Anthropology
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/38
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Gender in the Teaching Profession: An Anthropological Study of Schools in Mulpani Rural Municipality, Jhapa(2025) Acharya, Pujan Kumari; Sushil Kumar KhanalThis study investigates the Gender in the Teaching Profession: An Anthropological Study of Schools in Mulpani Rural Municipality, Jhapa District, Nepal. Although teaching is widely regarded as a suitable and respectable career path for women—offering social recognition and flexible working hours—female teachers in rural settings of Nepal continue to confront deep-rooted structural and cultural barriers. These barriers include limited access to leadership positions, facing gender-based discrimination, and experiencing the dual burden of balancing domestic and professional responsibilities. In a patriarchal society, where women are traditionally relegated to household roles, their increasing presence in education signals progress but also exposes persistent inequalities. Grounded in a post-positivist and feminist anthropological framework, the study centers women lived experiences while acknowledging the researcher’s positionality and the socio cultural context. Feminist anthropology challenges male-dominated narratives, highlighting how gender and power dynamics influence professional experiences. Post-positivism adds a reflexive, critical dimension to understanding social realities. Data were collected through questionnaires from 71 female teachers across 11 schools (8 community and 3 institutional) and interviews with the teachers. A small number of male teachers were also included to offer comparative insights. Schools were chosen using purposive sampling, while participants were randomly selected, excluding those with less than one week of experience. By integrating structured data with nuanced narratives, the study explores how female teachers navigate systemic barriers and the extent to which educational institutions support or limit their growth. The findings aim to inform gender-responsive education policies and foster inclusive development in rural Nepal.Item Krishna’s rhetorical argumentation in The Bhagavadgita(2022) Rijal, Gatha; Krishna Chandra SharmaIn the battlefield of Kurukshetra, seeing his relatives lined up in battle against each other, Arjuna decides to withdraw from the battle. He does not want the glory smeared with the blood of his loved ones. So, he asks Krishna for guidance regarding his duty and wonders what could possibly give him happiness even if he wins the battle by killing his own people. Through The Bhagavadgita, Krishna convinces Arjuna to rejoin the battle by answering his queries and dispelling his dilemma. This research studies this persuasion through the lens of rhetorical analysis and argues that it is Krishna’s logical appeals backed by his ethos that changes Arjuna’s pathos from hesitancy to willingness and convince him to take part in the war. It is because Arjuna has seen Krishna live the life of action without attachment that he preaches to Arjuna that his arguments find their mark in Arjuna’s mind and convince him to take part in the war. The findings suggest that all the elements of Krishna’s arguments: the context, audience, appeals, the structure, style and media work together to persuade Arjuna to rejoin the battle but primarily, it is the relationship that Krishna shares with Arjuna that makes him ready and open to receive Krishna’s message. Thus this research concludes that Krishna succeeds in persuading Arjuna to live the life of action without attachment because Arjuna has seen Krishna do that and knows that it is possible.Item Impacts of village tourism in Ghandruk village, Kaski: An anthropological exploration(2011) Baral, Prakash Kumar; Prabhakarlal DasNot Available.Item Knowledge and practice on arsenic (A study of jhada VDC ward No. 9, Nawalparasi ,District(2015) Poudel, Keshab Dutta; Janardan ThapaABSTRACT Nawalparasi being of the hotspot of arsenic contamination and Jahada as one of its VDC has people whose health is susceptible to arsenic poisoning. Thus, the knowledge of arsenic is essential and its remedial application equally important. This research has been conducted among all houses of Jahada VDC Ward No. 9. Hundred households' records have been used for analysis. Respondents from each household gave information about their knowledge regarding arsenic, methods implemented to tackle with arsenic problem and the burning issues. The source of information is also recalled. The specific objective of this study is to investigate and analyze the impact of knowledge, perception and practice related to arsenic and to list out the factors that influence the arsenic removal procedures or techniques. For achieving above mentioned aims, various tools and techniques have been applied. The research stands on the bases of both primary and secondary data despite preference to primary data as it is more reliable and authentic. Also informal discussion was conducted to collect the data. Quantitative data were collected through individual interview (semi structured), informal group discussion and interview. The universe of the study is the household of ward no.9 of Jahada VDC where all the hundred and eleven houses were visited but according to their residence and water sharing nature only hundred households or hundred tubewells were included. These households have different features like multi-ethnic, religion and language. Among those households a single person is selected as representative. Out of which female members, who were mostly housewives, were found higher than male. Majority of members were from Janajati group followed by hill Brahmins, Madhesis Dalits etc. Many (48%) of respondents were from 31-50 age group with majority of nuclear families (53%), and most having members 4-6 (58%). Status of literacy was average as most respondents expressed skill of only reading and writing, higher level of educational status was poor: only 4% were bachelor and above. The main source of income was agriculture (55%) for majority of households. Almost all had shallow tubewell as source of drinking water (95%). Quality of drinking water was variable in majority (59%). Most (83%) knew about arsenic but extent of knowledge was variable. Majority 59% considered it as waster polluting agent. Most of the respondents (95%) knew about the methods of finding arsenic. Regarding the test, majority 75% have tested water to find water contaminated with arsenic (90.5%) while 86% knew arsenic can be removed. Majority expected door step visit for arsenic testing (74%). Only half of the households (51%) had filter in working condition. Filter maintenance was done by female members (54.8%) in majority of households. There was no authentic record of arsenic test or filter maintenance. People were not clear regarding arsenic matter. Knowledge of arsenic was limited only to arsenic as water polluting agent and arsenic filter as its remedial measure. They lack in-depth knowledge about symptoms and dreadful consequences of arsenic poisoning. Also knowledge of other remedial measures like balanced diet which can check the complexity of arsenic or bioremedial system i.e. using of special bacteria or plants to control arsenic were unknown to the people. They did not have proper knowledge on filter maintenance and replacement of damaged parts. Practice on arsenic remedy was average. Most of them were unsuccessful in making optimum use of filter. They had developed a tradition of testing water for arsenic only when facilities were available at doorstep. There was neither tradition of regularity in testing water nor any updates of test records. They don’t bother to get new filters or mend the damage part instead abandoned the filters when it stopped functioning. Education played key role in affecting the acquiring of extent of knowledge and its perception. It equally affected practice of use of filter and its maintenance i.e. becoming more aware. Physical factors like accessibility of source of information of arsenic, arsenic test, availability of filter and its parts affected both knowledge and practice on arsenic removal. The complex technical terms and source of information in non native language became psychological factors affecting knowledge and practice of arsenic. It linked with memory and lack of interest due to tedious maintenance procedure. Hence Arsenic free water can only be obtained sustainably if the above mentioned factors are solved. This will help in protecting and promoting health of citizens. Thus a healthy society and nation with arsenic free water can be imagined.Item Knowledge and practices on pest management(2009) Subedi, Indra Prasad; Shambhu P. KattelNot availableItem Resilience of earthquake affected Dalit people in Dhading, Nepal(2024) Acharya, Bhesh Raj; Binod PokharelAvailable in fulltextItem Soskhaa Tos, Performance and Economy in Kirat Nachhiring Rai(Central Department of English, Tribhuvan University,, 2024-07) Smita Rai; Dr. ShivaRijal ; SupervisorThis research work is based on Soskhaa Tos, a ritual performed by Kirat Nachhiring Rai.Soskhaa Tosis celebrated in the Nepali month of Fagun. On this occasion, Kirat Nachhiring Rai worship the land, nature for the better growth of crops and prepare themselves accordingly and also they worship their manesat the same time for their benediction bestowing upon the clan. This research attempts to show the performative andthe economic significance of Soskhaa Tos related with the pragmatic aspects of the clan. Ritual and economy have interdependent relationship with each-other so,both of them impact each-other. For the economic growth, production of agricultural products plays vital role and the production is impossible without the land and the skills to cultivate. Land is the main source of survival. Worshiping the land and nature means worshiping the components of environment. The community perform the ritual to worship the nature and the performance brings the ritual into its existence. So, environment is worshiped in this ritual, Soskhaa Tos. For the development of the country, economy plays the main role and economic development is not possible forgetting the environment and ritual. The medium is performance that gives life to the ritual, Soskhaa Tos.I have brought the performance theory by Richard Scheherazade Victor Turnerto analyze the ritualism the perspective of performance and Michel Callon's Performativity theory in economics isuses to support the idea of relation between ritual and economy. As this researcher talks about the economy, I have also brought the idea of Japanese economist Hiwaki Kensei's idea of culture and economics about sustainable development. Interviews with Mr. Bhupadhoj Thomoros, Mr. Tek Nachhiring and Mr. Balu Kubir Nachhiring who are working in the field of Kirat culture have done several times. I have taken reference from different books and watched online video on Soskhaa Tosand the ritual is analyzed from the perspective of economy. For the development of the country economy plays the main role and economic development is not possible forgetting the ritual and environment-is the conclusion of this re-research. Key Words: Soskhaa Tos, Ritual, Nachhiring, Clan, Manes, Worship, Performance, Environment,Crops, Economy, Pragmatic LifeItem माधवी उपन्यासमा जाति, पर्यावरण र क्षण {Madhavi Upanyasma Jati, Paryawaran ra kshan}(2081) दीपक प्रसाद दाहाल Dipak Prasad Dahal; प्रा.डा. कृष्णप्रसाद न्यौपाने; शोधनिर्देशकउपलब्ध छैन lItem Socio-cultural consequences of Phewa Lake water pollution an anthropological study in Pokhara(Department of Anthropology, 2009) Bhurtel, ShantaNot availableItem Education Status of Women in Thuladihi (Anthropological Case Study of Thuladihi VDC Syangja District)(Department of Anthropology, 2010) Pandey, Prem ChandNot availableItem Fertility behaviours of Magar women in Tanahunsur VDC of Tanahun District, Nepal(Department of Anthropology, 2017) Tripathee, PrabhaThis study deals with "Fertility Behaviours of Magar Women in Tanahunsur VDC of Tanahun District, Nepal." To complete this study primary and secondary data were collected. Only 99 respondents of Magar community of Tanahunsur VDC were taken to examine the relation of fertility with socio-economic and demographic variables. The specific objectives of this study are socio-economic and demographic characteristics of ever married women of aged (15-49) to assess the relationship between fertility and specific socio-economic variables as education, occupation, landholding size and also to study the relation with fertility (CEB) and some demographic variables like to age at marriage, child less experience and knowledge of family planning methods. Among the total sample population 46.3 percent were male and 53.6 percent were female. Out of the total population of both sexes of aged 5 years and above the literacy rate was accounted 84.9 percent and 15.1 percent were illiterate. Similarly, among the total population aged 5 years and above, 28.8 percent were involved in agriculture. Majority of the respondent were married at the age of 20 years which is accounted 48.5 percent. Magar community 98 (99.0) percent were married and only 1 (1.0) percent were widow. About 13.5 percent of the respondents had child loss experience. As the total number of 99 respondents100 percent had heard of family planning methods. The mean number of CEB was found to be 2.3 in Magar community. The number of CEB was found in increasing order with increasing aged of women within (45-49) age group had highest mean CEB of 3.3 per women. In this research, only about the Magar community of Tanahunsur VDC Tanahun has been studied. This type of study can be done in other area of Nepal taking the large study area applying different analysis method. This type of study may produce different new result and probably that result can describe the fertility behaviour of the people of Nepal in various ways.Item Effects of land acquisition on livelihood of people: A case study of Gautam Buddha international airport project Bhairahawa, Rupandehi(Department of Anthropology, 2023) Sharma, Surya PrasadThe Gautam Buddha International Airport Project in Bhairahawa, Nepal, has been one of the country's most significant infrastructure developments in recent years. However, the project's impact on local livelihoods due to land acquisition has been a subject of concern. The project has required the acquisition of large tracts of land, which has led to the displacement of communities and affected their livelihoods. This study aims to explore the effects of the Gautam Buddha International Airport Project on the livelihoods of the communities affected by land acquisition. The study employs a qualitative research approach and gathers data through interviews and focus group discussions with affected communities, government officials, and project stakeholders. The study finds that the land acquisition for the project has disrupted the traditional livelihood practices of the affected communities, leading to loss of income and increased vulnerability. However, the project has also created new employment opportunities, and some of the affected communities have been compensated with alternative land and monetary compensation. Overall, the study recommends a more inclusive and participatory approach to land acquisition and compensation, taking into account the social and cultural aspects of the affected communities.Item The impact of Begnas irrigation project on its command area Lekhnath municipality, Kaski(Department of Anthropology, 2010) Bhattarai, Rabindra NathNot availableItem Enculturation of Children in Hostel (An Ethnographic Study of Pestalozzi Children’s Education Centre, Pokhara)(Department of Anthropology, 2019) Shrestha, AjayEnculturation is a life-long process of inculcation whereby an individual learns the principles, values and symbols of social system in which he participates and the expresses them in the roles he enacts. Hostel is the social agent away from home, would definitely play important role in Enculturation process of the children. The study was conducted in Pestalozzi Children’s Education Centre, Birauta-17, Pokhara which was established in 2016. It is an INGO, non-religious, non-profit organization and provides scholarship to high aptitude but socioeconomically deprived children from government schools of rural areas of different districts of Nepal. It tenets the principle of 3Hs (Head, Heart and Hands) principle of Pestalozzi. The objectives of study were to explore the hostel life of children and to examine the hostel strategies in an enculturation process of children in PCEC hostel. Census method was used for sampling because the population was only 30 children (10 boys and 20 girls) aged between 11-14 years old. The research is qualitative in nature. Qualitative data were used. Secondary data comprised books, journals, articles and websites. Primary data was collected through interview with children and staff, observation and Focus Group Discussion with parents. Data was analyzed through qualitative method. The children were from rural villages of 9 different districts of Nepal and belongs to different ethnicity/caste. The hostel teaches responsibility, adjustment, adaptability, punctuality and acceptability among the children. Friends and staff plays important role for sharing feeling, learning, making safe environment of hostel. Hostel has formal structure and has lots of strict rules regarding timetable, food, manner, punishment and rewards to keep the children in discipline. The children miss the family the most during festivals, excitement and low times. Hostel provides self-development classes like carpentry, knitting, computer and gardening. To make children independent, they have regular duties like cleaning, washing, helping in kitchen in the hostel. The children learns about gender equality in hostel practically as boys and girls participate in all the activities equally.Item सङग्रहालयबारे नेपाली आगन्तुकहरूको बुझाई र सेवाहरूप्रतिको धारणा (अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय पर्वतीय सङग्रहालय पोखराको एक मानवशास्त्रीय अध्ययन) { Nepali Visitors' Understanding of Museums and Perceptions of Services (An Anthropological Study of the International Mountain Museum Pokhara)(मानवशास्त्र विभाग, 2020) जोशी Joshi, राजन RajanAvailable with full textItem Water Users Group Participation in Irrigation Management in Hemja Irrigation Project, Hemja, Nepal(Department of Anthropology, 2017) Kunwar, AnitaAvailable with full textItem Job Satisfaction among Female Teachers in Public Schools in Pokhara(Department of Anthropology, 2019) Gurung, Kumari Bheem“The job satisfaction among the Female Teachers of Public Schools” is a study on different dimensions of teaching women. The prime aim of this study is to find out the teachers perception on ‘Job Satisfaction’ and to identify the factors which affect job satisfaction. Out of 33 wards in Pokhara Metropolitan city, four wards were selected purposively for this study. There are seven Public Schools in these study area where total numbers of female teachers are 113. In any context education has played a vital role for overall development of the society in the history of mankind. It is duly said that history of mankind is just the history of education. The study has focused on the perception of female teachers regarding job satisfaction. It has been found that job satisfaction according to female teachers isn’t restricted to only salary rather there are other factors as well which they considers the influencing factors. The research shows friendly and supportive colleagues, interesting job, good employee- employer relationship, flexible and safe working place as the most important factors for job satisfaction. Almost all of them wanted some support from their family members for the betterment in their professional lives. Even they desired some sharing in their work with their family members. They do like multiple roles because it proves their capability. But they found it much more when they are not able to manage their roles and responsible in hard times. If female teachers has Gender Responsive working Environment there exists democratic norms in performing school activities teachers would enjoy more freedom of work and turn, her job satisfaction would be better in the present study. Directly or indirectly every respondents accepts that they are stuffed with more work load and responsibilities. Problem faced by women is stress caused by role conflict or multiple roles. There is close relationship between their incomes and expenditure. Their volume of expenditure generally shows their living standard and either they are enjoying the qualitative lives or not. Most of the female teachers are not given the proper opportunities. Also they are facing the problem of underestimation towards them.Item Participation of Local People in the construction and Management of Chautara in Pokhara Metropolitan(Department of Anthropology, 2019) Thapa, AshimaAvailable with full textItem Adaptation Strategies of Migrants: A Study of Hemja, Pokhara Metropolitan City(Department of Anthropology, 2019) Thapa, Tirtha KumariThis study was carried out in Myagdi Chowk, Hemja Pokhara Metropolitan city with the main objective focused on the causes, consequences and adaptation strategies of migrants in Myagdi Chowk, Hemja. This study is based on the study of 150 households under purposive sampling. Data collection techniques were observation, interview and case study. A range of factors is associated with the internal migration of people from their ancestral habitations to Myagdi Chowk, Hemja. The main push factors of migration are the lack of higher education, lack of fertile land, Maoist insurgency and political threats, geographical difficulties, lack of facilities, poor income at the place of origin. The main attraction in Myagdi Chowk are facilities of higher education, fertile land, urban facilities, easy adaption to cultural social status and job opportunities which are not available at the place of origin. Most of the migrants are of economically, physically, mentally active age group (15-59) which portrays that the age factors play a determining role in migration process. Hence it is deduced that migration to Hemja is the result of unbalanced distribution of natural resources and development efforts at the place of origin. Anthropologically migration of people is imperative embedded with centre-periphery relations and population movements produced by regional and global political, economic, and historical processes. The number of migrants who were forced to move by different factors depended largely on the adaptation strategies. The major coping strategies involves an increase in informal sector activity, with previously non-earning household members entering the petty commodity sector, as well as wage-earners taking on supplementary cash-earning activities to adjust to the cost-of living at new destination. Hence it is revealed that the relationship between migration and adaptation is multifold: it concerns not only the regions of origin and destination, but also the migratory movements themselves. The development of adaptation strategies in the regions of origin will be the only way to limit the scale of migration flows to new destinations. However, adaptation should not be exclusively reserved to the region of origin: migration, especially if it is gradual, results in increased demographic pressure on resources in the region of destination. It is only by developing adaptation measures that the host region will be able to cope with increased demographic pressure. Here, a different type of adaptation is needed: it is no longer a question of coping with the impacts of various pushing factors themselves, but with various socioeconomic consequences of adaptation. Prices rise, unavailability of affordable housing, emerging social tension, conflicts, rising human density etc are some of the key concerns of migrants in Hemja. These issues can be particularly acute in future when migrants search for better life without adequately prepared for them. Essential facilities like education, health, drinking water, employment opportunity at the place of origin can control the internal migration. Female education should be encouraged and motivated.Item A Study of Prevalence and Self Care Practices on Hypertension among Adults in Pokhara,Kaski,Nepal(Department of Anthropology, 2019) Sunar, GyanendraAs an economic low-income country, Nepal is experiencing cardiovascular diseases as an emerging health problem. However, studies are lacking on the self-care practices of hypertension diseases in urban communities. Where the socio-demographical transition is in progress. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and self-care practices of respondents on the hypertension disease in Pokhara-27, Nepal. Study design and setting this was a community-based, Description study carried out in Pokhara metropolitan-27 from June 2019 to August 2019. Study site represents one of the rapidly urbanizing places near second city (Pokhara) of Nepal. Study population, sample size and sampling strategy study respondents included adult (>25 years), of any sex and residing as a permanent resident. Sample size was 384. This study conveniently selected 384 respondents. Altogether, 384 adults from to 25 to 60 years of age were selected conveniently. Data were collected through modified WHO STEPS questionnaire for noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors survey and analyzed in SPSS software. Mean age of the respondents was 41 years. Majority of them were male(n=248;64.6%),(43%) represented Brahman and Chetri were 16.4%.Cardiovascular disease risk factors included smoking (32.8%), alcohol consumption (21.4%), insufficient fruit and vegetables intake (%), insufficient physical activity (66.9%), and hypertension (22.1%), They were significantly associated with different socio-demographic characteristics: smoking with gender, age groups and education level; alcohol consumption was with gender, age groups, ethnicity and occupation; insufficient physical activity with gender, age groups and occupation; hypertension with gender, age groups, ethnicity, education level and occupation. A description study was among 384 adults in the Pokhara valley of Kaski district. The study period was from June to August 2019. The level of knowledge and level of practice on hypertension is still very low in people. Result shows that the level of knowledge is significantly associated with the level of practice. People having good knowledge show good practice in their daily life. The level of knowledge and practice among adults is very poor. So, health Programme and BCC should be conducted for increasing awareness and for improving behavior of adults.