal tasks, linguistic tasks, affective tasks etc. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction to the study which consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitation of the study and operational definition of the key terms. Similarly, the second chapter contains of review of theoretical as well as empirical literature and implications for the study. Moreover, it includes the conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter incorporates the methods and procedures of the study, which covers design and method of the study, population, sample and sampling strategies, research tools, sources of data, data collection procedures and data analysis procedures. In the same way, the fourth chapter includes the analysis and interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the fifth chapter incorporates the findings and conclusions of the study followed by some recommendations based on the study. Finally, the references and the appendices, which are necessary to the validation of the research, have also been presented.Item An analysis of spoken discourse in ELT classsroom descriptive study(2024) Gautam, Yubaraj; TirtharajAcharyaThis study entitled An Analysis of Spoken Discourse in ELT Classroom: Descriptive Study was carried out to find out the uses of spoken discourse in ELT classroom by L2 speaker, to find Spoken discourse and conversation analysis pattern. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used to carry out this study. The data were collected through class observation. Data was recordedof six different classes. Descriptive method was used for the data analysis and interpretation. To achieve the objectives, observation and audio recording were chosen as a tool for data collection. They were analyzed descriptively.The findings prevailed that naturally occurring classroom discourse based onSinclair-Coulthard analysis model developed in 1975 had paved the way of analyzing discourse pattern in EFL and ESL classroom. Conversation between teacher and students had been transcribed, categorized and put into different entities like 'Exchange' ,' Move' and 'Act'. It is based on teacher- student interaction patterns. Their proposed pattern describes classroom discourse in rank scale. To characterized and co-respond the discourse, scale has been developed from lower level to higher level i.e.Lesson, Transaction, Exchange, Moveand Acts. Findings of this study prevailed that IRF model was found in Nepali ELT Classroom. Similarly, for the explanation of concrete idea teacher and student both were persuaded to use mother tongue. Furthermore, findings of this research tells us that the structure of spoken discourse analysis on the basis of rank scale, especially 'Act', 'Move' and 'Exchange' emerging as foundation for classroom discourse analysis. v There are five chapters in this research study. The first chapter consists ofbackground of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, researchquestions, significance of the study, delimitation of the study. Similarly, second chapter contains both of theoretical and conceptual literature including the implications of the reviewed literature. Furthermore conceptual framework also included in this chapter. Third chapter deals with the method andprocedures of the study. It also includes research design, population, sample,sampling strategies, data collection tools, data collection procedures, datainterpretation procedures. Furthermore, the fourth chapterinvolves analysis and interpretation of data. And the fifth chapter shows the majorfinding and conclusion of the study. Moreover, it also suggests some pedagogicalimplications based on policy related, practice related and further research related. Thischapter followed by references used for the study.Item Collegiality as a Strategy for Teacher Professional Development: Teacher Narratives(2024) Luitel, Bhawana; Kamal Raj DevkotaThe study entitled Collegiality as a Strategy for Teacher Professional Development: Teacher Narratives aims to explore the perceptions of English language teachers regarding the role of collegiality in their professional development, identify and analyze the strategies/practices that English language teachers adopt to foster and enhance collegiality in classroom, and suggest the applicable pedagogical implications of collegial practices for classroom teaching and for the professional development. The study employed a qualitative methodology, specifically using narrative inquiry as its research framework. Data were gathered by using in-depth interviews with three secondary level English language teachers who teach in different schools of Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City, Sunsari. The target population included all secondary level English language teachers teaching in public schools. The participants for the interview were purposively selected. The interviews were undertaken with them at individual basis. Their interviews were audio recorded and the main ideas they communicated were written in the field note. Then the interviews and field notes were transcribed, coded, categorized, and made thematic analysis. Findings were organized into three key areas: teachers' perceptions on collegiality as a strategy for Teacher Professional Development (TPD), their collegial practices, and the pedagogical implications of collegiality in TPD. Results indicated that the teachers regarded collegiality as an effective means for enhancing confidence and individual empowerment, as well as a valuable resource for research, writing, and community building. The study also highlighted the role of collegiality in fostering peer relationships and its application in participatory action research, ultimately contributing to improve student learning. It prepares teachers to engage students in formative assessment. It was ascertained that collegiality can be utilized to enhance collaborative and innovative teaching and problem-solving efforts, promote a supportive school environment for TPD, and create a culture of trust, respect, and collective accountability within professional learning communities. This research is structured into five chapters. The initial chapter, known as the introduction, encompasses the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives, research questions, significance, delimitations, and operational definitions of key terms. The subsequent chapter focuses on reviewing theoretical and empirical literature, as well as discussing its implications. Additionally, it presents the conceptual framework. The third chapter is dedicated to the methodology, covering the study's design, population, sample, research tools, data sources, collection and analysis procedures, and ethical considerations. Moving on, the fourth chapter involves the analysis and interpretation of data. Lastly, the fifth chapter presents the findings, conclusions, and recommendations derived from this study.Item Tachhing english vocabulary through crossword puzzle game at the eighth grade(2024) Magar, Bhim Bahadur; Govinda Purihis thesis explores the effectiveness of using crossword puzzles as a technique to teach vocabulary to eighth-grade students in a rural municipality in Nepal. The study addresses the critical need for effective vocabulary instruction, as vocabulary is fundamental to learning the English language. Despite its importance, vocabulary teaching is often overlooked, leading to poor vocabulary skills among students. The research investigates how crossword puzzles can enhance vocabulary learning, making the process more engaging and effective. The study is structured into five chapters. The first chapter provides an introduction, including the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives, research questions, significance, limitations, and operational definitions of key terms. The second chapter reviews related literature and conceptual frameworks, highlighting the importance of vocabulary in language learning and various methods of teaching vocabulary, including the use of media and games like crossword puzzles. The third chapter outlines the research design and methodology, detailing the action research process involving 20 eighth-grade students from Shree Shankhewari Basic School in Ramprasadrai Rural Municipality, Bhojpur District. The research employs pre-tests and post-tests to measure the effectiveness of crossword puzzles in teaching vocabulary. The fourth chapter presents the results and discussion, analyzing the data collected from the pre-test and post-test scores to evaluate the students' performance and improvements in vocabulary. The final chapter summarizes the findings, draws conclusions, and offers recommendations. The study concludes that using crossword puzzles significantly enhances students' vocabulary learning, making the teaching process more interactive and enjoyable. The research provides valuable insights for educators, curriculum designers, and researchers, emphasizing the importance of innovative teaching techniques in improving vocabulary acquisition in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts.Item Analysis of writing task in grade eleven english text book(2024) Moktan, Sharmila; Kamal Raj DahalThesis entitled Analysis of Writing Task in Grade Eleven English Text Book is an attempt to identify and analyze the writing tasks included in the English textbook for grade eleven and to explore how far the writing tasks are designed based on Nunan's (2004) taxonomy of task types. In the process of this study, I collected data from primary sources that is the English Textbook of Grade Eleven through observational check-list. The obtained data were tabulated and analyzed using a simple statistical tool. It was found that free writing covered 48.83 percentage controlled writing tasks covered 30.23 percentage and guided writing tasks covered 20.93 percentage in the text book. It was found that there were 43 writing tasks included in text book. It was found that 93.03 percentage writing tasks or tasks were designed according to Nunan (2004) taxonomy of task where cognitive task covered 20.40 percentage interpersonal task covere14.28 percentage co-operative task covered 8.16 percentage linguistic tasks covered 34.69 percentage affective task covered 18.36 percentage and creative task covered 8.18 percentage and remaining writing tasks were designed focusing local environment keeping the historical and cultural importance. English textbook of grade eleven focuses various writing tasks like writing short biography, writing a diary, essay, narrating events, email communique, paragraph writing, writing critical writing, news story, book/film review, writing travelogue, interpreting para-orthographic texts and so on.To meet these objectives writingtasks were graded into various types of controlled tasks like; combining, reproduction review, guided tasks like; parallel writing developing text through skeleton etc., free writing tasks like; explanatory, narrative etc.,others being cognitive tasks, interpersonal tasks, linguistic tasks, affective tasks etc. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction the study which consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of study, delimitation of the study and operational definition of the key terms. Similarly, second chapter contains of review of theoretical as well as empirical literature and implications for the study. Moreover, it includes the conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter incorporates with the methods and procedures of the study, which covers design and method of the study, population, sample and sampling strategies, research tools, sources of data, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures. In the same way, the fourth chapter includes the analysis and interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the fifth chapter incorporates the findings and conclusions of the study followed by some recommendations based on the study. Finally, the references and the appendices, which are necessary to the validation of the research have also been presented.Item Effectiveness of language games for teaching vocabulary at basic level(2024) Bhujel, Mandira; Gobinda PuriThe research entitled "Effectiveness of Language Games for Teaching Vocabulary at Basic Level” aimed to find out the effectiveness of language games for teaching vocabulary in grade three. The study involved 20 students of grade three from Shree Saraswati Basic School, Patharisanischare-4 Morang district. A pre-test was given to determine the student's proficiency level in vocabulary before dividing them into two groups. The experimental group was taught vocabulary using different language games while the control group was taught using traditional methods. A post-test was administered to both groups, and the results were compared to determine the effectiveness of the language games. The main findings of this study are that teaching vocabulary through the use of language games at Primary level is more effective than teaching without using language games. The study's background provides the importance of teaching English language and vocabulary knowledge to attain proficiency in the English language. The statement of the problem presents the difficulty in teaching vocabulary to basic-level students. The methodology of this study was a pretest-posttest equivalent group design involving 20 students of grade three as the sample population of my study. The students were divided into two groups using a simple random sampling procedure. The result of the pre-test and post- test was tabulated, and calculated to find the average marks and their percentage difference. The findings of the study suggest that language games can help students learn new words along with pleasure, and excitement and develop children's emotional, mental, and physical ability for learning. The study implies that teachers should adopt different new techniques to teach vocabulary to make the classroom interesting, motivating, entertaining, and meaningful for effective and long-lasting learning.Item Reading comprehension proficiency of grade nine students: a comparative study(2024) Chaudhary, Ashok Deep; Rishiram KhanalThe thesis entitled ‘Reading Comprehension Proficiency of Grade Nine Students: A Comparative Study’ aimed to find the reading proficiency of students studying in various private and community schools in Ramdhuni Municipality. There are many challenges in teaching reading at the secondary level at community schools. I have chosen this topic for my research to compare the proficiency level of community school students and private school students in Ramdhuni Municipality. The study was carried out using qualitative research especially the survey model of research. The data was collected from 100 students from five community schools and five private schools from Ramdhuni Municipality. To collect the required data, questionnaires are used comprising various texts with test items of reading comprehension. After, the questionnaires are scored and results are drawn and tabulated. Then, the tabulated data are compared, analyzed, and interpreted based on averages and percentages, and finally, the findings of the study are derived. The study showed an overall reading proficiency of 67.24 percent in Ramdhuni Municipality. Private school boys and girls have significantly higher reading proficiency than their community counterparts. They achieved 77.70 percent overall in all tests whereas community school students only achieved 56.78 percent of reading proficiency. LBIESS secured the highest proficiency of 85.38 percent whereas PSS was constantly the lowest of 43.13 percent among all schools. Girls have overall better reading comprehension than boys. The private schools have done an excellent job in reading comprehension. To uplift the conditions of community schools, a higher amount of effort and resources should be managed and implemented effectively. The teachers and the educators need to promote reading habits in students and choose interesting reading materials.Item Head teacher's experiences of novice english teacher's preparation for promary level(2024) Kaphle, Sahadev; Kabita KhadkaThe thesis entitled ‘Head Teachers’ Experiences of Novice English Teachers’ Preparation for PrimaryLevel’ is aimed to find out the support of head teachers to novice regarding pedagogy and theproblems faced by head teachers while recruiting novice teachers. Keeping the objectives inconsideration, 10 head teachers and 5 primary teachers from different schools were sampledthrough non-random purposive sampling procedure. In-depth interview was used as a primarytool of data collection. After analysis and presentation of data, it has been found that noviceteacher needs effective mentoring; principal leadership plays key role in retaining noviceteachers and the novice teachers' attrition degrade the quality of education.This thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter one is introductory part which includes backgroundof the study, statement of problem, research questions, significance of the study, and delimitationof the study. Similarly, chapter two includes review of the related literature, thematic review, and literature gap. The third chapter deals with methodology which includes research design. Data collection tools, sources of data, and work plan. Likewise, chapter four includes dataanalysis and presentation which includes novice teacher needs, reasons for teachers’ attrition, professional preparedness of novice teachers, impact of novice teachers' attrition, and principalleadership. Similarly, chapter five has discussion under which novice teacher needs effectivementoring, and principal leadership plays the key role in retaining novice teachers arementioned. Chapter six includes conclusions and implications at three different areas i.e., pedagogical implications, policy implications, and further research. Finally, the references andappendices are included.Item An observation of classroom interaction at grade english(2024) Rai, Prem; Tirtha Raj Acharya, MPhilThis thesis entitled An Observation of Classroom Interaction at Grade Eight was carried out to find out some of the basic features of classroom interaction. The main objective of the study was to find out the existing situation of classroom interaction at Grade 8 English classes in terms of teachers and students questioning, group work, pair work, classroom environment and teachers and students questioning, teachers’ behaviours, recognition and encouragement and teacher's presentation. To complete this research survey research design was followed. The researcher visited six basic schools of Jantedhunga Rural Municipality of Khaotang District and observed eighteen classes (three classes of each teacher). He observed three classes of each of the six teachers. While observing, he recorded classes, filled up checklist and took notes. After analyzing the data, it was found that 83 percent teachers asked questions. In the same way 66.66 classes were conducted using group/pair works technique. It was also found that 80 percent classroom environment was good and facilitative to learning. Similarly, it was found that 85 classes were students-centered, among them 90 percent of them discussed with their students, 25 percent of them used demonstration technique and 80 percent of them engaged in asking questions. On the other hand, it was also found classroom interactions were initiated by the teachers. However, classroom interaction was natural and enthusiast and based on creative and group learning. Most of the classes were conducted with group or pair work. It was found that almost all the classroom environment was good and facilitative for learning. Moreover This research study consists of five chapters: introduction, review of related literature, methodology, results and discussions and findings and recommendations. The first chapter introduction contains general background, statement of the problem, rationale of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study and delimitations of the study. Similarly, second chapter deals with review of the related literature, implication of the reviewed literature and conceptual framework. Chapter three methods and procedures of the study consists of design of the study, sources of data, population of the study, sampling procedures, data collection tools and procedures, process of data collection and data analysis and interpretations. Chapter four is based on results and discussions of the data. Finally, fifth chapter consists of findings and recommendations of the study. References and appendices are presented at the end of this chapter.Item Perception of grade ten students toward english poetry(2024) Limbu, Laxmi; Rishi Ram KhanalThe research study entitled Perception of Grade Ten Students towards English Poetry explores the perception of grade ten students towards English poetry in terms of interest, content and language and to find the difficulties faced by grade ten students towards English poetry. Basically, I have used mixed methods research design and followed judgmental sampling procedures to collect data. Keeping the purpose in consideration, four schools were selected and 40 students were sampled i.e., ten students from each secondary school. A set of questionnaires closed-ended and open-ended were the tools of data collection. Collected data from closed-ended were presented statistically and open-ended were thematically presented keeping in consideration of quantitative and qualitative data analysis principle. After analysis and interpretation of data collected from the respondents, it was found that highest percentage of students strongly agreed with that statement that they were able to improve their vocabulary through English poetry. Likewise, highest percentage of participants strongly disagreed with the statement that they were able to understand the hidden meaning of English poetry. Similarly, highest ratio of students disagreed that they understand writer’s language and expression from the poetry. On the other hand, difficulties felt by students while dealing with English poetry were difficulty in understanding the language of the text unfamiliar ideas, experiences, or culture in the text, not enough time to read and study the text carefully, sometimes they were feeling difficulties like semantic, pragmatic, cultural differences, syntactic problems and so on. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction the study which consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of study, delimitation of the study and operational definition of the key terms. Similarly, second chapter contains of review of theoretical as well as empirical literature and implications for the study. Moreover, it includes the conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter incorporates with the methods and procedures of the study, which covers design and method of the study, population, sample and sampling strategies, research tools, sources of data, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures. In the same way, the fourth chapter includes the analysis and interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the fifth chapter incorporates the findings and conclusions of the study followed by some recommendations based on the study. Finally, the references and the appendices, which are necessary to the validation of the research, have also been presented.Item Effectiveness of using flash cards for teaching vocabulary at basic level(2024) Harijan, Bhagat Lal; irtha Raj AcharyaThe research study entitled Effectiveness of Using Flash Cards for Teaching Vocabulary at Basic Level was an attempt to find out the effectiveness using flash cards for teaching vocabulary at grade seven students of public school of Ramdhuni Municipality of Sunsari District. The study involved an experimental research design where quantitative data were collected and presented in the charts and tables. Pre-test and post-test were the major tools for collecting data. Experimental group was guided with exposure. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency and simple percentages. After analysis and interpretation of data, it was found that using flash cards was really interesting and supportive for mastering vocabulary to the seventh's graders. To support this statement, it was found that 'experimental group obtained 74.14 average percentage in the pre-test and 84.14 average percentage in the post test. Here, experimental group had increased 10 percentage score in the post test. However, control group obtained 68.42 average percentage in pre-test and 66.71 average percentage which is -1.71 average percentage than the pre-test (see table 1 and appendix. Similarly, in experimental group, boys obtained 74.57 average percentage in the pre-test and 86.57 average percentage in the post test. Similarly, girls obtained 73.71 average score in the pre-test and 81.71 average score in the post-test. Here boys obtained 4.86 more average percentage in the post-test. (see table no.10 and appendix). Similarly, we have found various uses of flash cards to teach vocabularies like similar and opposite meaning, fill in the blanks, changing main verbs into present participle and past participle, making sensible sentences with the given words, filling in the blanks with various form of language like dialogue, conditional sentences, subject verb agreement and so on. Use of flash cards was found very effective because experimental group performed better than the control group where experimental group obtained 17.43 less percentage in the post test. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction the study which consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of study, delimitation of the study and operational definition of the key terms. Similarly, second chapter contains of review of theoretical as well as empirical literature and implications for the study. Moreover, it includes the conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter incorporates with the methods and procedures of the study, which covers design and method of the study, population, sample and sampling strategies, research tools, sources of data, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures. In the same way, the fourth chapter includes the analysis and interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the fifth chapter incorporates the findings and conclusions of the study followed by some recommendations based on the study. Finally, the references and the appendices, which are necessary to the validation of the research have also been presented.Item Deixis system in english and sampang language(2024) Rai, Sanjaya; Kamal Raj DahalThis research entitled “DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGISH AND SAMPANG LANGUAGE” has tried to carry out the deixis system in English and Sampang language. The data were collected from the forty-five-native speaker of the Sampang language by using random sampling procedure. The informants for this study have been selected from the ward no. 2, 20 and 19 of Itahari Sub- Metropolitan city, Sunsari. The data were collected with the help of questionnaire and interview. The sources of data for English were collected from different books thesis dictionaries and article. The researcher has collected both primary and secondary sources of data. The findings are: Sampang language has three number systems in person deixis. They are: singular, dual and plural. There are three words to indicate second person deictic terms. For example; /aanaa:/ (you), /aanaa:chi/ (you two), and /aanaanni/ (plural you) but English language has only one word ‘you’ to indicate second person deictic terms. There are three different words to indicate ‘passed yeas’ in Sampang language. They are; /tet.twanka:/ (last year), /tit.twaka:/ (the year before the last year), /ti:twama:/ (three years before the last year) but we cannot find equivalent words for these words in English to indicate ‘passed years.’ Place deictic expressions in Sampang can be classified classified under proximal, distal and neutral classes, e.g. /nappi:/ (here, proximal), /mappi:/ or /mya:ni/ (there, distal) /chhopi/ (up, neutral) etc. This is divided in to five chapters the first chapter introduction incudes the background statement of problem, objectives of the study research question of the key term chapter second deals with the theoretical literature, empirical literature, implication and conceptual frameworks. The third chapter deals with the methodology employed to conduct the study. The method and procedures of the study incorporable the research design population sample and sample strategy, study areas and tools data collection procedure and data analysis and interpretation procedure come under in the third chapter. Chapter four is the main body of the research. It includes the presentation of data and result and discussion of the data. It represents the data deceptively and in the form of graphs and tables. The fifth chapter deals with the conclusion and recommendations of some implications of the study in policy level, practice level and further research are presented in this section. This chapter is followed by references and appendices to make it scientific, valid reliable and authentic. Note- in Sampang- Devanagari script there is no use of consonant sounds: ta 6, tha7, da 8, dha9, N/na~f ÷ 0f, saif, sha z, kshaIf, traq, and gya¡f. So, they are not included in Sampang- Devanagari script.In the Sampang- Devanagari script there is more use of long vowel like, cf: /aa:/, O /i:/, pm /u:/. c - /a/ cf- /aa/ cfcf - /aa:/ O - /i/ O{ - /i:/ p - /u/ pm - /u:/ P - /e/ cf] - /o/ s\- /k/ v\- /kh/ u\ - /g/ 3\ - /gh/ ª\- /ng/ Rf\ - /ch/ 5\ - /chh/ h\ - /j/ ´\ - /jh/ t\ - /t/ y\ - /th/ b\ - /d/ w\ - /dh/ g\ - /n/ k\ - /p/ km\ -/f/ a\ - /b/ Ef\ - /v/ d\ - /m/ o\ - /y/ /\ - /r/ n\ - /l/ j\ - /w/ ;\ - /s/ x\ -/h/ S\’ c\ k\ u\ (half alphabet) - /-/ etc.