Rural Development

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/43

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Community forestry and rural development in Nepal (a study of CFUGs of Palpa, Parbat and Rupandehi districts)
(2025) Sharma, Damodar; Rajesh Kumar Rai
Community forestry is a forest management approach where local communities are given rights and responsibilities to manage, use, and protect forest resources sustainably. It promotes environmental conservation while improving livelihoods and empowering local people through participatory decision-making. Community forests play a crucial role in enhancing well-being of local people through the conservation management of forests. They provide numerous benefits that improve the livelihoods of Community Forest User Groups by offering resources, employment opportunities, and ecosystem services. However, forest user groups often face challenges in management, utilization, benefit sharing, and resolving forest-related conflicts, which can hinder their effectiveness. Despite their potential, community forests sometimes fail to address the needs of poor and marginalized people who rely on forest resources, highlighting the need for more inclusive policies and equitable benefit distribution. In this context, this study is carried out in three physiographic regions (Mountain, Hill and Tarai) of Nepal to find out the socio-economic benefits and challenges faced by the forest user groups in improving the livelihood, especially of poor rural families. The study adopted stratified random sampling as districts were stratified by physiographic regions and selected randomly. Three districts were selected representing these physiographic regions: Parbat from mountain region (only forest user groups situated more than 3,000 m altitude), Palpa from hill region and Rupandehi from Tarai region were selected with size and involvement basis. The study borrows from several theoretical frameworks, including Basic Resource Theory, Common Property Theory, and the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. These theories identify that rural development is dependent on the availability, access, and management of natural resources, and that community participation and equitable governance are crucial for sustainability through the active group mobilization. The livelihood framework identifies five significant capital assets natural, human, social, physical, and financial—that are the components of rural well-being and sustainable rural livelihoods. The study indicated that CFUGs have contributed enormous socio-economic and environmental benefits to the rural people of Nepal. These benefits have assisted in improving rural well-being, neighborhood development, and environmental sustainability with positive effect in improving rural household livelihoods. Despite many successes, the research finds several existing and emerging challenges facing CFUGs in equitable and sustainable community forest management. This thesis explores the socio-economic and environmental contributions of Community CFUGs in rural Nepal towards improved rural livelihood and sustainable rural development. The thesis also identifies the significant challenges to equitable management and benefit-sharing of forest products, especially to poor and marginalized groups, and challenges faced by these groups to achieve their objectives. The study is conducted in three districts Palpa, Parbat, and Rupandehi covering Terai, Mid-hills, and Hills, where community forestry has been widely implemented. The study concludes that community forestry has significantly contributed to rural development by enhancing natural, social, human, physical, and financial capitals. It has improved forest conditions, provided essential resources like firewood, timber, and water, and created employment and economic opportunities for local communities. Community Forest User Groups have also promoted education, inclusion, and environmental conservation, playing a crucial role in sustainable development. However, challenges such as elite dominance, unequal resource access, and limited participation of marginalized groups persist as well as three tires governments' taxation process persist. Despite these issues, community forestry remains a powerful tool for rural upliftment and aligns with Nepal’s sustainable development goals. It is therefore recommended that further research be conducted to explore the development of a flexible umbrella policy framework. Such a framework would allow each CFUG to tailor local-specific rules, programs, and governance models that reflect the unique cultural, ecological, and economic conditions of their communities. This adaptive policy approach could significantly enhance the effectiveness, responsiveness, and long-term sustainability of community forestry initiatives in Nepal and beyond.
Social impact of community drinking water program ( A case study of drinking water and sanitation project in Putalibazar Municipality-9 Lamage, Syangja district)
(2006) Giri, Bishnu; Umesh Acharya
Not available
Socio- economic analysis of tourism in pachabhaiya a case study of pachabhaiya, Kaski district, nepal
(2017) Bhandari, Rabi Raj; Suman Kharel
Available in fulltext
Effects of climate change on agriculture: a study of Sigas rural municipality - 02, Baitadi, Nepal
(2025) Dhami, Yadav Singh; Suman Kharel
Climate change is a pressing global issue, characterized by major and long term variations in temperature and precipitation. Climate change is a serious issue that significantly affects security of food and agricultural productivity, particularly in highly vulnerable nations like Nepal. The main aim of this study, entitled "Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Study of Sigas Rural Municipality - 02, Baitadi, Nepal," is to explore how climate change affects agricultural activities and its production in that area. The research aims include examining rainfall and temperature trends, assessing their effects on agricultural production, and investigating the adaptation methods used by locals. This study used a mixed-methods approach. Using surveys and key informant interviews with local stakeholders, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. According to the findings, many people in Sigas Rural Municipality depend on agriculture for their livelihood, making them particularly vulnerable to climate changes. The Meteorology data show that climate variables have changed significantly in recent years, with less rainfall and higher temperatures, reducing crop yields and agriculture sustainability. This study also underlines the issues that farmers face, such as higher insect and disease occurrences, changing cropping timelines, and water problems because of longer dry spells. Farmers adopted a variety of adaptation techniques in response to these problems. However, the effectiveness of these strategies varies according to resource availability and understanding. Finally, this study also highlights the critical need for targeted actions and policy changes to strengthen agricultural resilience in the present threat of climate change. By combining local knowledge with modern agricultural practices, the study hopes to provide significant insights for policymakers and stakeholders. It can be beneficial to people who are involved in improving adaptive capacities in rural communities affected by climate variation. This study's findings hold significance for maintaining food security and long-term development in Nepal's agricultural sector regarding climate constraints.
Stakeholder’s perspective on poverty reduction a study of slum area in Kathmandu metropolitan city, ward no – 14, Nepal
(2025) Aryal, Rahul; Suman Kharel
This study explores the Stakeholder’s Perspective on Poverty Reduction: A Study of Slum Areas in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Ward No. 14, Nepal. Despite global advancements in poverty alleviation, Nepal continues to face significant socio economic challenges that perpetuate poverty, particularly in urban slum communities. The primary objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of programs implemented by local governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in improving living conditions, access to essential services, and economic opportunities for the urban poor. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative data collected through household surveys with qualitative insights obtained from key informant interviews. The findings reveal that while certain improvements have been achieved, the overall impact of poverty reduction initiatives remains limited. Government programs have moderately enhanced access to healthcare and financial assistance but have shown limited success in areas such as job training, education, and housing. Similarly, NGO efforts have provided essential services and short-term relief, yet they have not significantly contributed to long-term economic stability or infrastructure development. The study highlights the necessity of more holistic and targeted strategies that address the root causes of poverty and foster sustainable development. Key recommendations include enhancing collaboration between government bodies and NGOs, prioritizing investment in education and skills development, and formulating policies that promote economic inclusion and resilience. By focusing on these critical areas, stakeholders can more effectively support the urban poor in achieving sustainable livelihoods and breaking the cycle of poverty.
Impact of child clubs participation in community development: a study of Dhading district
(Central Department of Rural Development, 2016) Joshi, Naba Raj; Prajwal Man Pradhan
This study, titled "Impact of Child Club in Community Development: A Case Study of Pida VDC of Dhading District," explores the role of child clubs as defenders and promoters of children's rights and their broader implications in Nepalese society. Focusing on eight child clubs newly merged from seven different groups within an ethnically mixed community in Pida VDC, Dhading District, the research examines how children's participation in these clubs has influenced community development and social awareness. The study reveals that children, through these clubs, have emerged as competent social actors capable of making informed decisions on issues affecting their lives. Despite existing challenges such as low awareness and traditional societal practices that often limit child participation, the child clubs have cultivated a sense of collective agency among children. This increased participation has not only empowered children in decision-making but also highlighted their issues within the community. The clubs have had a positive impact, as evidenced by the personal growth and advocacy shown by participating children. While the main focus of the clubs has been personality development to help children navigate daily challenges, they have simultaneously played a significant role in promoting children's rights. Overall, the research underscores the transformative potential of child clubs in fostering child agency, raising rights awareness, and contributing to community development in Nepal.
Impact assessment of drinking water supply and sanitation project in Sankhrapur municipality – 2, Kathmandu, Nepal
(Central Department of Rural Development, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2025) Shrestha, Ayush; Bishnu Bahadur Khatri
This academic study was focused on ―Impact Assessment of Drinking WaterSupply and Sanitation Project in Sankhrapur Municipality, Kathmandu Nepal” which is a project area of Neighbor Society Service Company (NSSC) and has exacted a community-based water supply and sanitation project. The study adopted a mixed method, so conducted household survey for quantitative data collection and conducted focus group discussion and key information interview for qualitative data collection. The general objective of the study was to evaluate the socio-economic impact of drinking water supply and sanitation project. Similarly, other objectives were to assess the socio-economic status of the project beneficiaries, to assess the economic and social impacts of the drinking water project on the local people and to examine the contribution of beneficiaries for environmental an sustainability. The study followed evaluative research design and employed both qualitative and quantitative data. A total 105 households were surveyed for the collection of the data. Focus Group Discussion and Key Information Interview were also conducted for the purpose of collecting qualitative data for data triangulation. Both qualitative and quantitative data revealed that the project had a significant positive impact socially, economically and environmentally. The project helped to reduce the time spent fetching water, created new income generation activities, improved household income and productivity, allocated time and funds into priority area and reduced expenses related to healthcare and water collection. Similarly, the project has contributed to bring change in traditional gender norms, change in attitude towards hygiene practices and cultural change towards health practices which have contributed to improved public health. The environment has also positively benefitted from the project, the project has contributed to improving waste segregation practice and reducing visual pollution, and tree plantation water conservation practices such as water re-use and rainwater harvesting have also improved after the project. WSUC and involvement of beneficiaries in community discussion and contribution of fund by beneficiaries and local government for operation, repair and maintenance have contributed for the long-term sustenance of the water infrastructure.
Community led total sanitation programs & practices: an impact study of CLTS program in Jugathapachaur VDC, Jajarkot
(2015) Shah, Kanta; Chandra Lal Shrestha
Available in fulltext
The marriage system among Tharu community: A case study of Bhangaha VDC, Mahottari
(2015) Singh, Ajay Kumar; Bindu Pokharel
Available in full text
Accessibility and availability of health care facilities in konjyosom rural municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal
(2024) Tamang, Bidhyan; Suman Kharel
Available in fulltext
Role of women in household decision making (a case study of Hansposha VDC, Sunsari)
(2014) Rai, Ganga Devi; Kedar Nath Niroula
Available in fulltext
An analysis of socio-economic impact of investment on roads (a case study of local bodies investment on rural roads Kurule Tenupa VDC, Dhankuta)
(2013) Dahal, Hukum Prasad; Kedar Nath Niraula
Available in fulltext
An analysis of budget allocation to target groups and people participation at VDC council meeting (a case study of local bodies in Dhankuta district by using right to information act)
(2015) Trital, Nodanath; Kedar Nath Niraula
Available in fulltext
Potentialities of rural tourism in Okharkot VDC, Pyuthan
(2016) Yadav, Pawan Kumar; Chandra Lal Shrestha
Available in full text
Socio-Economic impact of biogas users (A case study of Gulariya Municipality, Bardiya district)
(2007) Sharama, Chandra; Rhiddi Bir Singh
Available in full text
Problems and prospects of tourism industry ; a case study of Ghorepani, Shikha VDC of Myagdi
(2016) Sharma, Rita; Prem Sharma
Western development region including Myagdi district of Ghorepani has huge potential for tourism industry. This region has historical, cultural, religions and naturally important different sites and most of them are unexplored and unidentified. Government's role, plans, policies, institutional arrangements are important for the development and management of tourism. They serve several important functions including tourism planning and development, coordination, marketing and promotion, regulation and control. These all are in crisis in the region. The main objectives of the study are; to explore the present situation of tourism, to analyze the trend of tourist arrival, and to identify the problem and prospects of tourism in the study area. In this study the explanatory and descriptive research design has applied. Out of 35 VDC and 1 Municipality in Myagdi district ward no.6 of Shikha VDC was taken purposively and the 65 respondents (45 local people, 10 tourist and 10 hotelier) were selected as randomly. The major problems of tourist identified from this study in the region are proper consecration of nature, infrastructure and facilities development, lack of proper tourism planning and implementation, poor implementation of existing rules and regulations, lack of marketing and promotion, lack of coordination between local organizations. The major prospects of tourism identified from this study in the region are: friendly people, natural beauty, historical sites, cultural diversity, protected areas; market in abundance. In the study area there is one of the famous historical tourism side of Myagdi. We can promote village tourism, religious tourism as well as community based tourism in this area. The main conclusion from this study is that the proper co-ordinations, collaboration and co-operation must be necessary among the government bodies for tourism development local organizations, entrepreneurs and peoples for the tourism development of the region and district for the one of the main instruments and government's role would be the most.
Educational status of Tharu community ; A case study of Munuwa VDC, Kailali District
(2015) Bhandari, Laxmi Kumari; Bindu Pokharel
ABSTRACT Tharu people are indigenous people of the Terai regions of Nepal who are mostly reside on the foothills of the Chure and Siwali rang from east to west of Nepal. Tharu are basically agricultural peasant. Tharus population occupies 6.75 percent of the total population of Nepal. Mostly Tharu people are found in western Terai of Nepal such as Dung, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur which occupy 30-50 percent of the total district population. Education is systematic instruction to acquire knowledge. Education is the backbone of development of a country which develops the skills and capabilities of citizens. Education is the necessary precondition of development and national integration. Therefore, it should go simultaneously prior to the process of development. The objective of the study is to find the educational status of Tharu community and specific objectives are to identify the relationship between socio-economic and educational status in Tharu community, to examine problems associated with educational attainment and to find out the causes of drop-out of Tharu students from the school. Fifty households have been selected to met the objective of this study. Household survey, questionnaire and key informant interview have been used to collect the primary data. The collected data have been classified in different categories and interpret using simple mathematical device. Out of 50 HHs, males and female respondents are respectively 26 and 24. It has been found that 38 percent respondents are illiterate and 62 percent are literate. Majority of the students attend school. Some of students do not attend school. The main reason of being absence is poor economic condition which accounts 32.6 percent. Dropout situation is one of the major problems of education in Tharu community. Maximum numbers of Tharu students go to school but only few of them complete their education. Regarding status of dropout 23.46 percent have dropped out of total students 196. Out of dropped out students, majority of students (52.17 %) have dropped out in secondary level followed by (39.13 %) in lower secondary level and very few (6.52 %) in primary level. Likewise, the dropout rate is high who are involved in agriculture and labour wages which are (84.18%) and (22.95%) respectively. The least students are dropped out who are involved in Govt/ Private Service and their own business which are (2.55 %) and 5.10 (%) respectively. The causes of student dropout from school are of domestic work (34.78 %), poor economic income (32.60%), failure in the examination (15.21%), long distance (2.17%) and lack of awareness (15.21%). Out to the total students of age group 5-14 years have enrolled in government and private school which accounts 70 percent and 30 percent respectively. Educational status of Tharu community is not satisfactory due to poor economic condition and other several reasons. But the attitude of Tharu community forward education has been positively changing gradually and enrollment ratio of Tharu students in school has been increasing. Most of the Tharu people have been trapped in a vicious circle of poverty therefore, it is essential to improve the economic condition of Tharu propel through various intensive income generating activities
Micro finance in socio economic status of women ; a case study of Nirdhan Utthan Bank Limited Kelena VDC, Doti district Nepal
(2014) Ghimire, Sushil; Prem Sharma
ABSTRACT Micro Finance is source of financial services for focused member which includes small and regular saving, loan to invest on small enterprise, remittance, insurance and idea about financial planning on the basis of household cash flow.Micro Finance is not just bank for poor which is social and economic empowerment mission for whole development. Existing in between two financially rising country India and China Nepal has much low percapita income (25.2 percent are under poverty earning lower than $ 2 per day according to Census 2011) and high illiteracy (more than 35 percent in total population and 57.4 percent women to ward women population). Financial viability and literacy seems inter related. When we go for reason of poverty on Nepal following points playing vital role and becoming challenge to come out from vicious circle of poverty: 1. Lack of access on education as well as equality over education. 2. Unfair distribution of property. 3. Geographical condition of Nepal. 4. Caste and class discrimination and lack of consciences. Poverty measurement tool is multidimensional because we can gauge poverty from the eye of income level, living standard, social involvement and human development also. Rural women who are even back on opportunity of empowerment, education and financial access because of this their involvement is limited on household work and reproduction. Nepalese tradition and social custom is one of deep rooted reason on the prevailing condition of women. Most of women survive on dependency during their whole life.Depend on parent before marriage, depend on husband after marriage and depend on son on old age. Despite the condition of Nepalese women we could find some slow change on poverty while reading reports such as Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) prepared by Oxford university data shows decreased poverty on 2011 in comparison to 2006. After restoration of multiparty system on Nepal (1990) different donor and government started microfinance program to empower the deprived group (women, dalit and pro poor) from rural and urban area. On 20th century this is accepted micro finance is contributing tool to empower women because micro finance with women has been worldwide practice. Nepal Rastra Bank has supported to groom micro finance practice making compulsory for commercial and development banks to invest on percentage basis of lending. To serve micro finance service Nirdhan born on 1991 as a NGO and started banking operation from 1993 which receive LBL from NRB on 1994. Banks dense on Terai with their financial services opening branches and mountain area remain neglected long where a few cooperatives, CBOs and self-help groups providing saving and credit services from a bit long before. Silgadhi is mountain market place of far west Nepal where Nirdhan operated branch on 2067/5/20 BS.The coverage areas of NUBL Dipayal Silgadi are Ladagada VDC, Pachanali VDC, Latamandu VDC, Kalena VDC and Dipayal Silgadi Municipality of Doti district and this thesis study related with Kalena VDC. The main objective of this study is to find socio economic status and increasing level awareness of rural women with the involvement on micro finance at Kalena VDC. Access of financial service, education problem and lack of awareness is main issue to let women back ward. This study tried to research over these fundamental elements so that study is rational. Out of 116 members from seven centers 70 members are taken sample through random sample method and information gathered through interview, record system and key informant. For data evaluation simple percentage method is applied. To find out change over income level mean and coefficient of variance is applied. Slide discussion with key informant was centered regarding evaluation of bank performance at Kalena VDC.
Socio-economic status of the Dhimal's (a study of Urlabari VDC, Morang)
(2006) Neupane, Surendra; Damodar Jnawali
Not available
Socio-economic study of Dalits ( A case study of Dalits of Halawar VDC of Dang district)
(2009) Sharma, Laxmi; Mahendra Singh
Abstract The present thesis entitled "SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF DALITS: A Case Study of Dalits of Halawar VDC of Dang District" is the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Rural Development. The general objective of the study is to find out the socio-economic condition of Dalits of the study area. The caste system exists in every country around the world, maybe not like in Nepal but in one way or another. The existence of superiority and inferiority due to skin color, religion, economic status, and social status is seen all over the world. The caste system was not created by some person like a king, but rather it developed out of a practice of a society over several thousands of years. Dalits are found in all the seventy-five districts of Nepal and their population is 2,341,030. Dalits are religiously discarded, socially oppressed, economically exploited, politically suppressed and educationally deprived. Due to all these reason, they remain backward and far from modern development initiatives. The study is based on both descriptive and exploratory methods. Both primary and secondary data have been used in the study. Primary data have been collected using households survey, interview, observation and focus group discussion. Ward number one and two are purposively selected for the study and 50% households of Dalits have been selected as the sample for the study. The selection of the study households has been done by using random sampling. After analyzing the data, poverty, education, culture, self-consciousness, leadership quality, discriminatory practice and gender balance are concluded as the socio-economic issues of the Dalits in the study area. Dalits does not have proper knowledge about their health and sanitation due to the lack of education and awareness. They still have old beliefs, tradition, values and go blindly with superstition. Literacy rate is very poor among the Dalits population. They do not know the importance of education. They utilize their indigenous skill and knowledge to fulfill their domestic requirements since the skill of these people do not play significant role to bring change in their economic status. The Nepalese society is deeply influenced by the caste discrimination and untouchability. Dalits are suffering from this tradition in Halawar VDC also. The development activities and motivation activities to them and awareness increasing programme to Dalits are playing vital role to change their attitudes and concept. The caste discrimination is gradually decreasing after the restoration of democracy. Finally, it can be concluded that the socio-economic condition of Dalits is not satisfactory because of illiteracy, poverty, low level of awareness, lack of self consciousness, discrimination and lack of leadership quality. However, awareness level is increasing among the Dalits.

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