Rural Development

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/43

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Imapct of Child Clubs participation in community development ; A study of Dhading district
(2016) Joshi, Naba Raj; Prajwal Man Pradhan
This study, titled "Impact of Child Club in Community Development: A Case Study of Pida VDC of Dhading District," explores the role of child clubs as defenders and promoters of children's rights and their broader implications in Nepalese society. Focusing on eight child clubs newly merged from seven different groups within an ethnically mixed community in Pida VDC, Dhading District, the research examines how children's participation in these clubs has influenced community development and social awareness. The study reveals that children, through these clubs, have emerged as competent social actors capable of making informed decisions on issues affecting their lives. Despite existing challenges such as low awareness and traditional societal practices that often limit child participation, the child clubs have cultivated a sense of collective agency among children. This increased participation has not only empowered children in decision-making but also highlighted their issues within the community. The clubs have had a positive impact, as evidenced by the personal growth and advocacy shown by participating children. While the main focus of the clubs has been personality development to help children navigate daily challenges, they have simultaneously played a significant role in promoting children's rights. Overall, the research underscores the transformative potential of child clubs in fostering child agency, raising rights awareness, and contributing to community development in Nepal. Key words: Child, Club, Community, Development, Dhading, Nepal
Farmers' perceived knowledge and practices on climate change adoptation: a study of panchkhal municipality -3 Kavrepalanchok, Nepal
(2025) kathyat, Nanda Kumari; Ramesh Neupane
Climate change poses significant threats to Nepal‘s agricultural sector, particularly in vulnerable regions like Panchkhal Municipality. Despite minimal contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions, Nepal faces severe climate impacts, necessitating robust adaptation strategies. This study assesses farmers' knowledge, practices, and challenges in adapting to climate change in Panchkhal Municipality-3, Kavrepalanchok, focusing on their vulnerability and the effectiveness of adaptation. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining household surveys and semi-structured interviews with 108 farmers selected through stratified random sampling. Primary data was collected via structured questionnaires, while secondary data was sourced from government reports, academic journals, and climate policy documents. The study is grounded in Agriculture Transformation Theory, Integrated Farming Systems, and the Cultural Theory of Risk theories which collectively analyze technological, ecological, and socio-institutional dimensions of adaptation. Key findings reveal that farmers predominantly rely on digital platforms (42.6%) and traditional media (38%) for climate information. Major challenges include soil fertility loss (36.1%), erratic rainfall (21.3%), and high input costs (93.5%). While 75.9 percent of farmers reported experiencing extreme weather, adaptation practices remain limited, with only 29.6 percent adopting crop diversification and 21.3 percent dependent on chemical inputs. Institutional support is heavily state-centric, with 86.1 percent of farmers relying on govt. programs, yet coordination and resource allocation remain weak. The study concludes that despite awareness of climate risks, farmers' adaptive capacity is constrained by financial barriers, insufficient technical training, and fragmented governance. Recommendations include implementing climate-smart agriculture policies, enhancing localized weather forecasting, and strengthening public-private partnerships to promote resilient farming practices. Local governments should prioritize irrigation infrastructure and community-based adaptation committees, while I/NGOs and cooperatives can facilitate knowledge-sharing and gender-inclusive programs. These measures are critical to reducing vulnerability and ensuring sustainable agricultural livelihoods.
Farmers’ Perception on Social Media for Farming and Subsidy Scheme at Lele Valley of Godawari Municipality, Lalitpur
(2023) Shrestha, Prashant; Bishnu Bahandur Khatri
This study looks at farmers' attitudes and use of social media to get agricultural information and government subsidy schemes in Lele Valley, Godawari Municipality, Lalitpur. With the increased use of digital technology in rural Nepal, social media platforms have arisen as promising instruments for agricultural extension and subsidy distribution. However, there is scant information on how commercial farmers in periurban areas use these platforms. The study takes a mixed-methods approach, combining descriptive and causal-comparative methodologies, with data obtained via structured surveys and semi-structured interviews from 112 commercial farmers who actively use social media for farming. Key findings reveal a transitional phase in information-seeking behavior, where traditional media (radio 82.1%, newspapers 70.5%) remain dominant, but digital platforms like YouTube (69.6%) and Facebook (66.1%) are gaining traction, particularly for agricultural content (52.7%). The farming community is predominantly middle-aged (mean age 44.96) with balanced gender distribution (51.8% male) and varied educational backgrounds (33% higher education, 9.8% illiterate). While 62.5% of respondents receive support from local institutions, nearly 30% report no institutional assistance, highlighting gaps in subsidy distribution. Subsidies primarily consist of tools (64.3%), but bureaucratic inefficiencies lead to dissatisfaction, with most farmers receiving support only once (45.5%). Statistical analyses show significant correlations between digital platform usage and subsidy access, with messaging apps like WhatsApp playing a pivotal role. Regression models identify gender, location, and family structure as key predictors of agricultural income (29%) and farming experience (45%) variance explained. These findings contribute to ongoing discussions about digital agriculture in Nepal and provide evidence-based insights for policymakers aiming to bridge the digital divide in rural farming communities. The study concludes that social media presents valuable opportunities for agricultural communication and subsidy access Its effectiveness is constrained by infrastructure limitations, varying digital literacy levels, and institutional inefficiencies. Hence, local government must enhancing digital literacy programs, streamlining subsidy delivery mechanisms, and integrating social media with government extension services. Farmers are encouraged to perform social networking for sharing collective knowledge and subsidy related information.
Career development planning of secondary school students in kathmandu valley
(2025) Thapa, Hemant Bahadur; Bishnu Bahadur Khatri
This study examines career development planning among secondary school students in Kathmandu Valley, focusing on the factors influencing their career choices, their knowledge and attitudes toward career goal selection and the methods they adopt for career planning. This thesis tries to provide how socio-economic, institutional and personal factors shape students' career trajectories, particularly within the context of Nepal’s diverse educational landscape. This research uses quantitative approach by utilizing a cross-sectional survey strategy under descriptive and explanatory research designs. Data were collected from 450 students across three institutions: Texas International College, Kathmandu (n=150); Tri-Padma Secondary School, Lalitpur (n=150); and Bageshwori Secondary School, Bhaktapur (n=150). A structured questionnaire with 65 Likert-scale items was used, covering three key dimensions: 22 items on factors affecting career planning, 18 items on knowledge and attitudes and 25 items on career development methods. The analysis integrates multiple theoretical perspectives including Marxian theory, social cognitive development, human capital and self-efficacy. The results reveal that gender, family economic background, provincial origin and student type significantly influence career development planning. Students from Bagmati Province and urban areas have greater access to top-tier colleges, career counseling and stimulating environments. However, one-third of students from rural areas and other provinces also benefit from these opportunities, potentially becoming future human capital for their home regions. Students with higher self-efficacy and better resources engage more effectively in career planning, while both internal factors such as gender roles and personal value, and as external factors such as social systems, movements play critical roles. Disparities were noted in the availability of career assessment tools, with management and science students showing more proactive planning. The study sum ups that external as well as internal factors are determining in order to shape career choice including socio-economic status and educational environment. Challenges such as rigid education systems, limited career counseling and gender biases hinder equitable career development, particularly for disadvantaged students. To address these issues, the study recommends standardized career counseling programs, curriculum-integrated career planning and parental involvement. Policymakers should prioritize equal resource access, gender equality and targeted support for marginalized students. Career counselors must foster self-efficacy and provide culturally relevant guidance to empower students in making informed career decisions.
Status of Agribusiness Opportunities for Optimizing Vegetable Value Chain Development in Dhankuta, Nepal
(2025) Bhandari, Ramesh; Madhav Prasad Dahal
Agriculture is a vital sector in Nepal, making a significant contribution to employment and food security. Among various agricultural products, vegetable farming plays a vital role in the rural economy, particularly in the Dhankuta Municipality and Chhathar Jorpati Rural Municipality of Koshi Province. However, inefficiencies in the vegetable value chain hinder its full potential, limiting farmers' access to markets, profitability, and sustainability. Addressing these inefficiencies is crucial for enhancing agribusiness opportunities and improving rural livelihoods. Despite the importance of vegetable farming, there is a lack of comprehensive research on optimizing the vegetable value chain in the studied regions. Existing studies have not fully addressed the challenges faced by farmers, such as limited infrastructure, inadequate financial access, and market uncertainties. This study fills the research gap by analyzing key constraints and opportunities within the vegetable value chain and proposing targeted interventions to enhance agribusiness development. The study reveals that while vegetable farming in Dhankuta and Chhathar Jorpati has significant economic potential, value chain inefficiencies-including weak market linkages, poor post-harvest handling, and limited financing pose substantial barriers. Enhancing agribusiness opportunities requires strengthening infrastructure, facilitating credit access, and promoting market system integration. A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating primary surveys of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), farmers, and value chain actors. The results highlight the role of SMEs in employment generation and income growth while also identifying critical constraints such as a lack of storage facilities, entrepreneurial skills, and export market competitiveness. Financial barriers, limited certification, and high transportation costs further restrict agribusiness expansion. Optimizing the vegetable value chain can significantly boost rural economies, improve farmers’ incomes, and enhance Nepal’s agricultural competitiveness. This study provides policy recommendations, including the establishment of digital market platforms, cooperative-led aggregation centers, and public-private partnerships to strengthen the value chain. The findings contribute to national agricultural policies and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in promoting food security, economic growth, and sustainable production.
Household Livelihood Support and Gender in Mahalaxmi Municipality-4, Lalitpur, Nepal
(2025) Pokharel, Bandana; Keshab Prasad Adhikari
This study explores the household livelihood support and gender, primarily focusing on the financial contributions made by men and women. This study aims to compare gender differences in financial contributions across various areas of household livelihood support, including daily necessities, education, health, EMI/rent, savings and loan payments, and recreation. It also examines the factors influencing these differences and explores the reasons behind them. The research was conducted in Mahalaxmi Municipality-4, Lalitpur, Nepal, using a mixed-method approach that combined surveys and in-depth interviews. A total of 384 respondents were participated. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and interview guides. Data analysis was performed by applying descriptive statistics, crosstabulation, chi-square tests, and regression analysis. The reliability of the tools was validated by using the test-retest method.The findings reveal significant gender disparities in household livelihood support. Men are generally the primary earners, contributing more towards major household expenses such as daily necessities, education, and healthcare. Women, despite earning less, allocate a higher proportion of their income to household expenditures. Women are also more engaged in own household work, limiting their participation in higher-paying economic activities. Factors such as income levels, education, family size, and socio-cultural norms play a crucial role in shaping these differences. Furthermore, financial decision-making remains largely maledominated, although decided jointly.The study concludes that gender disparities in household livelihood support stem from inequalities in employment opportunities, income distribution, anddecision-making power. While women’s contributions both financial and non-financial are essential for household well-being, they areoften undervalued. Keywords: gender differences, household livelihood, Nepal, socio-cultural norms, contribution.
Impact Assessment of drinking Water Supply and sanitation project in Sankharapur municipality-2 Kathmandu, Nepal
(2025) Shrestha, Ayush; Bishnu Bahadur Khatri
This academic study was focused on ―Impact Assessment of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Sankhrapur Municipality, Kathmandu Nepal” which is a project area of Neighbor Society Service Company (NSSC) and has exacted a community-based water supply and sanitation project. The study adopted a mixed method, so conducted household survey for quantitative data collection and conducted focus group discussion and key information interview for qualitative data collection. The general objective of the study was to evaluate the socio-economic impact of drinking water supply and sanitation project. Similarly, other objectives were to assess the socio-economic status of the project beneficiaries, to assess the economic and social impacts of the drinking water project on the local people and to examine the contribution of beneficiaries for environmental an sustainability. The study followed evaluative research design and employed both qualitative and quantitative data. A total 105 households were surveyed for the collection of the data. Focus Group Discussion and Key Information Interview were also conducted for the purpose of collecting qualitative data for data triangulation. Both qualitative and quantitative data revealed that the project had a significant positive impact socially, economically and environmentally. The project helped to reduce the time spent fetching water, created new income generation activities, improved household income and productivity, allocated time and funds into priority area and reduced expenses related to healthcare and water collection. Similarly, the project has contributed to bring change in traditional gender norms, change in attitude towards hygiene practices and cultural change towards health practices which have contributed to improved public health. The environment has also positively benefitted from the project, the project has contributed to improving waste segregation practice and reducing visual pollution, and tree plantation water conservation practices such as water re-use and rainwater harvesting have also improved after the project. WSUC and involvement of beneficiaries in community discussion and contribution of fund by beneficiaries and local government for operation, repair and maintenance have contributed for the long-term sustenance of the water infrastructure.
E-governance practice in Tribhuvan University, Nepal
(2025) Trital, Noda Nath; Suman Kharel
University governance through e-governance practice by using ICT tools has played a vitarole to manage and deliver public services effectively and efficiently at university. This study attempts to identify the ICT-based e-governance practices and the capacity development of service delivery in TU and assess the role of e-governance for governance reform in service delivery. The mixed method approach has been applied to collect the data from primary sources and document review to collect secondary data in this study. The survey has been conducted with 277 participants for the quantitative data collection. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) are taken with nine key administrative authorities and ICT expert. Similarly, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are conducted with three major stakeholders' organizations TUTA, TUEA and FSU to triangulate the information collected from survey and KIIs. Thefinding reveals that a dozen of ICT-based e-governance tools have been used for service delivery in different areas of services in TU. The perception of e-governance in the area of administration, finance, library and examination is positively correlated with the role of e-governance for governance reform in service delivery in terms of gender and educational attainment of the employees. The ITIC has been established, and the major policy of IT and digitalization strategicplan have been developed for establishing infrastructure of e-governance in the university. The budget for infrastructure of e-governance and capacity development of human resources has been regularly allocated from the university's Senate yearly and the capacity development trainings areregularly being conducted by the university. The office management system using e-governance practice has been found in dual nature of record keeping in both computerized and manually filling system. E-governance practices play a vital role to change the existing system of university service delivery and effectively reduce corruption and ensure accountability and transparency for academic integrity. Digital platforms are used for digital communication using ICTs for service delivery. The lack of quality software, trained technical human resources, clearly stated policy and utilization of existing infrastructures are the main challenges in the implication of e-governance for service delivery. Key words: Digitalization, e-governance, ICT infrastructure, service delivery, university governance,
Role of agriculture in livelihood of people of Nepal: A study of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality, Sindhuli
(2025) Magar, Sabita Sijali; Suman Kharel
This study explores the “Role of agriculture in livelihood of people of Nepal: A field study of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality, Sindhuli”. Agriculture is one of the oldest human activities and is critical to global economies and food security. It is a crucial sector in Nepal, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing to its economy. However, it faces several challenges that hinder productivity and sustainability. Due to the weakness in so many aspects, agricultural practices are becoming more challenging and subsistence, which affect directly or indirectly on livelihood of people in socio socio-economic sector. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the existing agricultural practices, roles in livelihood of people, and challenges in modernization and sustainability in the study area. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative data collected through household surveys with qualitative insights obtained from key informant interviews. More than 95% of household survey respondents were farmers. Due to the insufficient production of crops, 73% were unsatisfied with their farming systems. Study shows that almost 99% of farmers lack access to modern tools, technology and ideas. Where about 90% of the people used oxen as a plowing technology of the field. And 98.3% of farmers have no irrigation facilities. Due to the excessive and unscientific use of different pesticides, insecticides, and chemical fertilizers in crops, land productivity is decreasing by about 71% day by day. But different invasive species, pests, and insects were increasing on farms. The study reported that they had been experiencing crop failure due to inappropriate policies too. Income from agriculture is so poor that only 43% is enough to survive. They haven’t found enough crop production which is disruptive conditions to go abroad for employment. So, people are separating from their traditional occupations and way of life, and they are seeking alternative professions. It is concluded that there is no sustainable and commercial farming system to sustain the livelihood of rural people. Due to the different barriers factors of commercial farming people are leaving their agricultural practices. So, for the sustainability of this occupation, we should use modern tools and machinery, the Provision of improved seed varieties, advanced irrigation methods, and scientific methods should be accessible to all farmers.
Changing livelihood strategy among the chepang communty : a case study of kankada VDC, Makwanpur, Nepal
(2073) Bagale, Shanta; Ramesh Neupane
This thesis entitled "Livelihood strategy Among the Chepang Community: A Case Study of Kankada VDC Makwanpur District, Nepal". The general objectives of this study are to examine the factor of livelihood of changing strategy Chepang, to examine the Socio-cultural and demographical characteristics of Chepang and to find out the socio economic condition of Chepang. Chepang of Kankada VDC is miserable condition. They are back warded in every sector. The study attempts to documents of the livelihood strategies of Chepang and focus socioe conomic and occupational pattern in the study area. Kankada VDC, Makwanpur Districtin Narayani Zone. In this VDC, there were 405 households. In the study area 50 households are selected for the random sampling from Kankada VDC Silinage, Todke, Sanotodke, Damrang and Charimara .The respondents are household head. Simple random sampling techniques have been used to select the sample. In this study data were colleted from field survey by applying household's survey, questionnaires and observation methods. The study found that total 50 households are interviewed reported that they had adopted agriculture as a main occupation. As a main occupation. The total population of 50 households is 542among them 272 are male and 270 are female. Among the 50 respondent only 58% found the Nuclear family and 42% Joint family. It was found that from study, 40% are illiterate, 22% % have permanent toilet where as 60% are temporary and 18% are none, and 52% have facility of tap water and 36% of the households had a 6 to 10 ropani land. For 4 to 6 month, 48% of the household have food sufficient. The above analysis is shows that Chepang community of Kankada socially and economically deprives the livelihoods strategies of Chepang past and presents distribution of livestock there were 67 cows kept for agriculture purpose 10 years ago but at present 83 cows, Similarly now Chepang people are also seen on Bee Farming where the study shows that 40 households were involved in Bee Farming, there were 2% Land 10 years ago but at present 10% Land who own 16 ropani and above Land. It was found that, to improve the livelihoods strategies of Chepang there traditional type of farming system should be changed in to modern. Some sort of intensive type of farming scheme should be encouraged in this area. „JT‟ and „JTA‟ must be sent for their help regularly, so that they could be convinced about intensive type of farming and the implication of small farmer program will be fruitful for uplift the Chepangs livelihood. Government should provide some low interest loan for livestock and agriculture production. Government should be focused income generation activities, such as goat farming, pig farming, bee keeping, vegetable farming etc. They were not trained with any vocational guidance or proper training, for the mobilization of local resources skill development training also required them.
Remittance and Its Impact on Education: A Case Study of Bhumesthan V.D.C. in Dhading District
(2016) Subedi, Sharmila; Bishnu Bahadur Khatri
This thesis is entitled as Remittance and Its Impact on Education: A Case Study of Bhumesthan V.D.C. in Dhading District. Remittance is the workers compensation income obtained from the international labor market to the home. Nepalese economy is mostly dependent on remittance. Remittance has become a major source of livelihood to most of the Nepalese people and of course it has become a source of educating children. Considering this fact I have chosen remittance and its impact on education as the title of my study. The objectives of this study were to examine the sources and volume of remittance inflow at the household level, to find out the uses of remittance and to assess the impact of remittance on education. This study was based on survey research design with descriptive and analytical approach of interpretation. The area of the study was Bhumesthan VDC of Dhading district. Out of 200 households of remittance income generated only 50 HH (25% of total HH) were taken as the sample. Simple size constituted 22 male and 28 female households head. The primary data was collected with the help of household survey, field work, questionnaire and interview. The collected data were descriptively and statistically analyzed and interpreted. Simple mathematical methods like average, percentage were used. The charts and tables were used to display the data and they were organized by dividing then into the main and sub-topics according to the nature of data. This study has derived the findings that he sources and volume of remittance inflows and its current situation is high in the study area. The households have used the remittance in different areas as like in consumption of goods. Purchasing land and house, entertainment, health, education and family expenditure. However, the study shows that remittance income is primarily spent on consumption of good in comparison to other aspects. As the impact of remittance on education, it has been found that the majority of remittance owned household have admitted their children in boarding school, they educated them through tuition and coaching class. The number of passing rate is has found as increased in comparison to past. These are the major impact of remittance income in education. Due to the lack of job opportunity in the country, most of people are migrated for foreign employment. The do not get job opportunity in the country. So, they choose foreign employment to decrease family loan, to earn high amount of money are the major causes for migrant. The study shows that unofficial channels are often used to remit their foreign remittance. The tendency of going abroad is increasing day by day. Thus, it is not minded in appropriate time, the present tendency of use remittance will certainly bring shocks for national economy. More expenditure on land purchasing, social ceremony should control in such a way that they use only domestic production, investment on education and it can help to preserve foreign currency.
Influencing Factors for Women Entrepreneurship in Mahalakshmi Municipality Lalitpur, Nepal
(2025) Shah, Ambika; Rajan Binayek Pasa
This study explores the factors influencing women‘s entrepreneurship in Mahalakshmi Municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal, focusing on social demographics, economic conditions, and the status of women entrepreneurs. Adopting a post positivist approach with a quantitative research strategy, the study uses a deductive approach to examine these factors. Data was collected through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observations, with a total of 120 women entrepreneurs surveyed—60 from agriculture and 60 from service sectors. Secondary data was sourced from reports, policies, and municipal records. The findings indicate that a significant proportion of women entrepreneurs migrated from Bagmati Pradesh, with the highest migration rates occurring within the province. The majority of women entrepreneurs are aged between 25 and 44 years, are married, and belong to the Janajati ethnic group. Most respondents have secondary education, while a smaller percentage have higher education. The primary sectors of entrepreneurship for women in this region are agriculture and service-related industries, with agriculture being more prominent in rural areas and services dominating urban areas. Furthermore, the study reveals that women entrepreneurs receive targeted training relevant to their businesses, which has contributed to their success. Economic factors, such as family income, expenditures, and familial support, emerge as significant influences on women‘s entrepreneurial ventures. However, the study also highlights the limited involvement of women entrepreneurs in formal financial systems, such as tax-paying, and the widespread reliance on middlemen in product distribution, which diminishes their profit margins. The study concludes that entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and social change, with migration, age, education, and marital status being key factors influencing women‘s entrepreneurial success. Younger women tend to be more innovative, while older women bring valuable experience. Tailored skill training has proven motivational, but the misuse of government policies by elite groups undermines their effectiveness. Addressing these challenges can facilitate a more favorable environment for women entrepreneurs in Nepal. The study emphasize the importance of family support, educational opportunities, and access to finance in empowering women entrepreneurs. Additionally, challenges such as low income levels, limited formal education, and societal and familial barriers significantly hinder women‘s entrepreneurial potential. The insights gained from this study are valuable for policymakers, educational institutions, and development organizations to design targeted interventions that support the growth of women entrepreneurship in Nepal.
Evaluationg performance of Ikudha irrigation Sub-Project in Gadawari municipality, Lalitpur
(2025) Khattri, Aasha; Rajan Binayek Pasa
Nepal is an agrarian country where agriculture is vital to rural livelihoods, employment, and the national economy. Irrigation is essential among other inputs to boost agricultural development and productivity. Only about 40 percent of Nepal's agricultural land is irrigated at present, underscoring the need for further investment in building new irrigation infrastructure and maintaining existing systems. The Ikudha Irrigation Sub-project (IISP), with a history spanning over a century, has been traditionally established and operated by local farmers. It is situated in wards 3, 4, and 14 of Godawari municipality. The IISP provides irrigation facilities to 70 hectares of farmland and benefits to over 500 families. Its water source is the perennial, springfed Godawari River, originating from the nearby Godawari hill range. The government of Nepal and the Asian Development have periodically investedin modernizing and improving its operating mechanism management. This study aims to evaluate the relevancy, efficiency, effectiveness, impact,and sustainability of IISP and its role in agricultural development. This study used a case study research design in which required data were collected from 69 households (out of a total of 268 households of ward no.14) by using the household survey. The study also used Focus Group Discussions (n=3) and Key Informant Interview (n=7) techniques for collecting narrative information from the participants. Besides, the changes in the watershed and irrigation command areas were mapped using Arc GIS software through an analysis of Google Earth imagery. The study found that IISP becoming relevant to increasing agricultural production. The operating mechanism also has been performing efficiently and effectively in increasing agriculture production and productivity. The irrigation facility also impacted positively in increasing family income, health, and hygiene as well as education life span and other amenities. However, due to the diversification of family income sources, the overall positive impact on farm-based livelihood has decreased to date compared to the past. The study also found that land use changes have occurred across the municipality, including the Godawari watershed and IISP command areas. With the significant increase in land prices, the conversion rate of agricultural land to built-up areas has increased dramatically. The flow of sewage and waste into the canals, sedimentation, and encroachment activities have challenged the sustainability of the irrigation system. Maintaining the head works, main canal, branch canals, and field channels is critical to ensuring efficient water flow and minimizing seepage. Finally, the study concludes that the operating mechanism of the IISP is performing satisfactorily. It has used both traditional and modern practices to maintain its relevancy and provide efficient services which is becoming effective and impactful for promoting agriculture production. However, from the sustainability point of view, there is a disconnect between protecting agricultural land and expanding irrigation facilities. Therefore, the provincial government and local government need to provide technical and financial support to develop and implement standard norms and regulations for the sustainability of IISP.
Contribution of Agro forestry to sustainable livelihoods in bethanchwok rural municipality, Kavrepalanchok, Nepal
(2024) Timsina, Tirtha Raj; Kanhaiya Sapkota
This study investigates the contribution of agro fo restry in promoting sustainable livelihoods in Bethanchwok Rural Municipality, Kavrepalanchok District, Nepal. This research is based on the pragmatist philosophical view point that utilize a convergent mixed-method approach, data were collected from household surveys, key informant interviews, and field observations which are supported by secondary sources such as scholarly publications, governmental and municipal records. Considering entire municipality as a study universe, a total of 356 sample were selected employing stratified sampling technique to cover the different areas of the selected study area whereas 14 key informants were purposively selected covering the commercial farm producers, agribusiness, local representative and intensive farmers. The research identifies agro forestry as a transformative practice that shifts from subsistence-based to commercially oriented systems, enhancing food security, income diversification, and environmental conservation. Key findings highlight the diverse benefits of agro vforestry, including its contribution to soil conservation, biodiversity, and resilience to climate-induced challenges. However, challenges such as inadequate policies, limited market access, and insufficient local governance were identified as significant barriers to its full potential. The study employs the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to analyze agro forestry's impacts on various livelihood assets, including natural, social, financial, and human capital. Integration of forestry and agriculture jointly fosters diversified income opportunities, enhances productivity, and mitigates environmental risks through agro forestry. This research recommends policy reforms to address market and governance gaps, capacity-building initiatives for local farmers, and investment in infrastructure to facilitate commercial agro forestry. The research concludes that agro forestry is indispensable for sustainable rural development in Nepal, aligning with broader goals of environmental sustainability and economic resilience. It emphasizes the importance of participatory approaches, aligning local practices with scientific innovations to maximize agro forestry's potential. Key Words: Agro forestry, sustainable livelihoods, Bethanchwok, income diversification, food security, climate resilience.
Educational status of the Satar community ( A case study of Anarmuni VDC, Jhapa, Nepal )
(2006) Kharel, Suman; Umesh Prasad Acharya
Not available
Marketing strategy of vegetable products in nepal; A study of Thaha municipality of Makawanpur district
(2025) Rimal, Sujata; Ramesh Neupane
I conducted the research study entitled Marketing Strategy of Vegetable Products in Nepal whiaims to analyze the marketing of the vegetable products and their marketing strategies in ThaMunicipality (ward 3 Tistung and ward 6 Palung). They are the major vegetable hub in Nepal. Tobjectives of this research are to analyze the agricultural production status of the farmers, to assmarket structure and marketing channels and to explore the challenges and prospects of marketof vegetable products. A quantitative dominant mixed method was used for data collection. Bothprimary and secondsources were used for the data collection purpose. Household Survey was used for quantitative dacollection, whereas Focused Group Discussion and Observation Method were employed qualitative data collection. Among the 600 total households in two wards of Thaha municipalityselected 108 households from two wards as the research sample. Mostly the 54.6 percent farmers between age group 30-45 years were involved in vegetable farmiMost of the farmers had completed lower secondary level. 58.3 percent Janajati community wefound in the study area with majority 82.4percent following Hinduism. The purpose of the vegetafarming was for both self-consumption and selling purpose. Most of the farmers (43.5 percent) haland holding more than 10Ropani. The farmers had mostly farm relating expenses for fertilizers apesticides. Major growing vegetables were potato, tomato, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, peAkabare, etc. Majority of the farmers had annual income between 1 lakh to 2 lakh. The primary mode of selling vegetables were through the middleman. The price for the vegetabl were also fixed by the middlemen. The distance of selling vegetables was within 1km. The studshowed that 55.6 percent farmers never get the updated market information. The farmers face problems like price fluctuations, untimely supply of fertilizers and pesticides, pomarket access, and lack of proper facilities, difficulty in hiring labor in the study area. From vegetafarming the quality of life of farmers has upgraded. The study comes to the conclusion that the farmers of study area are fully dependent on middlem following traditional farming practices without any trainings. The government and stake holdshould focus on long-term visions. An awareness program is urgently needed to teach proper use a handling of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Forming cooperatives, improving transportati establishing cold storage and introducing better policies will help create practical strategies to ma vegetable marketing easier and more profitable for farmers in the area.
Pilgrimage tourism and economic development; A case study of Pathibhara Temple, Taplejung, nepal
(2024) Tamang, Bal Bahadur; Mahendra Sapkota
This study examines the contribution of pilgrimage tourism at Pathibhara to the economic development of Phungling Municipality specifically and Taplejung District more broadly. Employing a mixed-method approach, the research prioritized quantitative methods within a QUAN-qual framework, adopting a sequential explanatory design. Pathibhara Temple, also known as Pathibhara Devi Temple, has gained prominence as a significant sacred pilgrimage destination in Nepal. The study utilized a mixed sampling design. Initially, purposive sampling was employed to select four wards from the total 11: Wards 4 and 5 of Phungling Bazaar, and Wards 10 and 11, where the Pathibhara Temple is located, for a rapid questionnaire survey. Subsequently, random sampling was applied to draw samples from these wards, forming four compact clusters. With a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, the study determined apurposive sample size of 120 respondents, all of whom were local residents. Among them, 65 respondents (54.2%) were male, while 55 respondents (45.8%) were female. Findings reveal that while tourism significantly contributes to income and employment generation, particularly in Phungling and surrounding areas, the benefits are unevenly distributed. Infrastructural challenges, such as delays in road and cable car projects, and issues related to syndication in transport and land and name-related disputes in projects, hinder the equitable distribution of tourism benefits. Additionally, the research identifies gaps in stakeholder coordination and highlights the need for improved transparency and stakeholder engagement to enhance the overall tourism experience. The results from quantitative analysis provide valuable insights into the local community's views on tourism and its effects. The analysis revealed that localcommunity is getting some employment opportunities and income generation activities from tourism in Pathibhara, though not in a highly significant proportion. The data also highlighted that participation in public tourism activities is notably higher during festivals, suggesting seasonal engagement. Furthermore, the potential for market expansion in Pathibhara tourism was viewed positively, particularly in the context of domestic and ecotourism. However, the findings also indicated an unequal distribution of tourism-related benefits, with larger businesses such as hotels and transport services reaping more advantages than smaller community-based sectors. These results point to the need for a more equitable approach to tourism development and benefit sharing. The study concludes that strategic improvements in infrastructure, stakeholder collaboration, and professional training are essential for optimizing tourism benefits. Recommendations include developing environmentally adaptive strategies, promoting market extension, and implementing transparent management practices to ensure sustainable growth. These measures are crucial for maximizing tourism's potential and achieving economic development across the Pathibhara region. Keywords: tourism, pilgrimage, economic contribution, Pathibhara, Nepal
Post-Disaster Management Practices in Nepal: A Case Study of Barekot Rural Municipality, Jajatkot
(2024) Chalise, Sujan; Ramesh Neupane
I conducted a research study entitled Post-Diaster Management Practices in Nepal: A Case Study of Barekot Rural Municipaity, Jajarkot to uncover the various aspects of Jajarkot earthquake 2023. As post-disaster management is an important aspect of development, the earthquake and its reconstruction period provided a suitable research scenario. A mixed approach was employed for the study. Kei Informants Interview KII was conducted for qualitative data collection and Household Survey was conducted for quantitative data collection. Among the 5586 affected households in 9 wards of Barekot RM, I took 234 households from 3 wards as the research sample. The study found that temporary shelter has been constructed in 96.2 percent households in Barekot. Out only 24.8 percent received the second installment of Nrs. 25,000 for temporary shelter. None receives any amount for the permanent reconstruction. 99 percent temporary shelters have been completely constructed. Social life in Barekot has mostly returned to normal. While only 0.9 percent people have restored to their financial life after earthquake. The government side had taken impactful initiatives initially as 80,000 shelters have been made and Nrs. 3.5 billion is distributed to the affected ones. Non-governmental side are seen planned and structured in relief and recovery actions and are now focusing on livelihood activities. The private sector and political parties worked effectively in distributing relief materials and volunteer mobilization. A significant gap is seen between the service delivery and people’s expectation on various aspects of disaster management. Preparedness and responses were felt efficient by the people while recovery, mitigation and preparedness services delivered by the supplier’s side were rated worst. In the satisfaction scale, the response services were rated satisfactory by majority of the households, while recovery and prevention services also couldn’t win favor of the people. The study comes to the conclusion that immediate needs of the people are more focused, neglecting long-term needs in the process. In this one-year period, only temporary shelters and emergency services has been constructed. The government and stakeholders should focus on far-sighted visions. Need based interventions should be initiated to empower the people and to develop community resilience to cope with the possible future disasters.
Socio-cultural factor affecting educational status of tharu women in Nawlparasi : Kawasoti and Pithauli VDCs
(2016) Poudel, Lila; Prem Sharma
Not available
Effectiveness of Health Service Delivery by Local Government (A Study of Chhatrakot Rural Municipality, Gulmi District)
(2025) Puri, Rudra Hari; Madhab Prasad Neupane
With the implementation of the new constitution and restructure of the nation, public expectation was high regarding development, service delivery and in good governance. It has been almost a decade of the implementation of the constitution and almost 9 years of formation of the local level. All the Local levels had already completed their one full tenure successfully they are growing mature day by day and their function is also getting more effective day by day. Basic Health service is one of the major rights which comes under the jurisdiction of the local level. Local level can formulate, implement and monitor both policies and program regarding basic health, sanitation and nutrition. In doing so Chhatrakot Rural Municipality is doing good in health service delivery but there are some areas to improve in it. It shows the people with low income and minorities they greatly depend on public health service for their well-being. But major challenge to get the health service is still transportation, geological barrier, low income, and quality of the service are also the subject to think upon it. It needs inclusive and targeted health care policies to address Socio-economic inequalities and health education and awareness program for marginalized group to ensure equitable and effective health service delivery. To improve the quality of health service and to reach out to the targeted people it needed the strengthening healthcare infrastructure, addressing socio-economic barriers, and tailoring programs to the unique needs of the diverse community.

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