Rural Development

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/43

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Women participation at policy making process in community Rural Electrification entities ( CREE) A case study of 40 CREEs in Nepal
(2017) Timalsina, Kala; Umesh Prasad Acharya
Access to electricity impacts women and men differently. This thesis examines women’s role in Community Rural Electricity Entities (CREEs) of Nepal, participation in policy making process and experiences of women in these CREEs. Access to electricity has definitely increased women’s productive time, reduced drudgery but has not addressed women’s ability to manage community based organizations in various sectors and has not yet seen women as leaders. The main objective of this study is to find out the participation of women in policy making process of CREEs in Nepal. The study is based upon the primary data collected from the field survey. The main tool of the study is questionnaire and techniques are one to one interview. The key informant interview and focus group discussion was also conducted using the checklist. The respondents of the survey are female members in the CREEs whereas the key informant includes male and female members involved in this sector as academic, researcher, activists, etc. Participation is a process through which stakeholder influence and share control over priority setting, policymaking and recourse allocation. This has been analyzed and from the study, it is found that females are not so active in policy making process as compared to their male counterparts. Reasons might be education level, availability of time, men seeing women in different roles, etc. Some suggestions have been made for ways to raise women’s role in policy making process. The most prominent one is raising awareness and training to women on leadership and organizational management. An in-depth investigation could not be performed because of time limitation and access to data. Since this study included wide range of female respondents from many districts, due to resource limitation, data collection required quite a long time.
Socio - economic status of women stone crushers a case study of Sita paila VDC of Kathmandu district
(2011) Thapa, Tripti; Tulasi Sharan Sigdel
This thesis is a study of the socio economic status of women stone crushers in Sita Paila V.D.C. The main aim of this study was to find out the socio economic condition of women stone crushers. For this purpose, ward no. 5 of Sita Paila, namely Aadeshwar Mahadev, was selected where there was a stone mine with an approximate number of 500 stone crushers working there, among which a total of 120 workers were estimated to be women. The main questions addressed in this thesis are: what is the social situation, economic status, work condition, health status and attitude of the women stone crushers? Thus the objectives of the study were to find out the social status of women stone crushers, their economic condition, their health condition, their situation at their workplace and general attitude towards their occupation. The methodology used was interviews conducted in the field, which were supplemented with the review of the available literature on the issue. The findings of this field study regarding the social status of women stone crushers clearly reflected that very few respondents lived in joint families whereas the rest (90 percent) lived in nuclear families. It was also found that they did not face any problems in their family regarding their work. These are strong indicators to explain their degree of freewill at home and at their workplace. Almost half of the respondents were found to have more than three children which signify lack of family planning awareness. The result of the study with respect to the economic status clearly showed that they were paid in accordance to how much stones they were able to crush. Also, it was seen that they could choose to either work or not work. Hence, they had their free will on how much they wanted to work. There were not any hard and fast rules at their workplace. For most of the women stone crushers, their family’s average income per month started from approximately Rs. 4000 up to Rs.10000. It was found that 60 percent of the respondents mentioned that their family’s monthly income was sufficient signifying the attitude of self dependence and self pride. The problems they faced due to insufficient salary were; their income was not enough to cater to the needs of their children’s education as well as food and lodging. Regarding changes at their workplace, 83 percent of the respondents mentioned that they had not experienced any changes. Also, none of them were engaged in other income generating activities. The study further revealed that 32 percent had been away from work due to accidents. The type of accident was mostly minor injuries like cuts and bruises, eye injuries and eye infection and some having serious accidents leading to fracture of legs and hands due to heavy stones. It was found that 48 percent of the respondents solely took care of the household activities. Most of their children were grown-ups, some brought their the children at the site, for the remaining their children were looked after by their relatives , neighbours and husbands. Regarding health condition, it was found that 45 percent had suffered from various illness/ disease within the past six months. Among them 78 percent mentioned going for allopathic treatment. It was further revealed that 40 percent of the respondents mentioned having health problems due to their occupation which included illness/ diseases such as respiratory problem, limb problems and eye problems. Regarding the attitude towards their work it was found that 54 percent of the women stone crushers mentioned that they were satisfied with their work and 23 percent were happy. Among the respondents who mentioned that they felt that their work as a stone crusher was miserable(23 percent) the solution they gave to improve their situation was higher wages and good working condition. With respect to their view about stone crushers, 45 percent of the respondents mentioned that being a stone crusher is a good opportunity for those who are unemployed and uneducated, 25 percent mentioned that they did not have any comments, 20 percent said that being a stone crusher is a harsh experience whereas the remaining 10 percent mentioned that they were very happy and proud to be a stone crusher. Hence, the research contributes to giving a picture of the situation of women stone crushers in Nepal. The study shows the picture of the social, economic, work and health status of women stone crushers and to some extent, their attitude and aspirations. The study also discusses on various recommendations made on the same
Nature of poverty on tharu community in Nepal (a case study of kumroj VDC, Chitwan district)
(2006) Pathak, Narendra; Pradeep Kumar Khadka
Not available
Integrated pest management practices in organic framing: a case study of Chandragiri municipality Thankot
(2024) Rai, Devi Maya; Ramesh Neupane
An Integrated Pest Management practice in organic framing (a case study of Chandragiri municipality ward no.-3, Thankot) is a representative vision of the reality. Objective of the research is to study about social culture and economic Background of farmers, to analyze the knowledge of Integrated Pest Management in organic farming and to analyze the contribution of Integrated Pest Management in production, income and employments generation. Descriptive and exploratory research design was used in this research. Both qualitative and quantitative data has collected in this study. Out of total 1040 household in Chandragiri Municipality Ward No. 3 (Matikhel area) of Thankot, 140 have taken on the basis of simple random sampling method. Under simple random sampling method lottery system has used for the selection of the sample. In this study both the farmers following organic farming and nonorganic farming farmers has included.Household Survey and Key Informants Interview was the main tools ofdata collection. Integrated Pest Management practice suggests to dig a little bit deeper than normal, organic pesticide should be used which don't harm friendly insects. It urges to use net for bad insects. Pest control procedures and farming may be categorized under different headings such as cultural, biological, chemical etc. However, there is now a strong tendency to use two or more approaches together in a system of integrated control and is called as “Integrated Pest Management”. Integrated Pest Management blending of two or more control measures in order to control pests below economic injury level. Pesticides due to its high toxicity adversely affect the balance between pest and their natural enemies like predators and parasitoids on many crops; including food, vegetable etc. An avoidance of pesticide during the main period of predator activity is desirable but in vegetable the periods of the activities of the major pests and their predators get synchronized at different density levels. Indigenous knowledge should be promoted in organic pesticide. The concept of pest management depends on the population dynamics of the pest and the level of the damage caused by them. The use of pesticides for plant protection has steadily increased. Increasing demands for chemical pesticides resulted in private dealerships selling and distributing pesticides throughout the country. Integrated Pest Management in the context of biological knowledge, to achieve a satisfactory reduction or maintenance of pest population below the damage threshold, it should be appreciated that the decisions whether or not to apply control measures are usually required before pest populations reach the damage threshold. Income However, care should be taken not to overdose on pesticides because these can lead to a high residue level of toxic substances in the vegetable. Pest that commonly attack the crops includes grasshopper mites, thrips, jassids, moth, beetles and defoliating caterpillars. The presence of pesticide residues in food commodities has always a matter of serious concern. The level of pesticide residue in foodstuffs are generally legislated so as to minimize or unnecessary intake of pesticides. Labour can be minimize with the use of Integrated Pest Management due to good soil. There is possibility of more production due to better soil management.
Opportunities and challenges of small and mediun- sized enterprises in Lumbini province, nepal
(2024) Poudel, Chhavi Kiran; Bishnu Bahadur khatri
To boost up the Nepalese economy, there is an urgent need to substantially promote small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). However, there are very limited studies that highlighted the challenges faced by entrepreneurs while operating the SMEs and opportunities that investors should have insights for their effective operations. Therefore, this study was conceptualized in the Lumbini Province of Nepal which have high potentiality of development and sustainable operationalization of SMEs. The data required for this study were collected through face-to-face interview with SMEs entrepreneurs (n=130) with the help of semi-structured questionnaire. Further, key informants’ interviews (n=15) and focus groups discussions (n=5) were also done for the triangulation of obtained information. At present, 68492 SMEs in total were found to be operating in Lumbini province, Nepal that comprises of 10.33% of national SMEs. Both provincial and national trends of SMEs displayed an upward trajectory, indicating ongoing growth in the number of SMEs during the last five years. Similarly, majority of SMEs entrepreneurs think that innovation, scale of business, access to finance, innovation, work experience, and geography are the major factors that provide ample opportunities for running the SMEs successfully in future at their sites. Additionally, thirteen major types of challenges were being faced by the entrepreneurs among which technological backwardness, absence of regulatory environment, inadequate training and infrastructure availability were ranked as the top five challenges. These findings can guide academia, policymakers, and stakeholders in enhancing future research, policymaking, situational analyses, and the structuring of SMEs support initiatives. This study also suggested targeted government initiatives to leverage identified success factors for SMEs enhancement in Lumbini province.
Impact of child marriage in women health in nepal; A study of Sinja rural municipality of Jumla district
(2024) Khatri, Sandhya; Ramesh Neupane
Child marriage which is also referred to as early marriage is an emerging economicand health concern and remains a widespread problem in Nepal. Women, who makeup more than half of the population, face significant marginalization in literacy,education, job opportunities, health, legal rights, inheritance, and control over theirlives. This study, focused on the women of Sinja Rural Municipality in Jumla District,aims to provide information on their health conditions and the trend of early marriage. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with 100 randomlyselected married women. 36 women are illiterate, 64 literates, among the 64 literaterespondents, 40 have primary education, and 20 secondary education; none haveuniversity education. 50% are involved in agriculture and household work, 38% arelaborers, and 8% run businesses. Only one respondent is in formal service. 74%married between ages 15-19, 10% between the age of 20-24, and 14% under 15, andonly one at 29. And 30% visit public hospitals, 10% private hospitals, 36% rely ontraditional healers, and 24% have never visited a hospital. 50% were pregnant beforeage 15. Early marriage is prevalent due to poverty, lack of education, large families,and cultural norms. 36% visit hospitals only when in pain, 20% visit once duringpregnancy, and 24% never visit. Most births occur at home, risking lives. Majority ofrespondents has experienced complications during delivery and after. Few usecontraceptives, mainly permanent methods. Women face heavy workloads, lack restduring and after pregnancy, and do not receive adequate healthcare or nutrition. Thesocio-cultural and economic structures perpetuate these issues, with women bearing asignificant workload and relying on traditional healers due to limited access to formalhealthcare. Addressing these challenges requires improving education, healthcare access, socio-economic conditions, and changing cultural norms regarding marriage age.Comprehensive efforts are essential to improve the health of women in this area.
Women participation on decision making process at the household level; A case study of Kakani Rural Municipality Kakani, Nuwakot
(2024) Pudasini, Samjhana; Ramesh Neupane
This thesis exploresparticipation of women in the decision-making processes withinhousehold .It examines the various factors influencing women involvement indecision ranging from financial matters to everyday household management. Thestudy utilizes a mixed method approach, combining with qualitative andquantitativesurvey key finding indicated education status, cultural norms and level of the supportfrom their spouses and families The objective of the study is to analyze, to the find out participation of the women indecision making power in household activities in socio-economical aspect. The datainformation is basedon primary data which is collected through interview, focusgroup discussion and key information analysis. The study is made to find out rolesmale is sporting the women to uplift women decision making with household. Theoutcome of the study helps in the identification of the problem of the area which willhelp in information and implement the appropriate polices. The study analyze the participation of the women in decision making process. it wasnoticed that women age 30- 45 were more participate in respondent with 44.7%..94%respondent follow hindusim. All the respondent were married with low educationlevel the main occupation was agriculture and 73.3% of respondent has foodsufficient for whole year. The respondent owes the income but decision for the expenses is determined byhusband. Husband decide for the buying and selling of the cattle,property andjewellary. 34% husband decide for celebrating festival. The decision for caringchildren and olds decides by respondents.60.7% of the respondents visit hospitalwhen they fill ill. couple decides for selecting school of the children. Respondentdecides for the family planning.98% of are satsified with home environment. 42% ofthe women controls household dispute. 88.7% has authority to take decision. On the basic of the finding we can conclude that early marriage should be discouragefrom the household, society, encourage the gender equality in the society to reducegender bias. Men should encourage the women to work themselves promoting self -dependence and societal empowerment. Local government should play crucial roleand address the specific issue faced by women within their communities.
Impact analysis of homestay tourism in bhada village of Dhanghadi sub- metropolitan City, Kailali
(2024) Agri, Ishwor Kumar; Rajan Binayek Pasa
Homestay tourism becoming one of the major sources of family income in the destination areas of Nepal. In this context, this study aims to analyze socio-cultural and economic impact of homestay tourism in Bhada village of Kailali District. It is the first community homestay village in Sudur Pachim Province, started in 17th December, 2010. This study is based on both primary and secondary data. Under the survey design, primary data were collected from 45 sample households benefited from homestay and 30 tourists through self-administered survey questionnaire. The study found that Bhada village has both religious and cultural attractions to fascinate visitors. More specifically, the Vehada Baba temple and cultural practices and daily lifestyles of Tharu community are attracting to the numbers of visitors annually. Homestay also helps to increase the employment opportunities and local people living standard. Likewise, it is helpful for the conservation of the environment in order to maintain environmental balance in the village. Furthermore, it plays pivotal role in the preservations of traditions, culture and customs of the village. The study also comes to the conclusion that homestay tourism activities have supported the livelihood of the rural community by creating some business and employment opportunities at local level. Most of the homestay owners are earning between Rs 25,000 to 50,000 per month. Homestay also helps to flourish the culture, arts and tradition of Tharu community in national level as well as international level. Local indigenous culture of Tharu community, their typical lifestyle and forest biodiversity are becoming motivational factors for the tourists to visit Bhada homestay tourism destination. Finally, homestay tourism has brought positive impact on the lives of host community and also helps to maintain wastage management and biodiversity conservation practices. That is why, the tourism development action plan and policy recommendation highlighted in the study can be a reference material to the homestay management committee, local government and well as Provincial government and federation.
Linkage between renewable energy uses and rural livelihood in Dho Tarap valley, Dolpa, Nepal
(2024) Neupane, Bibek Kanta; Chandra Lal Shrestha
Abstract This study explored knowledge through understanding the changes brought about in various aspects of rural life by the use of Renewable Energy (RE) in the Dho Tarap Valley, Dolpa. With three specific objectives, the study aims to (i) explore the existing renewable energy practices and their benefits on rural life, (ii) identify enablers and barriers to RE adoption, and (iii) understand the demands for RE usage in the area. The mixed-method approach with pragmatic philosophical views was employed for the study. Data collection involved both quantitative and qualitative methods, including a household survey, field observations, interviews, and focus group discussions. Primary data from 250 households was collected. Most of the surveyed households relied on traditional fuels for cooking, while the uptake of imported LPG is increasing despite its high cost (approx. NPR 10,000 per cylinder) due to the scarcity of biomass-based fuels, particularly firewood. In terms of electricity, the majority of households have Solar Home Systems. Enabling factors for successful RE implementation include local participation, technological adoption, capacity-building, strong local government, partnerships, market opportunities, and subsidies. However, barriers such as infrastructure limitations, high upfront investment and capital costs, low population density, maintenance challenges, policy obstacles, and harsh climate pose significant challenges. By addressing these challenges, the sustainable development and use of RE systems can be promoted, ultimately enhancing the livelihoods of the rural population in the Dho Tarap Valley. Access to reliable and affordable energy not only improves daily living conditions but also supports agricultural productivity, economic activities, and overall community well-being, thereby fostering a more resilient and prosperous rural livelihood. Key words: renewable energy, last-mile, livelihood, participation, sustainability.
Energy and livelihood: exploring the linkage between micro hydro power and marginalized people in rural Nepal
(2015) Nepali, Buddhi Bahadur; Mangala Shrestha
The micro hydropower has been one of the most promising and commonly adopted decentralized technologies among the renewable energy in the global scenario and in Nepal too as it provides a renewable, sustainable and clean source of energy to its users. The existing literatures have argued that Micro Hydro Power (MHP) has contributed to the assets of livelihood of rural and disadvantaged people. With the intensive review of literatures related to renewable energy and livelihood, MHP and livelihood; the study identifies the gaps in the state of existing knowledge towards the rural marginalized peoples and guided to formulate appropriate research problem, research objectives and hypothesis. In this context, this study explores the linkage whether the assets of livelihood of rural marginalized people have been changed or not after the establishment of MHP from the livelihood perspective. It examines the practices of governance of MHP in the whole process of construction, power distribution, sustainable management and benefit sharing mechanism for the focused rural marginalized peoples i.e. poor, disadvantaged, Dalits, women, ethnic groups etc. from the good governance perspective. Further the study evaluates the policy of government on the MHP development in Nepal. Three MHP projects of three districts were selected on the basis of geographical differentiation employing the purposive sampling technique i.e. Phak Phok MHP of Ilam from the Eastern part, Kumpur MHP of Dhading from the Central part and Pachuwa Khola MHP of Baglung from the Western part of Nepal. The study has adopted the theoretical framework of ‘Theory of Practice’ and ‘Sustainable Livelihood’ which assert the dialectical relationship between structure and agency. According to the research problem, the conceptual framework and the nature the study has designed guided to adopt mix research approach as it gives the detail information of stipulated research questions substantially. For the quantitative approach, the household survey was randomly collected from sample size of 181 HHs covering 61 of Phak Phok MHP, 60 of Kumpur MHP and 60 of Pachuwa Khola MHP. The structured and semi-structured interviews questionnaire was used to collect survey data. The in-depth interview, focus group discussions with check list (FGDs), and personal observation tools of the qualitative approach were employed i.e. 42 in-depth interviews, 14 from each MHP; and 15 Focus Group Discussions, 5 from each MHP; and personal observation in the whole study. To employ the research tools in the field site, Dalits, women, economically backward, indigenous people and others have been balanced. The people having no or less access to and control over in the livelihood assets and political power are defined as marginalized people. Those marginalized people are categorized on the basis of caste, ethnicity, class (economic aspects), gender, disability, single women (widow), spatial remoteness including political power. Out of total 181 respondents, 109 respondents are marginalized i.e. 24 from Dalits, 54 from Janajatis, 15 from Brahmins and 16 from Chhetri communities. Similarly, of the total 42 in-depth interviewee, 27 respondents are marginalized i.e. 5 from Dalits, 10 from Janajatis, 2 from single women, 5 from Brahmin and 5 from Chhetri communities. In FGDs, Dalits, Janajatis and mothers’ groups are taken as marginalized people. The research hypothesis regarding to the change in assets of livelihood and practices of good governance after establishing MHP has been tested by the Chi-Square Test at 5% level of significance with respective degree of freedom, and the validity of positive association is confirmed by the Binomial Test. The research books, journal, dissertations, Acts, Regulations, Policies, National Plans, Budgets, Economic Survey of Nepal government, etc. have been reviewed as a secondary source of data. Similarly, for the analysis of policy related to micro hydropower, the reports of NPC, AEPC, UNDP, World Bank, other policy related documents were concisely reviewed. The growth trend of Micro Hydro from the fiscal year 1986/87 to 2010/11 and its impact on electricity, gas and water GDP has been tested by the Chow Test. The quantitative data and qualitative data collected from the field study and review of secondary data have been triangulated during the process of analysis. Household survey data has been analysed using tabulation, cross-tabulation, pie chart and bar diagram of SPSS and MS Excel software during the process of interpretation of data. Out of the total respondents, only 8.3% have revealed extra benefits to the local people by MHP and 91.7 percentages of respondents have rejected it. Of the total respondents 15, 40% have revealed the extra benefits to the local people by participation in management committee following the 13.3% of getting concession in tariff and job opportunities. Only 44% of total respondents have accepted increase in the family income generation after the MHP establishment but 55.2% has rejected it. At 5% level of significance and df = 2,2cal (= 3.596) <2crit (= 5.99) accepts the null hypothesis and indicates no association between MHP and income generation. This concludes that the MHP has no significant positive impact on income generation of rural people. 24.3% have diversified their livelihood by vegetable farming, poultry farming, cow/buffalo farming and fruit farming through the MHP following 23.2% of cow/ buffalo farming and fruit farming, and 2.8% by poultry farming. This numeric figure indicates that the MHP has contributed significantly to the livelihood diversification in farming through access to electricity. 21.4% have revealed that the MHP has supported them to electronics selling and maintenance following 8.2% of electronics and hotel operation, 0.6% as computer services. Remaining 12.2% respondents of total 181 stay silent who were mostly from Dalits and Janajatis. This indicates that the MHP has not supported them to operate new enterprises. 64.6% have revealed that the MHP has increased the land valuation, 17.2% have revealed that the MHP has contributed in decreasing the migration to some extent but 79% of them expressed as usual condition, 23.2% have revealed that the MHP has contributed in road extension and drinking water, school/college development equally. It indicates the positive impact of MHP on land valuation, decreasing migration and infrastructure development. The MHP has contributed to the rural people by creating business such as poultry farming, electric shops, photo studio; operation of mills, computer training, and extra facilities including the employment viz., operator, manager and tariff collector. But, the marginalized poor and disadvantaged people like women, Dalits are engaged in the sewing, weaving, and other traditional occupations instead of modern business up to the late evening and early morning. Though some of the management committee of MHP under study has provided loans and other certain incentives to poor Dalits and disadvantaged people at cheap rate to operate small enterprises apart from electricity facilities has supported to build up their social agency to struggle the structure. But out of the total respondents, 50.3% have accepted the contribution of MHP to the poor and disadvantaged people and 49.7% have rejected it. At 5% level of significance and df = 2, 2cal (= 4.466) <2crit (= 5.99) accepts the null hypothesis and strongly indicates the MHP is not contributing properly to the life poor and disadvantaged people as per their need. 86.8% have benefited to read late night following the 13.2% are benefited by reading late night and other household activities. The electricity harnessed by the MHP has eased children reading habits. They enjoy reading at the late night and early morning with the help of electric light. Access in electricity has brought the drastic change in the result of the students. 36.7% have revealed the cause of good health is access to communication and minimizing the use of kerosene following 20% expressed the causes of decreasing the drudgery of women, easiness to farming, and access to communication and minimizing the use of kerosene; only 2.8% of respondents have used the electricity for cooking purpose. It affirms that the MHP is health friendly though insufficient in cooking purpose. 27.8% have revealed the ways of positive impact of MHP on environment are minimizing the use of fossils fuels and mitigating the CO2 following the 18.3% ofways of positive impacts are decreasing usage of firewood, mitigating the deforestation, minimizing the use of fossils fuels and mitigating the CO2. But, the trees have been cutting down every year for the replacement of wooden electric poles has created a serious problem of deforestation and landslides in the project area. Out of the total 139 respondents who accepted the contribution of MHP to the social awareness, 64% have revealed the means of communication equipment has contributed to social awareness against social evils and stigma following the 20.1% revealed means of communication equipment and organizing the awareness programme. Of the total 167 respondents who accepted the decrease of social discrimination by MHP, 22.8% have revealed the forms of decreased social discrimination are caste, gender and ethnic following the 20.4 % of caste, gender, ethnic, disables and poor categories. Of the total 154 respondents who accepted the decrease of caste discrimination, 97.4% have revealed the decreasing trend of caste based discrimination is better than before following the 1.9% revealed the caste based discrimination is totally decreased than before. These facts and figure indicate the substantial contribution of MHP to the social assets of rural people in the study area. Further, the level of social mobilization has been significantly increased in the MHP areas organizing the women, Dalits, and poor people of the village in cooperatives, mothers’ groups, consumers group and political parties. This has accessed them to the means of livelihood options. Out of the total 23 respondents of management committee, 34.8% have perceived qualification as a major governing factor for the participation in management committee following the 30.4% of qualification and leading position. Even though the poor, Dalits, single women and other marginalized people contributed either involving in physical labour or providing cash donation equally along with the privileged people, very few of them have been able to participate in the management committee and most of them were just consumers. The major causes of negligible participation of Dalits, women and other marginalized under the MC of surveyed MHP were their poor economic status, lack of educational qualification, lack of leadership in leading position. The members from Dalit community and single widow women attended every meeting of MC just to listen and do signature. 61.4% have revealed no benefit sharing from the MC following 18.2% of investment in public services. The ratio of benefit sharing mechanism is different among various MHPs as the well managed MHPs have been able to provide the benefits to their consumers and precariously managed MHPs on the way are going to close soon. The large amount of income generated from the MHP is invested for maintenance and saving for risk management. This has caused some of poor Dalits’ exclusion as they have compelled to pay the tariff. The major problems faced by the MHP are the irregular usage of electric power violating the rules and regulation of MC. The account system of MHP was not systematic and transparent in some of the cases. In this context, lack of substantial technical knowledge to handle and manage the MHP, outgoing skilled man power and some cultural habits have been appeared as a hindering factor for the well operation of the MHP in the rural areas. The impact of the Growth trend of MHP (1986/87 to 2010/11) on EGW GDP measured using regression slope coefficient 0.9498920 in the first period (1986/87 to 2000/01) is found drastically decreased to 0.3256 in the second period (2001/02 to 2010/11) has been supported by the Chow Test as Fcal (=80.56) >Fcrit (=3.468) at 5% level of significance at df=2 and df=21. The slope coefficient before introducing hydropower development policy-2001 is found to be higher than that after introducing policy. The result is amazing to say that the Hydropower Development Policy-2001 is the reason behind this decrease in slope coefficient. This indicates that the policy maker of the government must review the Hydropower Development Policy-2001. The 60 years long planned initiatives of hydropower development could not get progress as politically consistent policies get priority from the ruling party and propeople policies are either not implemented or poorly funded. Particularly the Rural Energy Policy, 2006, has opened the door of the micro hydropower to contribute the issues of rural poverty reduction and environmental conservation by ensuring access to clean, reliable and appropriate energy. Nepal’s hydropower policy is confusing and the institutional framework is not available in an integrated approach. Lack of technical manpower and financial resources, unaffordable technology, lack of effective and regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are some of the underlining problems for MHP; the State alone is not in position to construct many small hydropower plants and to establish local grids in remote hilly areas. Therefore, the State must create conducive environment to invest for national stakeholders rather than foreign assistance under the clean development mechanism. As Dalits, women, ethnic groups, poor and backward people access to the MHP overcoming the structural barriers, they get access to five livelihood capitals such as i) social capital i.e. social network, access to management committee, political parties, social relations etc. ii) financial capital i.e. cash, income, employment, entrepreneurship, business etc. iii) physical capital i.e. electricity, electronic equipment, computer, mobile, vehicle, infrastructure etc. iv) human capital i.e. education, health, training, leadership development etc. and v) natural capital i.e. land, water, forest etc. This is possible through the good governance (participation, transparency, leadership development, responsiveness, benefit sharing process etc.) in MHP institution to state level policy and practices. This study indicates the agency of poor, disadvantaged, marginalized Dalits, women and ethnic people is gradually but very poorly developing as per the social structure. As a result, they are getting weak access to the benefits of MHP in the latest situation in the studied areas. Therefore, the study affirms that the marginalized and disadvantaged people are still not properly benefited from micro hydropower as they are excluded from the policy making level to benefit sharing process and micro level institutions of MHP.
Knowledge perception barriers and utilization of contraceptives toward adolescients responsive services of family planning in Surkhet Nepal
(2024) Upadhayay, Satya Raj; Prajwal Man Pradhan
Background: This study focuses on adolescent-friendly family planning services in Nepal's Karnali Province, where teenage pregnancy rates are high. Using data from the 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, it aims to understand obstacles hindering adolescents' access to quality family planning services and their views on service quality. There's limited research on this topic, especially regarding unmarried adolescents. The study aims to fill this gap by identifying barriers and providing insights to improve adolescent reproductive health outcomes. Objective of the Study: To assess the Knowledge, perceptions, barriers, and utilizations of contraceptives toward adolescent for adolescents’ responsive family planning services in Surkhet, Nepal. Methods: a mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to collect primary data. A cross-sectional explorative design was adopted to comprehensively examine adolescents' barriers, perceptions, and utilization of contraceptive methods in relation to family planning services. Data were gathered through focused group discussions, and self-administered questionnaires to elicit insights into family planning perceptions and key barriers. A semi-structured standard questionnaire was utilized to assess perceptions, barriers, and contraceptive utilization among adolescents accessing family planning services. Quantitative data were obtained using a simple random sampling technique. Conclusion: This study highlights high awareness of family planning among Nepalese adolescents, yet the utilization rate is only 67.9%, indicating significant barriers. Individual factors like embarrassment, social fears, and lack of awareness of adolescent-friendly services, along with inadequate counseling, cultural taboos, and facility issues, impede use. Demographic factors such as having a boyfriend or girlfriend significantly increase these barriers, with partnered individuals 17 times more likely to face challenges. Qualitative insights point to social media and peer networks as key sources of information, stressing the need for targeted interventions. To improve family planning use among adolescents, tailored awareness campaigns, better counseling, and adolescent-friendly health services are essential.
Nutritional status of teenage mothers in shivraj municipality of Kapilvastu district
(2024) Lamichhane, Shisir; Umesh Acharya
Adequate nourishment plays a critical role in promoting optimal health outcomes for both mothers and children during the lactation period. Despite the prevalence of food insecurity and dietary monotony—factors contributing to undernutrition—in rural Nepal, there remains a dearth of comprehensive examination and assessment regarding their impact on lactating mothers, a demographic with heightened nutritional requirements. This study seeks to investigate the socio-economic characteristics, food insecurity levels, dietary diversity, and agricultural practices among teenage mothers with children under the age of five, aiming to shed light on the risk factors associated with inadequate nutrition during this crucial life stage. In the Shivaraj municipality of Kapilvastu district, a community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken. Utilizing a randomized sampling approach, a total of 160 lactating mothers were selected as participants. Food insecurity was assessed using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), while dietary diversity was measured using the "Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women" tool developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Furthermore, data regarding socio-demographic factors and potential risk elements were also gathered during the study. The study uncovered a significant trend in household food security, with 76.3% of respondents experiencing food insecurity, while only 23.1% reported household food security. This disparity highlights the prevalent challenges encountered by a considerable portion of the surveyed population in maintaining consistent and reliable access to food resources. The study found that 3.1% of respondents smoked occasionally, and 1.9% consumed alcohol, contrasting with 96.9% and 98.1% abstaining, respectively. Rice and chapati were favored by 89.4% of respondents, with 8.8% being vegetarian. Vegetable consumption ranged from 10.6% eating them 1-3 days a week to 47.5% daily. Fruit consumption varied, with 87.5% consuming them 1-3 days a week, and junk food consumption was prevalent at 98.1%. These findings illuminate the diverse dietary habits among the surveyed population.The observed food insecurity and poor dietary diversity among lactating mothers, the correlates associated with these outcomes, may help local stakeholders to identify local health needs and subgroups for targeted interventions. Socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers should be specifically targeted for relevant programs and policies.
Women participation in commercial pinepple farming of Bharatpur metropolitan Chitwan district
(2024) Sharma, Sukriti; Krishna Prasad Gyawali
Not available
Role of micro finance in employment generation; A case study of microfinance program of nirdhan ulthan bank limited Kudiya VDC Nawalparasi district
(2017) Acharya, Sunita; Mangala Shrestha
This thesis entitled "ROLE OF MICRO FINANCE IN EMPLOYMENT GENERATION: A CASE STUDY OF MICROFINANCE PROGRAM OF NIRDHAN UTTHAN BANK LIMITED KUDIYA VDC, NAWALPARASI DISTRICT" analyzes different natures of Rural employment generation from the micro finance of Kudiya Village Development committee (VDC) of Nawalparasi district, Nepal. The major objective of the study is to examine the extent employment generation of the study area. For this purpose, 60 households have been proportionately selected. The specific objective of this study is to identify the socio-economic status and change in income level of Kudiya VDC. Both qualitative as well as quantitative methods have been applied to collect primary and secondary data. For this study semi-structured questionnaire, Key informant interview, field Observation has been employed. Focus Group Discussion, interview observation are used as the techniques to obtain required information in order to fulfill the objectives. The study area is Kudiya VDC of Nawalpara si District. Microfinance programs have been running with the aim of socio-economic empowerment, mobilization of awareness and generation of self-employment targeting the rural poor. Microfinance has been one of the few effective tools for poverty reduction over the past years. It has been revealed that the loans have been mostly invested on small scale business, livestock and other agro-based enterprises. The major findings are land holding, numbers of income level, quality of home to live and possession of other household amenities have increased among the sample surveyed clients. Moreover, vulnerability has decreased, food security has been increased, and health, child education and sanitation situation are improved. Importantly, livelihoods pattern of microfinance clients has been shifted from wage base to the agriculture and self-employment base. Awareness, capability, confidence and social capital have also been significantly improved. In general, the survey has revealed that socio-economic conditions of the sample clients have substantially improved. The study demonstrate the positive socio-economic change, change in income level, living standard, increasing employment and literacy level after being part of NIRDHAN UTTAN BANK LIMITED. It’s has been seen people are satisfied with this program.
Economic and enviroment activities ( A case study of Gramin community forest user group, Morang)
(2006) Parajuli, Chandika; Umesh Acharya
Not available
An impact of safe drinkimg water and sanitation on rural community health and enviroment ; A case study of Tharakhola drinking water sanitation health project of shova VDC Rukum district
(2006) K.C., Bhim Bahadur; Prem Sharma
Not available
Role of small farmer cooperative limited in Women Empowerment ( A case study of small farmers cooperative limited Shankarnagr Rupendhi)
(2011) Subedi, Dev Hari; Uma Kanta Silwal
Available in fulltext
Study on service delivery system of commercial bank of ADBL
(2011) Subedi, Dev Hari; Suman Sapkota
Available in fulltext
Community forestry and rural development in Nepal (a study of CFUGs of Palpa, Parbat and Rupandehi districts)
(2025) Sharma, Damodar; Rajesh Kumar Rai
Community forestry is a forest management approach where local communities are given rights and responsibilities to manage, use, and protect forest resources sustainably. It promotes environmental conservation while improving livelihoods and empowering local people through participatory decision-making. Community forests play a crucial role in enhancing well-being of local people through the conservation management of forests. They provide numerous benefits that improve the livelihoods of Community Forest User Groups by offering resources, employment opportunities, and ecosystem services. However, forest user groups often face challenges in management, utilization, benefit sharing, and resolving forest-related conflicts, which can hinder their effectiveness. Despite their potential, community forests sometimes fail to address the needs of poor and marginalized people who rely on forest resources, highlighting the need for more inclusive policies and equitable benefit distribution. In this context, this study is carried out in three physiographic regions (Mountain, Hill and Tarai) of Nepal to find out the socio-economic benefits and challenges faced by the forest user groups in improving the livelihood, especially of poor rural families. The study adopted stratified random sampling as districts were stratified by physiographic regions and selected randomly. Three districts were selected representing these physiographic regions: Parbat from mountain region (only forest user groups situated more than 3,000 m altitude), Palpa from hill region and Rupandehi from Tarai region were selected with size and involvement basis. The study borrows from several theoretical frameworks, including Basic Resource Theory, Common Property Theory, and the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. These theories identify that rural development is dependent on the availability, access, and management of natural resources, and that community participation and equitable governance are crucial for sustainability through the active group mobilization. The livelihood framework identifies five significant capital assets natural, human, social, physical, and financial—that are the components of rural well-being and sustainable rural livelihoods. The study indicated that CFUGs have contributed enormous socio-economic and environmental benefits to the rural people of Nepal. These benefits have assisted in improving rural well-being, neighborhood development, and environmental sustainability with positive effect in improving rural household livelihoods. Despite many successes, the research finds several existing and emerging challenges facing CFUGs in equitable and sustainable community forest management. This thesis explores the socio-economic and environmental contributions of Community CFUGs in rural Nepal towards improved rural livelihood and sustainable rural development. The thesis also identifies the significant challenges to equitable management and benefit-sharing of forest products, especially to poor and marginalized groups, and challenges faced by these groups to achieve their objectives. The study is conducted in three districts Palpa, Parbat, and Rupandehi covering Terai, Mid-hills, and Hills, where community forestry has been widely implemented. The study concludes that community forestry has significantly contributed to rural development by enhancing natural, social, human, physical, and financial capitals. It has improved forest conditions, provided essential resources like firewood, timber, and water, and created employment and economic opportunities for local communities. Community Forest User Groups have also promoted education, inclusion, and environmental conservation, playing a crucial role in sustainable development. However, challenges such as elite dominance, unequal resource access, and limited participation of marginalized groups persist as well as three tires governments' taxation process persist. Despite these issues, community forestry remains a powerful tool for rural upliftment and aligns with Nepal’s sustainable development goals. It is therefore recommended that further research be conducted to explore the development of a flexible umbrella policy framework. Such a framework would allow each CFUG to tailor local-specific rules, programs, and governance models that reflect the unique cultural, ecological, and economic conditions of their communities. This adaptive policy approach could significantly enhance the effectiveness, responsiveness, and long-term sustainability of community forestry initiatives in Nepal and beyond.
Social impact of community drinking water program ( A case study of drinking water and sanitation project in Putalibazar Municipality-9 Lamage, Syangja district)
(2006) Giri, Bishnu; Umesh Acharya
Not available

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