Geography
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Item Interaction Between River Ecology and Local communities in The Tamakoshi River Basin, Nepal(2023) Shrestha, Uttam Sagar; Pushkar Kumar PradhanAvailable in fulltextItem Wood carving enterprises and livelihood in Bungamati, Lalitpur District(Department of Geography, 2010) Bhandari, KishorThe study “Wood Carving Enterprises and Livelihood in Bungamati, Lalitpur district” was carried out with the objectives of assessing the development pattern of wood carving enterprises, examining market chain and finding out problems of the enterprises. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The field survey was carried out employing various techniques like observation, enterprise survey, FGD, KIS, informal interview and in-depth interview. Bungamati has a long history of wood carving. This occupation is regarded as a major source of livelihood since 1970s. In the past the people had other occupations such as different types of carving, carpentry, wage laboring etc to supplement to the agriculture. Now a days the situation has changed. The skill of wood carving has passed through apprenticeship from the senior to young generation. Nevertheless, there are some entrepreneurs who have formal training. Most of the entrepreneurs have chosen this occupation for being a profitable and some have adopted to conserve culture and tradition. Being a skill-oriented the most of the enterprises have been established with small capital. But income is adequate for expansion although there is an irregularity of income in terms of season and months. More than fifty percent of the entrepreneurs are in 15 to 45 years age group and most of them are only literate. Most enterprises produce goods on the basis of demand and some produce additional goods also. More than 90 percent goods are consumed by foreigners. Most of them like sculpture of Buddha, Tara and Ganesh, and frame. They carve different figure in windows, doors and struts for temple and house on the basis of demand. Tourists buy some products from the enterprises. Some enterprises have direct contact to the foreign countries and others sell to the middlemen, retailers and curio shops of the valley. The instable political condition of the country is not favorable for any enterprise and the wood carving enterprises have been affected directly or indirectly. Even time movements of political and non-political organizations can affect their marketing system and may have shortage of raw materials in market. Lack of cooperation among them, market related problems and competition with machinery products are the major problems of the enterprises. The prospect will be more if the concerned agencies and persons pay their attention to develop the enterprises. On the basis of theoretical ground, we conclude that the households (enterprises) utilized their capabilities fully by using the skill, knowledge and labours.Item Land suitability evaluation for land use planning in Shambhunath Municipality of Saptari District, Nepal(Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Geogrphy, 2024) Karna, Bikash KumarLand use pattern is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by humans in time and space. The demand of land for multiple use raises land use conflicts among different interest groups which necessitate proper allocation of land use for sustainable development. Land evaluation is one of the basic policy tools to design appropriate land suitability model for allocating specific land use. So, it is essential for proper allocation of land resource through land use planning. The present research has attempted the land evaluation process for land use planning. The specific objectives are to analyze the existing land use practices issues and spatio-temporal pattern of land use change since 1986 A.D., to evaluate the suitability of land for different use, to develop framework model for optimum land use plan, and to recommend the appropriate strategy for implementation of land use plan. This research has also attempted to evaluate the land use at the best option from the land suitability evaluation and land use simulation incorporating physical infrastructure and risk factors in land use planning for sustainable land management. The research work was carried out in Shambhunath Municipality of Saptari district, Nepal. It was basically guided by sustainable spatial planning approach and accomplished by both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Primary data was collected from filed visit, observation, rapid rural appraisal, participatory rural appraisal, key informant interviews, and focus group discussion. Holistic approach was adopted in analysis with six process such as analysis of land use pattern, identification of parameters, spatial modeling for risk layers, suitability evaluation for land use class, simulation of land use, and preparation of optimal land use plan with its implementation strategies. Land use changes were analyzed from 1986 to 2017. Potential land use zones were identified through land suitability analysis using AHP, MCE and GIS in relation to the risk factors such as flood, soil erosion, landslide and fire. The infrastructure development plan was allocated based on land use suitability index maps and planning guidelines. Land use simulation was made through Cellular Automata technique. Land use plan was developed based on simulated land use and optimized through SWOT analysis. Implementation strategy was developed based on legal framework to implement land use plan at the local level. Land use change pattern from 1986 to 2017 showed that agriculture land is increased with 842 ha through deforestation and encroachment of forest, barren land and open space area, whereas the forest land is decreased with 135 ha. The built-up area (residential, commercial and industrial) is also rapidly increased with 175 ha in scattered form along road network and surrounding the settlement. The major risk factors are occurred mostly surrounding the foot of Chure hill and along the Khando River. Total 27 criteria are identified for the land suitability analysis in local situation in the context of Nepal. GIS integrated with MCE-AHP based quantitative technique was applied for land suitability analysis to evaluate the land quality assessment for different land use. The suitability index map described the more appropriate site for specific land use. These suitability index maps were applicable in developing infrastructure plan and decision making process of land use planning to resolve land conflict for proper allocation of land use. Planning guideline was developed based on national and international standard and applied in designing physical infrastructure. Physical development plan is designed to allocate the public service facilities, utilities, and infrastructure based on the local people requirement. Land use plan is developed based on simulated land use incorporating the developing infrastructure plan and risk area. The developed land use plan is preserved the strength and opportunity as well as incorporating the weakness and minimizing the threats in optimization process. Almost 46 percent of the total areas have been planned for future agriculture land use followed by residential, commercial, industrial, and public uses accounting 201 ha, 26 ha, 3 ha, and 345 ha respectively. Implementation strategy is a framework for enforcement of compliance of land use zone and penalties for noncompliance, and acts as a guided land development activities for implementation of land use plan. Land use changes are found rapidly in the foot of Chure hill, surrounding existing settlement and along the transportation route. The suitability index map describes the suitable site for specific land use. These suitability index maps are applicable in developing infrastructure and decision making process of land use planning to resolve land use conflict for proper allocation of land use. Land use plan considers the spatial structure, economic value, physical infrastructure, risk layers, and strategic issue of land in an effective manner. Also, it covers the strength and opportunity of framework of study, incorporating the weakness and minimizing the threats. It is technically feasible and reliable; socially acceptable to local people by involving in planning process; and implementable at local level. It follows the basic assumption of Hoyt’s theory of land use and sustainable planning process. It also uses as a periodic plan to construct the basic infrastructure for land development in sustainable manner.Item Pilgrimage tourism in Pashupati Ksehtra, Nepal(Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Geography, 2023) Awasthi, Tara PrasadThis study entitled "Pilgrimage Tourism in Pashupati Kshetra, Nepal" has set four objectives: i) To assess spiritual aspect of Lord Pashupatinath focused on Shiva Puran, ii) To analyze flow, service and facilities of the pilgrimage tourism in Pashupati Kshetra, iii) To explore motivation factors and willingness of pilgrims in Pashupati Ksheta, and iv) To examine economic contribution of pilgrimage tourism in Pashupati Kshetra. This study was based on mix method, both Primary and secondary sources of data have been used. Primary data were collected through field survey, Different methods were used to collect primary data. Secondary information was obtained from reviewing various published and unpublished documents including books, Shiva Puran, reports and electronic materials by desk top review and rapidly search of internet websites in central library. The data were analyzed and interpreted statistically and descriptively. First, Pashupatinath is the major and most sacred place on the Earth as other places like Himalayas Kedarnath and Kashi vishownath are just the branches/parts of it. The main part of Jyotirlinga looks like the enlightened golden pail, and obviously is made up of gold. This will continually bless the pilgrims who come to Darshan for Pashupatinath temple. However, only the devotees, monks, the Yogis and pious pilgrims can Darshan of this form of Lord Pashupatinath. According to Himbalkhanda of Yogi Narahari Nath, this ancient part is the five-faced AadiJyotirlinga. According to Shivapuran, this is the Head of Kedarnath Mahadev situated at Himalaya. Therefore, all the Indian pilgrims are lured at a huge number at millions to compulsorily visit this Head (Shirobhag) of Kedareshwar Mahadev as a form of Lord Pashupatinath. Therefore, Pashupatinath is the grandest and supreme among the Char Dhams and Saptapuri. Pashupatinath as a major pilgrimage place of all over Hinduism. Pashupatinath is a prime bridge between Nepal and India unique and best of long term relationship. Shiva temples of Nepal Pashupatinath and India Vishwonath connected and tied the people, culture, society and relations, geographically, socially, culturally and historically. The significance of Kashi Viswanath Temple and Nepal Pashupatinath Temple is interlinked especially in relation to Hindu faith. Pashupatinath Temple is vi considered to be the "head" meaning head of Lord Shiva, while Kashi Viswanath Temple is considered to be the "body without head". Second, this has been too difficult to give quality service facility and manage the time during the months of Srawan, Jestha, Falgun, baishakh, Asaad and the main festival times like Mahashivaratri, Teej, Balachadurshi and Srawan Sombar. The quality of facility and management for the huge queue of the pilgrims has been so difficult. We manage it with the support of the thousands of the security personnel and the Scout members. As the number of the visitors becomes above the carrying capacity; it is too difficult to manage the system, and we could not. If we could well manage the place, activities and provide all the quality facilities expected by the pilgrims with special priority; there is a huge possibility to earn the economy for the nation. Also, Pashupathinath could be established as the major pilgrimage place. Third, Pashupatinath is famous as Ashutos Bhole Baba. Mostly, the pilgrims visit with the wishes to meet their desires, (Dharma, Artha, Kaam and Moksha). The businessmen pray for the increasement in their material wealth. The people who do not have children pray for getting the children. Similarly, the unmarried ones visit to pray for worthy marriage. Students and the people in the search of jobs visit to pray for the success in examinations. However, Saints, Monks, Yogis, religious social workers, devotees, well cultured Brahmins and high leveled searchers desire for religious merits, and come to serve and Darshan of Bholenath. Religion has been the main motives and desires for most of the pilgrims. It indicates that the motive to visit Pashupatinath is due to religious attractions, spirituality and faith in god. Forth and finally, there are three major sources of daily income in pilgrimage tourism in Pashupatinath: Pashupatinah, Bashuki and Chadi daan paatra. Among them the income of Sombar of the month of Srawan is more than the income of other days. Likewise, special Tithi of Lord Pashupatinath Akadashi, Chaturdasi and Purnimaas’ income is more than other Tithies. It indicates that income source of Pashupatinath is in growing direction.Item Impact of urban growth: A study of Shuklagandaki Municipality(Department of Geography, 2023) Poudel, RabindraThis thesis examines the patterns and drivers of urban growth in Shuklagandaki Municipality, a rapidly urbanizing region in Nepal. The study employs a mixed-methods research design, including both quantitative and qualitative data sources. Quantitative data were collected from government statistics, census data, and published reports, and were used to analyze trends in population and economic development in the municipality over the last two decades. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders in the municipality, including government officials, business owners, and community leaders. Data analysis techniques included both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, such as regression analysis. The results of the study show that Shuklagandaki Municipality has experienced significant growth in both population and economic indicators over the last two decades. Economic development and population growth were the most significant drivers of urban growth in the municipality, while infrastructure improvements played a smaller, but still important, role. The rapid pace of urbanization in the municipality has brought both challenges and opportunities, and policy and planning efforts should aim to promote sustainable urban growth that takes into account the needs and well-being of both current and future residents. The conclusion of the thesis summarizes the main findings of the study and discusses the limitations of the research. It also suggests directions for future research on urban growth in Shuklagandaki Municipality, considering the gaps in the current literature and the questions that remain unanswered.Item Spatial Pattern, Pathways of Change and Users' Perceptions on Public Open Spaces in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal(Department of Geography, 2022) Pokharel, Ramjee PrasadAvailable with full textItem People's Perception on Climate Change and Agriculture" A Case Study of Limba VDC, Panchthar District, Nepal(Department of Geography, 2018) Subba, JhimaThis study was carried out in Limba VDC of Panchthar District. The objective of this study was to find out the perception and impact of climate change, agriculture, and livelihood oflocal people and effective adaptation mechanism to cope with climatic induced disasters. Signals of climate change impact are already visible in vegetation, hydrology, and rising temperature affecting normal plant productivity and ecosystem services in Limba VDC. Local people whose livelihood is based on the state of natural resources are hard hit when such changes occur. Since the livelihood of the people'sis fewer divers than that of migrant settlers, it is important to understand the level of climate impact on livelihoods of the local community, without which it will be difficult to plan support program in order to enhance their resilience towards the impact of climate change. This study is conducted people's climate change perception of the Limba VDC of Panchthar District of the Eastern region of Nepal, and recommended some adaptation measures. The study analyzed temperature and precipitation records of last 2 decades (1989-2013) and people's perception of the observed variation in climate that has affected ecosystem services. The study focused on people's perception of observed variation in climate change that has affected ecosystem services analyzed temperature and precipitation records of last 2 decades (19892013).The study attempted to research most effective measures adopted by local community to natural hazards such as flood, landslide, and drought disasters. The study bare that allover temperature in the area is rising, but precipitation is decreasing. The temperature increase is in parity with the observed temperature trends in Nepal, however, the precipitation trend show high fluctuation with increased rainfall amounts and decreased rainy days. Heavy rainfall events have become pronounced since last Years. Local peoples have experienced increasing drought in recent years. Drought has increased disaster risks in the study area. There is no significant evidence their resilience so that they can withstand the threats of droughts such as increase in insects and pests, and change in time of crop harvest etc. the study concluded that the extreme weather events have increased the vulnerability of agriculture based livelihoods of Local peoples that merits immediate attention to enable them to adapt to the emerging threat. Recommendations have been made to enhance their adaptive capacity of Local peoples. Key words: Climate change, Local people, livelihood, drought, ecosystem. Adaptation.Item डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला परशुराम नगरपालिकामा बसोबास गर्ने राउटे समुदायको सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं शैक्षिक अवस्था {Ḍaḍeldhura Jilla Parasurama Nagarapalikama Basobas Garne Rāuṭe Samudayako Samajik, Arthika Ebam Saiksika Abastha}(भूगोल शिक्षा विभाग, 2017) पाठक Pathak, शिवराज ShivrajAvailable with full textItem Land Use and Land Value Change Analysis of Chandragiri Municipality(Department of Geography, 2016) Neupane, MadhabaNot availableItem Earthquake Emergency Preparedness and Response - A Case Study of Thecho VDC Lalitpur(Department of Geography, 2016) Maharjan, SonyNatural disaster cannot be stopped but its effect can be minimized or avoided by science, technology and necessary human adjustment i.e. emergency preparedness. Earthquake is one natural event which gives severe threat due to the irregular time intervals between events and lack of adequate forecasting due to its extreme speed of onset. Emergency preparedness is aimed at minimizing the loss of life and property during a natural event. Preparedness includes actions taken in anticipation of the event and special activities both during and immediately after the event. The current study is an attempt to explore emergency preparedness and response to earthquake in Thecho VDC of Kathmandu valley. The main objective of this study is to assess emergency response to earthquake hazard with respect to physical infrastructure condition and human perception. The study also tried to explore level of knowledge, awareness and preparedness of the local people. The research has adopted field observation, Key Informant Survey, household survey using random purposive sampling for the estimation of potential loss of buildings; lifelines, causalities. The RADIUS method has been applied for estimation of probable building damage and casualties in different earthquake scenario. Earthquake risk assessment was conducted based on earthquake shake scenario at two nearest fault lines to Thecho VDC and Gorkha Earthquake fault line. Post earthquake building damage was also assessed caused by 25th April 2015. The survey found that VDC is vulnerable due to the weak structure of buildings and construction materials and method. Spatial location of building damaged caused by 25th April 2015 is coincide with hypothetically earthquake scenarios. It seems that RADIUS method and tool is reliable and valid for the building damage estimation caused by the earthquake. People awareness and preparedness on earthquake was found very less. From the analysis it was concluded that the respondent have a low level of awareness and capacity. The low level of capacity was because of low level of preparedness and awareness. Therefore the study has recommended increasing the efforts in rising effective awareness addressing each sector of the local communities. Awareness and preparedness program should be launched in the VDC by concerned institution and the VDC itself and also need to adopt Earthquake emergency response plan at community level.Item Land Fragmentation and Land use Pattern in Machchhegaun VDC,Kathmandu District(Department of Geography, 2015) Shrestha, Chij KumarThe study of land fragmentation and land use pattern is important for understanding the landscape change in the particular area in a certain time as well as to assist in making better policy of land use and landholding subdivisions. The present workis an attempt to describe the land fragmentation and land use pattern during the different years such as from2004 to 2015 for land fragmentation and from, 1965 to 2015 for land use in Machchegaun VDC of Kathmandu district. It analyses the fragmentation trend and change in land use patterns after fragmentation of the parcels. The average size of the landholding parcel remains at 211.45m2. It shows that when the maximum number of land fragmentation of the parcels occursthan, there is the leastpossibility to fragment it again. Analysis of the land use patterns is found being influenced by demographic, socio-economic and geo-physical conditions of the study area. Agriculture land is largely affected by these factors. Lack of implementation of the existing land use policy is major hindrance to the sustainable land development.Item Spatial Patterns of Agro-based Livelihoods of the Communities in the Tankhuwa Khola Watershed, Eastern Hills, Nepal(Faculty of Geography, 2014) Khatiwada, Shambhu PrasadAvailable with full textItem Comparative Study of in-Migrants and Non-Migrants Status A Case Study of Bandiur VDC, Tanahun District(Department of Geography, 2011) Subedi, Ram PrasadNot availableItem Socio-Economic Status of female Safa Tempo Drivers in Kathmandu Valley(Department of Geography, 2010) Basnet, ShantiNot availableItem Eco-Tourism in Nepal: A Case Study of Phewa Lake Area, Pokhara(Department of Geography, 2012) Kadariya, SubashDevelopment problems of Nepal are unique and challenging because of its mountainous topography, geo-political situation as a buffer state and rural life style but Nepal is often described as Shangri-La for its scenic beauty. Nepal has an unequaled ecological and natural environmental variation ranging from the Teraiplains to Mountains and High Himalayas representing richness in biological and cultural diversity. Tourism can play a major role in Nepal’s overall development. In fact, eco-tourism might turn out to be a blessing for Nepal. Past to now cultural impressions and reconciliatory heritages have remained note worthy and a great treasure.Opportunities for development and social transformation centered on participatory biological diversity conservation are endless. Individuals, community, society and the government can focus on attracting foreign tourists and promoting tourism business for the development of Nepal. In view of the promotion of eco-tourism, this study examines the potentiality and essentiality of eco-tourism in Phewa area. In this context, this study focused on environmental Natural and cultural socio-economy condition on Phewa area in Kaski District. In short, Phewa Lake appears as if a celestial body fallen on earth from heaven but its loosing beauty is standing as a serious problem for Nepal and Nepalese. This study integrates environmental dimension in tourism development together and addresses development issues, management concerns and conservation needs in order to develop a framework for eco-tourism. Results of the study suggest that there is great potentiality of eco-tourism and essentiality of environmental conservation in the area. The values and principles ofeco-tourism are very essential to apply in the area not only for the foreigners but also equally to the locals especially who live in adjacent to the Phewa Lake.Item Cultural Tourism in Bhaktapur: A Geographical Analysis(Department of Geography, 2011) Gautam, Mohan PrasadNot availableItem Impact of Climate Change in Snow and Glacier Retreat With People’s Perception and Adaptation Strategies (A Case Study of Langtang Valley)(Department of Geography, 2012) Thapa, BhabanaClimate change studies in Himalayan regions have focused mainly on glacier melting, retreating, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Most glacier studies in Nepal show glaciers are undergoing rapid deglaciation. But somehow the impact of climate change and adaptation strategies of local peoples have not been studied in detail in Langtang valley. Hence, this research has been carried out to investigate the contribution of climate change and effects on people’s adaptation strategies in the region which are most vulnerable to climate change. This research paper deals with various time series satellite imagery, temperature data, precipitation data, water discharge data and social survey. Analyzing the temperature data from 1987 to 2009 it is found that the average daily temperature is 3.2°C with standard deviation of 1.27. The temperature is found to be in increasing trend of 0.119°C/year. Global warming has serious consequences like snow melting, glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) and overall land use/ land cover change. The study also reveals that the total snow coverage area was continuously decreased in Langtang valley. In 1988, the total snow covered area was 43.16 percent and in 2000 total snow covered area was 42.67 percent which was decreased by 272.9 ha. In 2009 snow covered area was 38.72 percent which was decreased by 2196.5 ha between 2000 to 2009. Yearly snow melting rate has been 0.21 percent per year according to data available between 1988 to 2009. The result suggested that the glaciers are retreating rapidly and people are facing several problems due to the hydro-ecological changes in Langtang valley and trying their best to tackle with the changing environments. Rapid glacier melting disrupted rural livelihoods by posing a threat to agriculture, biodiversity and health. Change in rainfall and temperature resulted in changes in plant behavior like early flowering, shift in vegetation line and loss of some valuable species. Extreme climate events are destroying crops, depleting water resources, causing losses in livestock, cropland, and agricultural productivity. These changes indicate that unpredictable climate variability will be a major obstacle for subsistence-based livelihoods in Langtang valley. Key Words: Climate change, land use/ land cover change, rainfall, temperature, adaptation strategies.Item GIS Application to Tourism Prospects in and Around Tansen(Department of Geography, 2010) Maharjan, GangaNo availableItem Infrastructure Vulnerability Mapping of Earthquake Hazard Using GIS in Dhankuta Municipality, Nepal(Department of Geography, 2011) Basnet, LaxmiNot availableItem Socio-Economic Status of Majhi in Yamgha VDC, Palpa(Department of Geography, 2013) Bhandari, DilipNepal is one of the poorest countries in the world. In this context, some of the castes and ethnic groups are not able to maintain their basic needs. The development programs implemented by the government and non government agencies are not sufficient to improve their economic condition. Majhi is one of the poor ethnic groups in the country. Their major source of income is fishing and boating. But now days, their traditional occupation are in transition due to the construction of dams for hydroelectricity project and bridges in different places. Thus, it has been important to know their socio-economic condition in this changing context. Different types of methods have been used to collect necessary data and information regarding to this problem. Primary as well as secondary data have been collected and both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to find out this problem. It is found that, their traditional occupation has been shifted to wage labor. Most of the economically active people do wage labor for their livelihood. They are compiled to do such type of occupation because they are not trained with any vocational guidance and most of them are illiterate. Although their secondary occupation is agriculture, Traditional pattern of agricultural practices, lack of irrigation facility, fertilizer, hybrid seeds and the limited land are the major cause of low production in the study area so that they cannot produce food for whole year. In the same way they could not develop animal husbandry as professional occupation. Although, some of them have engaged in extra economy generating activities, such as a bamboo work, carpenter etcetera. Since, the skill of these people does not play a significant role to bring change in their economic status. All these reasons have adverse effect on their poor socio-economic condition.