Rural Development

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/43

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Evaluationg performance of Ikudha irrigation Sub-Project in Gadawari municipality, Lalitpur
(2025) Khattri, Aasha; Rajan Binayek Pasa
Nepal is an agrarian country where agriculture is vital to rural livelihoods, employment, and the national economy. Irrigation is essential among other inputs to boost agricultural development and productivity. Only about 40 percent of Nepal's agricultural land is irrigated at present, underscoring the need for further investment in building new irrigation infrastructure and maintaining existing systems. The Ikudha Irrigation Sub-project (IISP), with a history spanning over a century, has been traditionally established and operated by local farmers. It is situated in wards 3, 4, and 14 of Godawari municipality. The IISP provides irrigation facilities to 70 hectares of farmland and benefits to over 500 families. Its water source is the perennial, springfed Godawari River, originating from the nearby Godawari hill range. The government of Nepal and the Asian Development have periodically investedin modernizing and improving its operating mechanism management. This study aims to evaluate the relevancy, efficiency, effectiveness, impact,and sustainability of IISP and its role in agricultural development. This study used a case study research design in which required data were collected from 69 households (out of a total of 268 households of ward no.14) by using the household survey. The study also used Focus Group Discussions (n=3) and Key Informant Interview (n=7) techniques for collecting narrative information from the participants. Besides, the changes in the watershed and irrigation command areas were mapped using Arc GIS software through an analysis of Google Earth imagery. The study found that IISP becoming relevant to increasing agricultural production. The operating mechanism also has been performing efficiently and effectively in increasing agriculture production and productivity. The irrigation facility also impacted positively in increasing family income, health, and hygiene as well as education life span and other amenities. However, due to the diversification of family income sources, the overall positive impact on farm-based livelihood has decreased to date compared to the past. The study also found that land use changes have occurred across the municipality, including the Godawari watershed and IISP command areas. With the significant increase in land prices, the conversion rate of agricultural land to built-up areas has increased dramatically. The flow of sewage and waste into the canals, sedimentation, and encroachment activities have challenged the sustainability of the irrigation system. Maintaining the head works, main canal, branch canals, and field channels is critical to ensuring efficient water flow and minimizing seepage. Finally, the study concludes that the operating mechanism of the IISP is performing satisfactorily. It has used both traditional and modern practices to maintain its relevancy and provide efficient services which is becoming effective and impactful for promoting agriculture production. However, from the sustainability point of view, there is a disconnect between protecting agricultural land and expanding irrigation facilities. Therefore, the provincial government and local government need to provide technical and financial support to develop and implement standard norms and regulations for the sustainability of IISP.
Contribution of Agro forestry to sustainable livelihoods in bethanchwok rural municipality, Kavrepalanchok, Nepal
(2024) Timsina, Tirtha Raj; Kanhaiya Sapkota
This study investigates the contribution of agro fo restry in promoting sustainable livelihoods in Bethanchwok Rural Municipality, Kavrepalanchok District, Nepal. This research is based on the pragmatist philosophical view point that utilize a convergent mixed-method approach, data were collected from household surveys, key informant interviews, and field observations which are supported by secondary sources such as scholarly publications, governmental and municipal records. Considering entire municipality as a study universe, a total of 356 sample were selected employing stratified sampling technique to cover the different areas of the selected study area whereas 14 key informants were purposively selected covering the commercial farm producers, agribusiness, local representative and intensive farmers. The research identifies agro forestry as a transformative practice that shifts from subsistence-based to commercially oriented systems, enhancing food security, income diversification, and environmental conservation. Key findings highlight the diverse benefits of agro vforestry, including its contribution to soil conservation, biodiversity, and resilience to climate-induced challenges. However, challenges such as inadequate policies, limited market access, and insufficient local governance were identified as significant barriers to its full potential. The study employs the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to analyze agro forestry's impacts on various livelihood assets, including natural, social, financial, and human capital. Integration of forestry and agriculture jointly fosters diversified income opportunities, enhances productivity, and mitigates environmental risks through agro forestry. This research recommends policy reforms to address market and governance gaps, capacity-building initiatives for local farmers, and investment in infrastructure to facilitate commercial agro forestry. The research concludes that agro forestry is indispensable for sustainable rural development in Nepal, aligning with broader goals of environmental sustainability and economic resilience. It emphasizes the importance of participatory approaches, aligning local practices with scientific innovations to maximize agro forestry's potential. Key Words: Agro forestry, sustainable livelihoods, Bethanchwok, income diversification, food security, climate resilience.
Educational status of the Satar community ( A case study of Anarmuni VDC, Jhapa, Nepal )
(2006) Kharel, Suman; Umesh Prasad Acharya
Not available
Marketing strategy of vegetable products in nepal; A study of Thaha municipality of Makawanpur district
(2025) Rimal, Sujata; Ramesh Neupane
I conducted the research study entitled Marketing Strategy of Vegetable Products in Nepal whiaims to analyze the marketing of the vegetable products and their marketing strategies in ThaMunicipality (ward 3 Tistung and ward 6 Palung). They are the major vegetable hub in Nepal. Tobjectives of this research are to analyze the agricultural production status of the farmers, to assmarket structure and marketing channels and to explore the challenges and prospects of marketof vegetable products. A quantitative dominant mixed method was used for data collection. Bothprimary and secondsources were used for the data collection purpose. Household Survey was used for quantitative dacollection, whereas Focused Group Discussion and Observation Method were employed qualitative data collection. Among the 600 total households in two wards of Thaha municipalityselected 108 households from two wards as the research sample. Mostly the 54.6 percent farmers between age group 30-45 years were involved in vegetable farmiMost of the farmers had completed lower secondary level. 58.3 percent Janajati community wefound in the study area with majority 82.4percent following Hinduism. The purpose of the vegetafarming was for both self-consumption and selling purpose. Most of the farmers (43.5 percent) haland holding more than 10Ropani. The farmers had mostly farm relating expenses for fertilizers apesticides. Major growing vegetables were potato, tomato, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, peAkabare, etc. Majority of the farmers had annual income between 1 lakh to 2 lakh. The primary mode of selling vegetables were through the middleman. The price for the vegetabl were also fixed by the middlemen. The distance of selling vegetables was within 1km. The studshowed that 55.6 percent farmers never get the updated market information. The farmers face problems like price fluctuations, untimely supply of fertilizers and pesticides, pomarket access, and lack of proper facilities, difficulty in hiring labor in the study area. From vegetafarming the quality of life of farmers has upgraded. The study comes to the conclusion that the farmers of study area are fully dependent on middlem following traditional farming practices without any trainings. The government and stake holdshould focus on long-term visions. An awareness program is urgently needed to teach proper use a handling of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Forming cooperatives, improving transportati establishing cold storage and introducing better policies will help create practical strategies to ma vegetable marketing easier and more profitable for farmers in the area.
Pilgrimage tourism and economic development; A case study of Pathibhara Temple, Taplejung, nepal
(2024) Tamang, Bal Bahadur; Mahendra Sapkota
This study examines the contribution of pilgrimage tourism at Pathibhara to the economic development of Phungling Municipality specifically and Taplejung District more broadly. Employing a mixed-method approach, the research prioritized quantitative methods within a QUAN-qual framework, adopting a sequential explanatory design. Pathibhara Temple, also known as Pathibhara Devi Temple, has gained prominence as a significant sacred pilgrimage destination in Nepal. The study utilized a mixed sampling design. Initially, purposive sampling was employed to select four wards from the total 11: Wards 4 and 5 of Phungling Bazaar, and Wards 10 and 11, where the Pathibhara Temple is located, for a rapid questionnaire survey. Subsequently, random sampling was applied to draw samples from these wards, forming four compact clusters. With a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, the study determined apurposive sample size of 120 respondents, all of whom were local residents. Among them, 65 respondents (54.2%) were male, while 55 respondents (45.8%) were female. Findings reveal that while tourism significantly contributes to income and employment generation, particularly in Phungling and surrounding areas, the benefits are unevenly distributed. Infrastructural challenges, such as delays in road and cable car projects, and issues related to syndication in transport and land and name-related disputes in projects, hinder the equitable distribution of tourism benefits. Additionally, the research identifies gaps in stakeholder coordination and highlights the need for improved transparency and stakeholder engagement to enhance the overall tourism experience. The results from quantitative analysis provide valuable insights into the local community's views on tourism and its effects. The analysis revealed that localcommunity is getting some employment opportunities and income generation activities from tourism in Pathibhara, though not in a highly significant proportion. The data also highlighted that participation in public tourism activities is notably higher during festivals, suggesting seasonal engagement. Furthermore, the potential for market expansion in Pathibhara tourism was viewed positively, particularly in the context of domestic and ecotourism. However, the findings also indicated an unequal distribution of tourism-related benefits, with larger businesses such as hotels and transport services reaping more advantages than smaller community-based sectors. These results point to the need for a more equitable approach to tourism development and benefit sharing. The study concludes that strategic improvements in infrastructure, stakeholder collaboration, and professional training are essential for optimizing tourism benefits. Recommendations include developing environmentally adaptive strategies, promoting market extension, and implementing transparent management practices to ensure sustainable growth. These measures are crucial for maximizing tourism's potential and achieving economic development across the Pathibhara region. Keywords: tourism, pilgrimage, economic contribution, Pathibhara, Nepal
Post-Disaster Management Practices in Nepal: A Case Study of Barekot Rural Municipality, Jajatkot
(2024) Chalise, Sujan; Ramesh Neupane
I conducted a research study entitled Post-Diaster Management Practices in Nepal: A Case Study of Barekot Rural Municipaity, Jajarkot to uncover the various aspects of Jajarkot earthquake 2023. As post-disaster management is an important aspect of development, the earthquake and its reconstruction period provided a suitable research scenario. A mixed approach was employed for the study. Kei Informants Interview KII was conducted for qualitative data collection and Household Survey was conducted for quantitative data collection. Among the 5586 affected households in 9 wards of Barekot RM, I took 234 households from 3 wards as the research sample. The study found that temporary shelter has been constructed in 96.2 percent households in Barekot. Out only 24.8 percent received the second installment of Nrs. 25,000 for temporary shelter. None receives any amount for the permanent reconstruction. 99 percent temporary shelters have been completely constructed. Social life in Barekot has mostly returned to normal. While only 0.9 percent people have restored to their financial life after earthquake. The government side had taken impactful initiatives initially as 80,000 shelters have been made and Nrs. 3.5 billion is distributed to the affected ones. Non-governmental side are seen planned and structured in relief and recovery actions and are now focusing on livelihood activities. The private sector and political parties worked effectively in distributing relief materials and volunteer mobilization. A significant gap is seen between the service delivery and people’s expectation on various aspects of disaster management. Preparedness and responses were felt efficient by the people while recovery, mitigation and preparedness services delivered by the supplier’s side were rated worst. In the satisfaction scale, the response services were rated satisfactory by majority of the households, while recovery and prevention services also couldn’t win favor of the people. The study comes to the conclusion that immediate needs of the people are more focused, neglecting long-term needs in the process. In this one-year period, only temporary shelters and emergency services has been constructed. The government and stakeholders should focus on far-sighted visions. Need based interventions should be initiated to empower the people and to develop community resilience to cope with the possible future disasters.
Socio-cultural factor affecting educational status of tharu women in Nawlparasi : Kawasoti and Pithauli VDCs
(2016) Poudel, Lila; Prem Sharma
Not available
Effectiveness of Health Service Delivery by Local Government (A Study of Chhatrakot Rural Municipality, Gulmi District)
(2025) Puri, Rudra Hari; Madhab Prasad Neupane
With the implementation of the new constitution and restructure of the nation, public expectation was high regarding development, service delivery and in good governance. It has been almost a decade of the implementation of the constitution and almost 9 years of formation of the local level. All the Local levels had already completed their one full tenure successfully they are growing mature day by day and their function is also getting more effective day by day. Basic Health service is one of the major rights which comes under the jurisdiction of the local level. Local level can formulate, implement and monitor both policies and program regarding basic health, sanitation and nutrition. In doing so Chhatrakot Rural Municipality is doing good in health service delivery but there are some areas to improve in it. It shows the people with low income and minorities they greatly depend on public health service for their well-being. But major challenge to get the health service is still transportation, geological barrier, low income, and quality of the service are also the subject to think upon it. It needs inclusive and targeted health care policies to address Socio-economic inequalities and health education and awareness program for marginalized group to ensure equitable and effective health service delivery. To improve the quality of health service and to reach out to the targeted people it needed the strengthening healthcare infrastructure, addressing socio-economic barriers, and tailoring programs to the unique needs of the diverse community.
The marriage system among Tharu community A case study of Bhangaha VDC Mahottari
(2015) Singh, Ajay Kumar; Bindu Pokharel
Tharus, who inhabit the southern Terai belt of Nepal hold a very important place among the indigenous people living in various parts of the country. Though the Tharus living here are believed to belong to the same origin, due to climatic and geographical differences, they have developed a great variation in the lifestyle among themselves. A curiosity to study these differences led me to choose this tribe as the main subject of the Thesis that is compulsory in the Central Department of Rural Development-TU for the completion of MA in the same subject as a student of Rural Development. Though this report does not include the district of Mahottari as a whole, a particular VDC ie, Bhangaha which lies at the 'South Western part is chosen to represent the whole district. I consider it my moral duty to bring into light the hidden treasure of the folk cultures and traditions practiced by indigenous people in our country. To make this report more analytical than a mere descriptive one, I havepresented and analysed the information pertaining to demographic and economic conditions statistically. The information on the socio cultural aspect of the Tharus in general and marriage practice in particular is collected by using statistical tools such as questionnaire, observation, etc. The report has been made as brief as possible by including only the information relevant to the topic. Even traditionally the marriage system of Tharu is determine by the cultural phenomenon, recent generation they come to assimilate the different types of marrriage system in which they assimilate including marriage system e.g. Child, arrange, marriage by exchange love and widow marriages system. On the basis of collecting information on sampling marriage couple, it shows that , the population having age group of 10 to 15 and 15 to 20 have not involved in any types of marriage. But the population with age group of above 15 are mostly involved in different types of marriage system.
Social accountability in lacal governance: Examining the practices in selected municipalities of Kailali, Nepal
(2026) Shahi, Min Bahadur; Binod Pokharel
v This dissertation critically examines social accountability mechanisms and deliberative decision-making practices within local governments in selected municipalities of Kailali District, Nepal. The research is positioned within the context of Nepal's decentralized local governance, which was established after the promulgation of the 2015 Constitution and the implementation of the Local Government Operation Act 201. Four local governments: Lamki Chuha Municipality, Bhajani Municipality, Joshipur Rural Municipality, and Bardagoriya Rural Municipality were selected based on purposive sampling method within Kailali District for detailed analysis. The primary objectives of this research are to assess the legal provisions, significance, and practical implementation of social accountability (SA) mechanisms, and to examine their role on local governance outcomes and the delivery of public services. Grounded in theoretical perspectives of accountability and deliberative democracy, the study adopts a pragmatic ontology with an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, integrating quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. The respondents in the survey comprised 42 elected representatives, 67 administrative staff, 402 service receiver citizens, and 20 key informants. The research evaluates key mechanisms such as public hearings, social audits, participatory planning, complaint management, and citizen charters, all of which are mandated to promote transparency, responsiveness, and inclusivity. Deliberative processes within local assemblies and executive bodies are also scrutinized. The triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative data facilitates a detailed analysis of the factors influencing SA practices in local governance. Findings reveal significant gaps between legal/institutional frameworks and actual implementation of SA mechanisms. Although the constitutional and legislative landscape strongly endorses social accountability, practical outcomes are undermined by limited citizen awareness, insufficient institutional capacity, political interference, and ethical concerns. Divergences in accountability perception between service providers and recipients, hierarchical leadership, and lack of stakeholder engagement further constrain the development of deliberative democratic culture. Executive and assembly meetings are often procedural rather than genuinely deliberative, with dominant party structures suppressing minority viewpoints and broader participation. The study highlights the critical role of SA mechanisms in fostering effective local governance and strengthening democratic practices. It addresses the persistent disconnect between the theoretical significance of deliberative governance and its pragmatic realization. Despite internal evaluations, including the Local Government Institutional Self-Assessment (LISA), which suggest satisfactory outcomes, thirdparty assessments highlight ongoing weaknesses in performance, although some gradual improvements in governance indicators can be observed. The research, therefore, emphasizes the necessity of integrating values such as transparency, the rule of law, participation, inclusiveness, efficiency, and sustainability with strong moral and ethical standards. The integration is pivotal for fostering accountability and achieving effective governance.In conclusion, strengthening SA and deliberative decision-making is imperative for enhancing local democracy and effective public service delivery in Nepal. The findings inform policymakers and practitioners on the critical need for capacity building, robust institutionalization of participatory governance, and the reinforcement of ethical and regulative mechanisms at the grassroots level.
Changing status of Tharu women in Hasuliya VDC of Kailali district
(2016) Bhandari, Bishweshwar Prasad; Uma Kant Silwal
The present research work has been conducted on Changing Status of Tharu Women in Hasuliya VDC of Kailali District. The research work is being conducted in the cluster inhabited by the Tharu indigenous people of ward no. 8 of the Hasuliya VDC , in Kailali. This cluster contains about 48 houses of the Tharu people. The specific objectives of the study are to find out the present social and economic condition in the study area and to trace out the factors those have changed the educational and economic status of Tharu women in the study area. The research design of the study is exploratory and descriptive the descriptive research design has been applied mainly to collect qualitative information of the socio-cultural, education, health, and political status of Tharu women of the study area and exploratory research design has also been sued the collect information on socio-cultural and economic status of Tharu women. This study includes both primary and secondary sources of data. As a sociological study this research concern with both primary and secondary source of data. The data for the study are collected by using key informant interviews, focus of group discussions and observation. Most of the traditional hardeners societies are concerned with the low prerogative social position, it is not possible only from within the society or its opposition group like female social members. When the minorities-female had the feelings of their dominance by male social members and organized by themselves, then they can challenge against the male social member. Not only that they could achieve their lost social position. When these minorities' people have got support and became aware about their suppression by other different factors, then these minorities became more conscious and from their group- in terms of women organizations. With the help of these organization and external factor they achieve their goal-increase in social status. When they achieve support from other institution it is easier to reach on their destination.
Socio economic status of Limbu community ; A case study of Phidim municipality of Panchthar district
(2017) Bajgain, Surendra Prasad; Bed Nath Giri
The study "socio-economic status of the Limbu community" has been conducted at Phidim Municipality of Panchthar district with a general objective generalize the socioeconomic status of the Limbus of the study area. The objectives of the study were to track out the present situation of the Limbus of the study area, to examine the traditional skills of Limbu community and to explore the impact of other cultures on their culture. Primary and secondary data were used to collect the information and tools like observations, formal and non formal discussion, interviews were held to collect other necessary information. Descriptive and analytic research designs have been followed to describe and examine the finding of the study. Out of total 150 households of Phidim Municipality-4, Gadhi. Thirty household respondents of the Limbus were taken as sample by using random sampling method. Social structure of Nepal is very complex, which has been highlighted by various foreign and Nepalese scholars in their writings. Unity in diversity is the major characteristics of Nepalese national culture. Among the different ethnic groups, Limbu is one of the indigenous ethnic groups having their unique culture, traditions and rituals. The study clears that the Limbus are one of the small ethnic/indigenous group of the study area following their own sorts of language, culture and tradition. Their housing pattern is quite different from other ethnic groups. They are culturally rich, simple, gentle but economically poor. They basically depend upon the wage and agriculture/labour for their livelihood. Their life cycle ceremonies are very interesting and can attract national as well as foreign scholars and researchers. Literacy rate among them is not encouraging. Modernization has changed their traditional, social organizations, such as marriage, family kinship, religious, dance, songs and dress etc. The government sector showed also role to preserve and develop the Limbu status providing beneficial opportunity by government, creating employment opportunities and introducing formal and non formal education by government and other concerned organizations to enhance their education as well.
Role of microfinance on Women enterpreneurship in Khajura Rural municipality, Banke
(2024) Acharya, Shiv Saran; Rajan Binayak Pasa
Available in fulltext
Women participation at policy making process in community Rural Electrification entities ( CREE) A case study of 40 CREEs in Nepal
(2017) Timalsina, Kala; Umesh Prasad Acharya
Access to electricity impacts women and men differently. This thesis examines women’s role in Community Rural Electricity Entities (CREEs) of Nepal, participation in policy making process and experiences of women in these CREEs. Access to electricity has definitely increased women’s productive time, reduced drudgery but has not addressed women’s ability to manage community based organizations in various sectors and has not yet seen women as leaders. The main objective of this study is to find out the participation of women in policy making process of CREEs in Nepal. The study is based upon the primary data collected from the field survey. The main tool of the study is questionnaire and techniques are one to one interview. The key informant interview and focus group discussion was also conducted using the checklist. The respondents of the survey are female members in the CREEs whereas the key informant includes male and female members involved in this sector as academic, researcher, activists, etc. Participation is a process through which stakeholder influence and share control over priority setting, policymaking and recourse allocation. This has been analyzed and from the study, it is found that females are not so active in policy making process as compared to their male counterparts. Reasons might be education level, availability of time, men seeing women in different roles, etc. Some suggestions have been made for ways to raise women’s role in policy making process. The most prominent one is raising awareness and training to women on leadership and organizational management. An in-depth investigation could not be performed because of time limitation and access to data. Since this study included wide range of female respondents from many districts, due to resource limitation, data collection required quite a long time.
Socio - economic status of women stone crushers a case study of Sita paila VDC of Kathmandu district
(2011) Thapa, Tripti; Tulasi Sharan Sigdel
This thesis is a study of the socio economic status of women stone crushers in Sita Paila V.D.C. The main aim of this study was to find out the socio economic condition of women stone crushers. For this purpose, ward no. 5 of Sita Paila, namely Aadeshwar Mahadev, was selected where there was a stone mine with an approximate number of 500 stone crushers working there, among which a total of 120 workers were estimated to be women. The main questions addressed in this thesis are: what is the social situation, economic status, work condition, health status and attitude of the women stone crushers? Thus the objectives of the study were to find out the social status of women stone crushers, their economic condition, their health condition, their situation at their workplace and general attitude towards their occupation. The methodology used was interviews conducted in the field, which were supplemented with the review of the available literature on the issue. The findings of this field study regarding the social status of women stone crushers clearly reflected that very few respondents lived in joint families whereas the rest (90 percent) lived in nuclear families. It was also found that they did not face any problems in their family regarding their work. These are strong indicators to explain their degree of freewill at home and at their workplace. Almost half of the respondents were found to have more than three children which signify lack of family planning awareness. The result of the study with respect to the economic status clearly showed that they were paid in accordance to how much stones they were able to crush. Also, it was seen that they could choose to either work or not work. Hence, they had their free will on how much they wanted to work. There were not any hard and fast rules at their workplace. For most of the women stone crushers, their family’s average income per month started from approximately Rs. 4000 up to Rs.10000. It was found that 60 percent of the respondents mentioned that their family’s monthly income was sufficient signifying the attitude of self dependence and self pride. The problems they faced due to insufficient salary were; their income was not enough to cater to the needs of their children’s education as well as food and lodging. Regarding changes at their workplace, 83 percent of the respondents mentioned that they had not experienced any changes. Also, none of them were engaged in other income generating activities. The study further revealed that 32 percent had been away from work due to accidents. The type of accident was mostly minor injuries like cuts and bruises, eye injuries and eye infection and some having serious accidents leading to fracture of legs and hands due to heavy stones. It was found that 48 percent of the respondents solely took care of the household activities. Most of their children were grown-ups, some brought their the children at the site, for the remaining their children were looked after by their relatives , neighbours and husbands. Regarding health condition, it was found that 45 percent had suffered from various illness/ disease within the past six months. Among them 78 percent mentioned going for allopathic treatment. It was further revealed that 40 percent of the respondents mentioned having health problems due to their occupation which included illness/ diseases such as respiratory problem, limb problems and eye problems. Regarding the attitude towards their work it was found that 54 percent of the women stone crushers mentioned that they were satisfied with their work and 23 percent were happy. Among the respondents who mentioned that they felt that their work as a stone crusher was miserable(23 percent) the solution they gave to improve their situation was higher wages and good working condition. With respect to their view about stone crushers, 45 percent of the respondents mentioned that being a stone crusher is a good opportunity for those who are unemployed and uneducated, 25 percent mentioned that they did not have any comments, 20 percent said that being a stone crusher is a harsh experience whereas the remaining 10 percent mentioned that they were very happy and proud to be a stone crusher. Hence, the research contributes to giving a picture of the situation of women stone crushers in Nepal. The study shows the picture of the social, economic, work and health status of women stone crushers and to some extent, their attitude and aspirations. The study also discusses on various recommendations made on the same
Nature of poverty on tharu community in Nepal (a case study of kumroj VDC, Chitwan district)
(2006) Pathak, Narendra; Pradeep Kumar Khadka
Not available
Integrated pest management practices in organic framing: a case study of Chandragiri municipality Thankot
(2024) Rai, Devi Maya; Ramesh Neupane
An Integrated Pest Management practice in organic framing (a case study of Chandragiri municipality ward no.-3, Thankot) is a representative vision of the reality. Objective of the research is to study about social culture and economic Background of farmers, to analyze the knowledge of Integrated Pest Management in organic farming and to analyze the contribution of Integrated Pest Management in production, income and employments generation. Descriptive and exploratory research design was used in this research. Both qualitative and quantitative data has collected in this study. Out of total 1040 household in Chandragiri Municipality Ward No. 3 (Matikhel area) of Thankot, 140 have taken on the basis of simple random sampling method. Under simple random sampling method lottery system has used for the selection of the sample. In this study both the farmers following organic farming and nonorganic farming farmers has included.Household Survey and Key Informants Interview was the main tools ofdata collection. Integrated Pest Management practice suggests to dig a little bit deeper than normal, organic pesticide should be used which don't harm friendly insects. It urges to use net for bad insects. Pest control procedures and farming may be categorized under different headings such as cultural, biological, chemical etc. However, there is now a strong tendency to use two or more approaches together in a system of integrated control and is called as “Integrated Pest Management”. Integrated Pest Management blending of two or more control measures in order to control pests below economic injury level. Pesticides due to its high toxicity adversely affect the balance between pest and their natural enemies like predators and parasitoids on many crops; including food, vegetable etc. An avoidance of pesticide during the main period of predator activity is desirable but in vegetable the periods of the activities of the major pests and their predators get synchronized at different density levels. Indigenous knowledge should be promoted in organic pesticide. The concept of pest management depends on the population dynamics of the pest and the level of the damage caused by them. The use of pesticides for plant protection has steadily increased. Increasing demands for chemical pesticides resulted in private dealerships selling and distributing pesticides throughout the country. Integrated Pest Management in the context of biological knowledge, to achieve a satisfactory reduction or maintenance of pest population below the damage threshold, it should be appreciated that the decisions whether or not to apply control measures are usually required before pest populations reach the damage threshold. Income However, care should be taken not to overdose on pesticides because these can lead to a high residue level of toxic substances in the vegetable. Pest that commonly attack the crops includes grasshopper mites, thrips, jassids, moth, beetles and defoliating caterpillars. The presence of pesticide residues in food commodities has always a matter of serious concern. The level of pesticide residue in foodstuffs are generally legislated so as to minimize or unnecessary intake of pesticides. Labour can be minimize with the use of Integrated Pest Management due to good soil. There is possibility of more production due to better soil management.
Opportunities and challenges of small and mediun- sized enterprises in Lumbini province, nepal
(2024) Poudel, Chhavi Kiran; Bishnu Bahadur khatri
To boost up the Nepalese economy, there is an urgent need to substantially promote small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). However, there are very limited studies that highlighted the challenges faced by entrepreneurs while operating the SMEs and opportunities that investors should have insights for their effective operations. Therefore, this study was conceptualized in the Lumbini Province of Nepal which have high potentiality of development and sustainable operationalization of SMEs. The data required for this study were collected through face-to-face interview with SMEs entrepreneurs (n=130) with the help of semi-structured questionnaire. Further, key informants’ interviews (n=15) and focus groups discussions (n=5) were also done for the triangulation of obtained information. At present, 68492 SMEs in total were found to be operating in Lumbini province, Nepal that comprises of 10.33% of national SMEs. Both provincial and national trends of SMEs displayed an upward trajectory, indicating ongoing growth in the number of SMEs during the last five years. Similarly, majority of SMEs entrepreneurs think that innovation, scale of business, access to finance, innovation, work experience, and geography are the major factors that provide ample opportunities for running the SMEs successfully in future at their sites. Additionally, thirteen major types of challenges were being faced by the entrepreneurs among which technological backwardness, absence of regulatory environment, inadequate training and infrastructure availability were ranked as the top five challenges. These findings can guide academia, policymakers, and stakeholders in enhancing future research, policymaking, situational analyses, and the structuring of SMEs support initiatives. This study also suggested targeted government initiatives to leverage identified success factors for SMEs enhancement in Lumbini province.
Impact of child marriage in women health in nepal; A study of Sinja rural municipality of Jumla district
(2024) Khatri, Sandhya; Ramesh Neupane
Child marriage which is also referred to as early marriage is an emerging economicand health concern and remains a widespread problem in Nepal. Women, who makeup more than half of the population, face significant marginalization in literacy,education, job opportunities, health, legal rights, inheritance, and control over theirlives. This study, focused on the women of Sinja Rural Municipality in Jumla District,aims to provide information on their health conditions and the trend of early marriage. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with 100 randomlyselected married women. 36 women are illiterate, 64 literates, among the 64 literaterespondents, 40 have primary education, and 20 secondary education; none haveuniversity education. 50% are involved in agriculture and household work, 38% arelaborers, and 8% run businesses. Only one respondent is in formal service. 74%married between ages 15-19, 10% between the age of 20-24, and 14% under 15, andonly one at 29. And 30% visit public hospitals, 10% private hospitals, 36% rely ontraditional healers, and 24% have never visited a hospital. 50% were pregnant beforeage 15. Early marriage is prevalent due to poverty, lack of education, large families,and cultural norms. 36% visit hospitals only when in pain, 20% visit once duringpregnancy, and 24% never visit. Most births occur at home, risking lives. Majority ofrespondents has experienced complications during delivery and after. Few usecontraceptives, mainly permanent methods. Women face heavy workloads, lack restduring and after pregnancy, and do not receive adequate healthcare or nutrition. Thesocio-cultural and economic structures perpetuate these issues, with women bearing asignificant workload and relying on traditional healers due to limited access to formalhealthcare. Addressing these challenges requires improving education, healthcare access, socio-economic conditions, and changing cultural norms regarding marriage age.Comprehensive efforts are essential to improve the health of women in this area.
Women participation on decision making process at the household level; A case study of Kakani Rural Municipality Kakani, Nuwakot
(2024) Pudasini, Samjhana; Ramesh Neupane
This thesis exploresparticipation of women in the decision-making processes withinhousehold .It examines the various factors influencing women involvement indecision ranging from financial matters to everyday household management. Thestudy utilizes a mixed method approach, combining with qualitative andquantitativesurvey key finding indicated education status, cultural norms and level of the supportfrom their spouses and families The objective of the study is to analyze, to the find out participation of the women indecision making power in household activities in socio-economical aspect. The datainformation is basedon primary data which is collected through interview, focusgroup discussion and key information analysis. The study is made to find out rolesmale is sporting the women to uplift women decision making with household. Theoutcome of the study helps in the identification of the problem of the area which willhelp in information and implement the appropriate polices. The study analyze the participation of the women in decision making process. it wasnoticed that women age 30- 45 were more participate in respondent with 44.7%..94%respondent follow hindusim. All the respondent were married with low educationlevel the main occupation was agriculture and 73.3% of respondent has foodsufficient for whole year. The respondent owes the income but decision for the expenses is determined byhusband. Husband decide for the buying and selling of the cattle,property andjewellary. 34% husband decide for celebrating festival. The decision for caringchildren and olds decides by respondents.60.7% of the respondents visit hospitalwhen they fill ill. couple decides for selecting school of the children. Respondentdecides for the family planning.98% of are satsified with home environment. 42% ofthe women controls household dispute. 88.7% has authority to take decision. On the basic of the finding we can conclude that early marriage should be discouragefrom the household, society, encourage the gender equality in the society to reducegender bias. Men should encourage the women to work themselves promoting self -dependence and societal empowerment. Local government should play crucial roleand address the specific issue faced by women within their communities.

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